FAUNAL ASSESSMENT

FOR THE PROPOSED MADWALENI LODGE ADJACENT TO THE WHITE UMFOLOZI, ULUNDI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY, ZULULAND DISTRICT, KWAZULU-NATAL

Compiled by Compiled for

Ross Goode Emcakwini Community Trust Zanemvula Environmental (Pty) Ltd Tel 033 343 1352 Email [email protected]/ [email protected]

September 2019 FINAL REPORT

ZANEMVULA ENVIRONMENTAL (PTY) LTD Physical Address: 22 Hilton Avenue Postal Address: PO Box 949, Hilton, 3245 1 Telephone: 033 343 1352 Mobile: 073 825 5770 Level 1 BBEEE contributor

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... 2 Figures ...... 2 Tables ...... 2 Acronyms ...... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4 1.1 Project background ...... 4 1.2 Legislation guiding this assessment ...... 6 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 7 3. LIMITATIONS, GAPS AND ASSUMPTIONS ...... 7 4. SITE DESCRIPTION ...... 8 5. METHODOLOGY ...... 9 5.1 Desktop assessment ...... 9 5.2 Site Verification ...... 10 6. RESULTS ...... 10 6.1 Desktop Study ...... 10 6.2 Site verification ...... 13 7. Mitigation Measures ...... 18 8. CONCLUSION ...... 19 9. REFERENCES ...... 20

Figures Figure 1: Locality map of proposed Madwaleni Lodge development...... 5 Figure 2: CBA’s of the proposed study site...... 11

Tables Table 1: Mean monthly rainfall and temperature observed in Babanango (derived from historical data) ...... 8 Table 2: Species occurring on the TSCP Minset database ...... 11 Table 3: Avifaunal species of conservation concern according to SABAP 2...... 12 Table 4: of conservation concern occurring on site according to the ADU FrogMAP. . 12 Table 5: Mammal species of conservation concern potentially occurring on site according to the ADU MammalMAP...... 12 Table 6: Reptile species of conservation concern potentially occurring on site according to the ADU ReptileMAP...... 13

Annexures

Annexure A Declaration of Independence by Specialist

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Appendices

Appendix A SABAB2 Species Lists Appendix B ADU Species Lists

Acronyms

ADU Demographic Unit CBA Critically Biodiverse Areas DEDTEA Department of Economic Development, Tourism & Environmental Affairs DWAF Department of Water Affairs & Forestry DWS Department of Water & Sanitation EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner ECO Environmental Control Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Ecological Importance & Sensitivity EKZNW Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife GIS Geographical Information Systems NEMA National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment

Assessment details

This report has been prepared in accordance with Section 13: General Requirements for Environmental Assessment Practitioners (EAPs) and Specialists as well as per Appendix 6 of GNR 327 – Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations and the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA, No. 107 of 1998 as amended 2017). It has been prepared independently of influence or prejudice by any parties. A full declaration of independence has been provided in Annexure A.

Details of Authors:

Ross Goode is a vegetation ecologist with years of experience in the field. He is well known in the ecology community and spends most of his time identifying grass species and implementing fire management plans. Ross has undertaken projects throughout the country including the Kruger National Park and most of northern KwaZulu-Natal. Ross is involved in training staff for fire burning regimes. He also has a close relationship with tertiary education units through which he has co-authored scientific papers.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project background

Madwaleni Lodge has been proposed within the new Babanango Reserve adjacent to the White Umfolozi River within the Ulundi area (cf. Figure 1). IDM consultants has been appointed as the independent Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) to determine the legislative requirements of the proposed development. The site has been open tribal lands. Prior to this it was terraced and cultivated.

The coordinates for the Madwaleni Lodge are:

28.216545 S & 31.076411 E

The proposed development will include the following:

 A main reception area;  9 accommodation units;  A boma area;  Staff accommodation; and  A sewage treatment plant.

It must be noted, access to the Madwaleni Lodge was not available, and therefore a site verification was done through the game fence. Fauna assemblages were noted to be the same as the Madwaleni Lodge.

Undeveloped areas are valuable in providing habitat, forage areas and breeding grounds for faunal species. These areas are often associated with drainage lines and wetland systems which are often undevelopable, and provide the necessary ecological corridors linking habitats.

The presence of fauna is of vital importance in maintaining ecological diversity and ecosystem health. Indicator species are species which tend to decrease in presence and diversity when the ecological state of the system is under pressure. Additionally, species of conservation concern and Red Data species are protected on a provincial, national and international level and the presence of such species needs to be verified.

Therefore, Zanemvula Environmental (PTY) LTD has been tasked with undertaking a baseline faunal assessment to verify the presence of faunal species, and more importantly, the presence of species of conservation concern. This informs the pre-development assessments that are required to gain an understanding of the natural environment and guide the developmental process in order that site-specific mitigation measures can be put in place.

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Figure 1: Locality map of proposed Madwaleni Lodge development 5

1.2 Legislation guiding this assessment

Legislation provides the means for key legal considerations of importance to projects. This provides the framework for the protection of fauna and flora on a Provincial and National scale. Key legislation is as follows:

National Environmental Management Act, Act No. 107 of 1998 (NEMA)

NEMA requires, inter alia, that:  “Development must be socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable”,  “Disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity are avoided, or, where they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied.”  “A risk-averse and cautious approach is applied, which takes into account the limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions”,

NEMA also states that;

“The environment is held in public trust for the people, the beneficial use of environmental resources must serve the public interest and the environment must be protected as the people’s common heritage.”

National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004)

In terms of the Biodiversity Act, the developer has a responsibility for:  The conservation of endangered ecosystems and restriction of activities according to the categorisation of the area (not just by listed activity as specified in the EIA regulations).  Promote the application of appropriate environmental management tools in order to ensure integrated environmental management of activities thereby ensuring that all development within the area are in line with ecological sustainable development and protection of biodiversity.  Limit further loss of biodiversity and conserve endangered ecosystems.

Environment Conservation Act No. 73 of 1989, Amendment Notice No. R1183 of 1997

In terms of the ECA: Development must be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. Sustainable development requires the consideration of inter alia the following factors:  that the pollution and degradation of the environment is avoided, or, where they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied;  that the use and exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is responsible and equitable, and takes into account the consequences of the depletion of the resource;  that the development, use and exploitation of renewable resources and the ecosystems of which they are part do not exceed the level beyond which their integrity is jeopardised; and  that the negative impacts on the environment and on peoples environmental rights be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be altogether prevented are minimised and remedied. The developer is required to undertake Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for all projects listed as a Schedule 1 activity in the EIA regulations in order to control activities which might have a detrimental effect on the environment. Such activities will only be permitted with written authorisation from a competent authority.

Protected indigenous fauna (, mammals, amphibians, invertebrates and reptiles) in general are controlled under the relevant provincial Ordinances or Acts dealing with nature conservation. In KZN the relevant statute is the 1974 Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance. In terms of this Ordinance, a permit must be obtained from Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife to remove or destroy any fauna listed in the Ordinance.

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2. TERMS OF REFERENCE

i. Baseline Faunal Assessment

Zanemvula Environmental has been appointed to conduct a faunal assessment of the proposed development site. The terms of reference are as follows:

i. Use databases to identify fauna possibly occurring on site. ii. Determine the faunal species present within the site extent. iii. Determine the presence of species of conservation concern. iv. Determine the ecological state of the faunal diversity within the site extent. v. Compile a report with all findings, including mapping of sensitive ecological areas.

3. LIMITATIONS, GAPS AND ASSUMPTIONS

In order to apply generalized and often rigid scientific methods or techniques to natural, dynamic environments, a number of assumptions are made. Furthermore, a number of limitations exist when assessing such complex ecological systems. The following constraints may have affected this assessment –

 Fauna are mobile by nature and absence of species does not necessarily mean that the species does not occur there. As such, various databases are used in assisting the specialist in establishing species presence.  This study has only focused on the identification of faunal species that may occur on site, or were noted on site during a site visit. Night time surveying was not undertaken due to budgetary and time constraints.  Faunal assessments dealing with reptiles and birds are best undertaken during the warmer months of the year, as these species brunate and migrate during the winter months. Sampling has occurred in late winter to early spring. It must be noted, not all migratory species had migrated back to their summer time locations at the time of the assessment, and as a result, any gaps in the data set are predicted. In order to remove this gap in knowledge, various web-based datasets are used to estimate species presence.  Web-based datasets are dependent on information submitted by citizen scientists, which is then verified by a panel of experts. It was noted that very little data was available for the Madwaleni Lodges area. Consequently, the specialist combined data for Emakhosini-Opathe Game Reserve – managed by Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife – and the proposed project site, as these two areas are in close proximity to one another and have similar vegetation types.  Faunal activity is dependent on weather conditions experienced on the day of sampling.  Due to the proximity of the Babanango Tented Camp to the Madwaleni Lodge, species presence and the faunal assemblage remains the same; however impacts associated with the two lodges are different. As such differences in the two reports will revolve around the environmental impact assessment, as the mobile nature of fauna results in the likelihood of presence in both locations.  It must be noted, access to the Madwaleni Lodge was not available, and therefore a site verification was done through the game fence. Fauna assemblages were noted to be the same as the Babanango Drift Lodge.  A thorough vegetation identification exercise was not undertaken, as this forms part of the vegetation assessment that is the focus of another report. This report should be read in conjunction with the baseline vegetation report (Zanemvula, 2019) as faunal communities are directly dependant on floral communities.

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 Site sensitivity was not asked for. Should site sensitivity need to be addressed, this should be recommended by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.  An impact assessment was not done as the overall positive impact of the project on the area as a whole far outweighs any potential environmental impacts. Instead, mitigation measures have been suggested, which should be included in the EMPr.

4. SITE DESCRIPTION

The site is located on the banks of the White Mfolozi River, in the vicinity of Babanango, with the closest road being the R34 between Melmoth and Vryheid. Historical imagery and the site assessment showed that the area had previously been contoured ploughed, suggesting a cropping system; however the lands have rehabilitated relatively well. The Developers are proposing building the Madwaleni Lodge within an area controlled by the surrounding community, which will be leased from the community. The intended result is to lease and merge the area controlled by the community to the developer, and join the Zulu Rock Private Game Lodge to the Babanango Private Game Reserve, thereby creating a private, “Big 5” game reserve. This will result in the conservation of many faunal species of conservation concern.

Fauna is directly related to the presence of vegetation, botanical composition and botanical diversity. It is therefore important to mention the vegetation occurring at the proposed location of the Madwaleni Lodge. Site comprises of rehabilitated and mixed savanna.

Mucina and Rutherford (2006), updated by Scott-Shaw and Escott (2011), have classified the site as Northern Zululand Sourveld. The vegetation type is Vulnerable with the conservation target not being reached. The following information was collected for the vegetation unit SVI22 (Mucina & Rutherford, 2006; Scott-Shaw & Escott, 2011). The characteristics of this veld are described as:

 Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Province and Swaziland: From the Lusthof area in Swaziland southwards with scattered patches in northern Zululand in the surrounds of Hlomohlomo, east of Louwsburg, Nongoma and the vicinity of Ulundi including Nkandla. In the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park it occurs at highest altitudes in the park.  Altitude: 450 - 900 m.  Vegetation and Landscape features: The dominant structural vegetation type is wooded grassland, in places pure sour grasslands and rarely also dense bushveld thickets. Terrain is mainly low, undulating mountains, sometimes highly dissected, and also some moderately undulating plains and hills.

Rainfall in the Babanango region occurs in the summer months (mostly December to February), with a mean annual precipitation of 782 mm (observed from rainfall station 0337006 W). The reference potential evaporation (ETo) is approximately 1667 mm (A-pan equivalent, after Schulze, 2011) and the mean annual evaporation is between 1300 – 1400 mm, which exceeds the annual rainfall. This suggests a high evaporative demand and a water limited system. Summers are warm to hot and winters are cool. The mean annual temperature is approximately 22.4 ºC in summer and 15.8 ºC in the winter months (Error! Reference source not f ound.). The underlying geology of the site is Natal group Arenite Shale and the soils overlain are sandy-clay- loam ranging from Glenrosa to Hutton form in this particular area.

Table 1: Mean monthly rainfall and temperature observed in Babanango (derived from historical data) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann Mean Rainfall (mm) 107 91 76 38 17 5 4 12 27 79 96 112 782 Mean Temperature 21.5 21.5 20.8 18.9 17.0 14.6 14.5 16.1 18.0 17.9 19.0 20.6 18.4 (ºC)

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5. METHODOLOGY

The assessment can be broken down into two sections, a desktop assessment and site verification.

Databases allow for the rapid assessment of species which are predicted to occur in an area. These databases are compiled using verified citizen science observations, as well as correlating species and their habitat requirements and assigning the result to a habitat type. This results in species predicted for an area. This may often result in a wide paucity in data as no previous observations have been made in an area, resulting in no predicted data for that species in that area. This means that verification of faunal data is essential in filling in gaps that may occur at desktop level. Additionally, very little data is available for the study site, as such, a reference site (Emakhosini-Opathe Game Reserve) has been combined with data available for the site.

A site visit was conducted on the 15th August 2019 to conduct necessary in-field procedures to verify the presence of fauna within the study area.

5.1 Desktop assessment

5.1.1 Critically Biodiverse Areas

Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) can be divided into two subcategories, namely Irreplaceable and Optimal. Each of these can in turn be subdivided into additional subcategories. The CBA categories are based on the optimised outputs derived using systematic conservation planning software, with the Planning Units (PU) identified representing the localities for which the conservation targets for one or more of the biodiversity features contained within can be achieved.

5.1.2 Ezemvelo KZN wildlife (C-Plan & SEA Database)

The C-Plan is a systematic conservation-planning package that consists of metadata within a shapefile, used by ArcGIS (or similar tool), which analyses biodiversity features and landscape units. C-Plan is used to identify a national reserve system that will satisfy specified conservation targets for biodiversity features (Lombard et al, 2003). These units or measurements are ideal for areas which have not been sampled. The C-Plan is an effective conservation tool when determining priority areas at a regional level and is being used throughout to identify areas of conservation value. Some of this information extends into the Eastern Cape.

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA, 2000) Plan is a database of the modelled distribution of a selection of red data and endemic species that could, or are likely, to occur in an area.

5.1.3 Protected and conservation areas of South Africa

The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) have released an online map tool detailing the protected areas and associated 5km buffer. No sites fall within the 5km buffer set by the DEA.

5.1.4 South African Bird Atlas Project 2

The South African Bird Atlas Project 2 (SABAP2) is the most important regional decision making tool for avian conservation. The results of this project lead to the potential red listing on a regional and international scale. The project uses five minute by five minute pentads with citizen scientists providing birding checklists for those pentads. The output is a tool which recites species seen within those pentads. A copy of the species presence according to SABAP 2 can be found in Appendix 1.

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5.1.5 Animal Demographic Unit

The Animal Demographic Units (ADU) Virtual Museum tool was used to identify presence of amphibians (FrogMAP), reptiles (ReptileMAP), mammals (MammalMAP) and (LepiMAP). The ADU use citizen science to contribute species lists and locations which get added to one degree grids. A copy of the species presence according to the various MAPs can be found in Appendix 2.

5.2 Site Verification

A site visit was conducted on the 15th August 2019. Weather conditions were sunny and warm.

Data collection involved fixed point avifaunal observations at various points around the site, which were chosen based on the habitat types present on site. At each of these points, both visual observations and identification through bird calls was deemed sufficient in noting a bird species. Additionally, at each point and along the length of the line, opportunistic observations of fauna were made, and if possible, photographs of the individuals were taken. Time and budgetary constraints limited the use of pitfall traps and night time herpetofaunal sampling.

6. RESULTS

6.1 Desktop Study

Only species of conservation concern have been mentioned in the results section of the desktop study. Full species lists can be found in Appendix 1 and 2.

6.1.1 Critically Biodiverse Areas

A large portion of the study site has been classified as CBA: Irreplaceable (Figure 2).

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Figure 2: CBA’s of the proposed study site.

6.1.2 Ezemvelo KZN wildlife (C-Plan & SEA Database)

According to C-Plan (TSCP Minset), six species of conservation concern may occur in the area (table 2 below)

Table 2: Species occurring on the TSCP Minset database Species Name Type Whittea alticepts Grasshopper Doratogonus falcatus Millipede Zinophora laminata Millipede Cochlitoma simplex Mollusc Edouardia conulus Mollusc Gulella orientalis Mollusc Ithala Quartzite Sourveld Vegetation Type KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld Vegetation Type Northern Zululand Sourveld Vegetation Type Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands Vegetation Type Zululand Lowveld Vegetation Type

Time and cost restraints prevent further verification of such species. Presence of these species can only be done by implementation of in depth sampling methods.

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6.1.3 Protected and conservation areas of South Africa

The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) have released an online map tool detailing the protected areas and associated 5km buffer. No sites under the Protected Areas Act fall within the 5km buffer set by the DEA.

6.1.4 South African Bird Atlas Project 2

Seven species of conservation concern occur within the pentad according to SABAP 2 (table 3). The likelihood of each of these species occurring on site is relatively high as the habitat types for each of these species to occur in is present. Additionally, species highlighted in bold in table 3 below were seen on site during the assessment.

Table 3: Avifaunal species of conservation concern according to SABAP 2. Scientific name Common name Red List (Regional, Global) Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture CR, CR Gyps coprotheres Cape Vulture EN, EN Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle EN, LC Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern Ground-hornbill EN, VU Eupodotis senegalensis White-bellied Korhaan VU, LC Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon VU, LC Geronticus calvus Southern Bald Ibis VU, VU

6.1.5 Animal Demographic Unit databases

Please note, no species of conservation concern were highlighted in the LepiMAP, however, butterflies are referred to in the site verification section.

FrogMAP highlights that one species of conservation concern may occur in the area. The potential for Bilbo’s Rain occurring on site is low as the species prefers areas with grassy verges alongside exotic plantations. There are no exotic plantations within the site area.

Table 4: Amphibians of conservation concern occurring on site according to the ADU FrogMAP. Scientific name Common name Conservation status Breviceps bagginsi Bilbo's Rain Frog Near Threatened

According to MammalMAP, 9 mammal species of conservation concern may occur in the area (table 5). Of these species, it is likely that Spotted Hyena, Southern African Vlei Rat, Dark-footed Mouse Shrew, Sclater’s Mouse Shrew and Leopard occur on site, while the other species will need to be introduced back into this area, which is possible.

Table 5: Mammal species of conservation concern potentially occurring on site according to the ADU MammalMAP. Scientific name Common name Conservation status Ourebia ourebi Oribi Endangered Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Near Threatened (2016) Otomys auratus Southern African Vlei Rat Near Threatened (2016) Paraxerus palliatus Red Bush Squirrel Near Threatened (2016) Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable (2016)

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Myosorex cafer Dark-footed Mouse Shrew Vulnerable (2016) Myosorex sclateri Sclater's Mouse Shrew Vulnerable (2016) Panthera pardus Leopard Vulnerable (2016) Loxodonta africana African Bush Elephant Vulnerable A2a (2008)

According to ReptileMAP, two reptile species of conservation concern may occur within the site (Table 6). The Natal Black Snake is unlikely to occur here as this species prefers coastal bush, while the Natal Hinged Tortoise may occur here due to its preference for tropical lowveld to mesic thickets in the south of its range.

Table 6: Reptile species of conservation concern potentially occurring on site according to the ADU ReptileMAP.

Scientific name Common name Conservation status Macrelaps microlepidotus Natal Black Snake Near Threatened (SARCA 2014) Kinixys natalensis Natal Hinged Tortoise Vulnerable (IUCN, 2019)

6.2 Site verification

Species seen on site can be found in Appendix 1 and 2, highlighted in bold. Only species seen and potential for species to occur have been assessed.

6.2.1 Avifauna

A total of 144 bird species are predicted to occur on site and at the reference site of Emakhosini-Opathe Game Reserve. The full protocols – and hence reporting rates – for SABAP2 in this area are low. It is likely that more bird species are present within the area, and with time, a more accurate estimation of bird species richness will be available.

Seven species of conservation concern were noted to potentially occur on site. Three species of conservation concern according to SABAP were seen – White-backed Vulture, Southern Ground-hornbill (four individuals), and Southern Bald Ibis – with a juvenile Martial Eagle (endangered), which has not been recorded on SABAB2 database being seen (Plate 1). A total of 55 bird species were observed during the verification, and no nesting was seen.

The four Southern Ground-hornbills were seen flying over the area. These birds are territorial and occur in family groups, which can have a home range of up to 100km2. The low reporting rate suggests that this species has occurred in the area, but is not seen on a regular basis. This suggests that either these birds were flying into the area to establish a home range, or already have a home range in the area. Declines in these species have been attributed to habitat loss and loss of nesting trees (amongst other threats). It is of utmost importance to conserve these species through protection of their habitat. White-backed Vultures (and other vulture species) are present within the area. These species are currently under threat from mass poisoning episodes brought on by poaching of game and the muthi trade. These vultures roost at the top of trees, of which there are many in the area, which could assist the breeding potential of these species in the future. Large portions of protected habitat is essential for this species to survive.

A Southern Bald Ibis was seen flying over site. It is possible that this species may be roosting and possibly nesting on the cliffs in the surrounding hills. This species is increasingly using pasture fields and ploughed farm land to forage, and may have been flying to one of these foraging sites.

Martial Eagles are usually resident and territorial species, with juveniles dispersing widely. It is likely that the juvenile seen was dispersing from its natal range, and could potentially be establishing a territory of its own.

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These birds have extremely large home ranges (up to 1000km2). Threats to this species come in the form of range contraction due to habitat loss, and associated negative effects. Large portions of protected habitat is essential for this species to survive.

The site as a whole does provide ample habitat for nesting and foraging for avifauna. With the merging and official protection of the proposed reserve, this site can act as a core ecological area, and an overall positive impact will be seen on all avifauna of the area, if protection is afforded.

Plate 1: Juvenile Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus).

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Plate 2: Klaas’s Cuckoo (Chrysococcyx klaas)

6.2.2 Butterflies

A total of 121 butterfly species are predicted to be occur on site, with only three being seen. No butterflies of conservation concern were seen on site. Some species seen can be found below from Plate 3 to Plate 5.

Plate 3: Biblia ilithya.

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Plate 4: Junonia hiereta cebrene.

Plate 5: Ypthima asterope.

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6.2.3 Amphibians

A total of 17 species are predicted to occur on site with none being seen on site. Potential for them to occur on site are very high due to the White Mfolozi River being right at the proposed camp site. Additionally, amphibians will occur within drainage lines within the project area.

6.2.4 Mammals

A total of 54 species are predicted to occur on site, with the only mammal being seen was a Common Duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia). The Heritage Specialist had reported that a the owner of some cattle grazing in the area had seen a leopard (Panthera pardus) earlier on the day of the Heritage Specialist’s sampling. Leopard are extremely adaptable and are likely to thrive in areas of low density human settlement, provided food sources are available. The fencing off of this area, and reintroduction of many game species would boost the potentially existing leopard population by affording formal protection and a regular food source.

On the day of sampling, a Conservation Officer from Zulu Rock noted the presence of Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) and Brown Hyena (Hayena brunnea) currently existing within the area. However, as the area is currently still under communal land, regular hunting with packs of dogs is present, which has put great strain on population numbers of the mammals within the area. Formal protection through the creation of the proposed reserve would assist in increasing population numbers of the existing mammals. Additionally, it has been proposed that a reintroduction of species may occur, so that the reserve has “Big 5” status.

6.2.5 Reptiles

A total of 26 species are predicted to occur on site, with only two reptile species being seen – Variable skink (Trachylepis varia; Plate 6) and Rainbow Skink (Trachylepis margaritifer; Plate 7), with none of them being species of conservation concern. The area provides ample habitat for reptiles.

Plate 6: Variable skink (Trachylepis varia) Page | 17

Plate 7: Rainbow skink (Trachylepis margaritifer). 7. Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measure mentioned in this report revolve around the need to avoid disturbance around the construction site. This is seen as the main negative impacts of the proposed development.

 Construction activities must be limited to the allowed working area only, with all areas outside of this being demarcated as strictly no go areas.  An independent Environmental Control Officer should conduct monthly site inspections to assess the Contractors compliance with the EMPr.  Permits for the removal and relocation of plants and must be in place before any construction can commence.  A search and rescue operation, undertaken by a suitably qualified person, must be undertaken before construction commences.  Strictly no trapping, hunting or poaching or fauna may occur. A fine system should be considered by the EAP for the illegal hunting of fauna.  Clearance in the construction phase is to be remove in a phased approach, as and when it becomes necessary.  The contractor should implement an alien invasive control programme, particularly in areas where soil disturbance occurs.  Community outreach regarding poaching of fauna should be undertaken;  Rehabilitation must occur once construction is complete in the relevant area;

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8. CONCLUSION

Zanemvula has undertaken a desktop assessment and site verification for the aforementioned proposed Madwaleni Lodge development -

The key findings and recommendations from this assessment are as follows -

1. The desktop assessment identified avian, reptile, amphibian and mammalian species of conservation importance. Species of conservation importance were noted on site, and there is potential for these species to be using the project area as a home range. 2. Potential for grasshopper, millipede and mollusc species predicted by EKZNW CBA data to occur on site is there, however time and budgetary constraints limited the search for these species. A search and rescue operation will need to be done before site clearance is to occur. 3. The is being built on stilts, thereby reducing the clearance footprint and the environmental impact. 4. The site is being used for communal grazing. Additionally, hunting by the community with packs of dogs is occurring, which is reducing the fauna significantly on site. 5. Permits for the removal and relocation of plants and animals must be in place before any construction can commence. 6. A search and rescue operation, undertaken by a suitably qualified person, must be undertaken before construction commences. 7. Community outreach regarding poaching of fauna should be undertaken. 8. Rehabilitation of vegetation communities would improve faunal diversity across the site. 9. Increased activity during construction phase will result in the small scale movement of fauna away from the construction site. It must be noted that the type of construction associated with the Madwaleni Camp results in greater loss of habitat (due to permanent clearance of vegetation around the lodge), and therefore will result in a greater impact compared to the Babanango Tented Camp. Provided the mitigation measures mentioned above are implemented, the negative impact can be largely mitigated. Fauna will return to the area around the lodges once construction is complete. 10. The long term positive result of formally protecting the area through the establishment of a large game reserve, and lodges to accommodate tourists far outweighs the potential negative impact of building a stilted lodge. Additionally, the surrounding community will be benefiting from the conservation of the land through the leasing of their land to the developers, through the provision of jobs through construction phase and operation phase, and the community outreach and education that will occur. 11. The development is supported by the Faunal Specialist, provided mitigation measures mentioned above are included in the Basic Assessment and EMPr.

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9. REFERENCES

Animal Demography Unit. (2018). FrogMAP Virtual Museum. Accessed at http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=FrogMAP on 2019-08-15. Animal Demography Unit. (2018). LepiMAP Virtual Museum. Accessed at http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=LepiMAP on 2019-08-15 Animal Demography Unit. (2018). ReptileMAP Virtual Museum. Accessed at http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=ReptileMAP on 2019-08-15. Animal Demography Unit. (2018). MammalMAP Virtual Museum. Accessed at http://vmus.adu.org.za/?vm=MammalMAP on 2019-08-15 Animal Demographic Unit. (2018). Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2. [ONLINE] Available at: http://sabap2.adu.org.za/content.php?id=1. [Accessed 15 August 2019]. Barnes, K.N. (ed.) 1998. The Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. BirdLife South Africa: Johannesburg. Barnes, K.N. (ed.) 2015. The Eskom red data book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. BirdLife South Africa: Johannesburg. Chittenden, H., Davies, G., Weiersbye I. (2016). Roberts Bird Guide. Cape Town. The John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. Harrison, J.A., Allan, D.G., Underhill, L.G., Herremans, M., Tree, A.J., Parker, V & Brown, C.J. (eds). 1997. The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 1&2. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg. Maclean, G.L., (1996). Roberts’ Birds of Southern Africa. (6th Edition). John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa. Picker, M., Griffiths, C. & Weaving, A., (2002). Field Guide to of South Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, South Africa. Scholtz, C.H. & Holm, E. (Eds.) (1989). Insects of Southern Africa. Butterworth Professional Publishers (Pty) Ltd, Durban, South Africa. Sinclair, I., Hockey, P. & Tarboton, W., Ryan, P., (2011). SASOL Birds of Southern Africa (4th Edition). Struik Publishers. Cape Town, South Africa. Skinner, J.D. & Smithers, R.H.N., (1990). The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion (2nd Edition). University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. Stuart, C., Stuart, M. (2015). Stuarts Field Guide to Mammals of Southern Africa. Cape Town. Struik Nature. Taylor, M.R. (ed.) 2015. The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg Woodhall, S., (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, Johannesburg.

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ANNEXURE A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

DETAILS OF SPECIALIST AND DECLARATION OF INTEREST

(For official use only) File Reference Number: DC/ NEAS Reference Number: Date Received:

Application for an environmental authorisation in terms of section 24(2) of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998) or for a waste management licence in terms of section 20(b) of the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008 (Act No. 59 of 2008).

PROJECT TITLE FAUNAL ASSESSMEMT FOR A PROPOSED TENTED CAMP ADJACENT TO THE WHITE UMFOLOZI, ULUNDI LOCAL MUNICIPALITY, ZULULAND DISTRICT, KWAZULU-NATAL

Specialist: Zanemvula Environmental Contact person: Ross Goode Postal address: 22 Hilton Avenue, Hilton Postal code: 3245 Cell: 0783999139 Telephone: 033 343 1352 Fax: E-mail: [email protected] Professional affiliation(s) (if any)

Project Consultant: Contact person: Postal address: Postal code: Cell: Telephone: Fax: E-mail:

21

4.2 The specialist appointed in terms of the Regulations_

I, Ross Goode , declare that -- General declaration:  I act as the independent specialist in this application;  do not have and will not have any vested interest (either business, financial, personal or other) in the undertaking of the proposed activity, other than remuneration for work performed in terms of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2014;  I will perform the work relating to the application in an objective manner, even if this results in views and findings that are not favourable to the applicant;  I declare that there are no circumstances that may compromise my objectivity in performing such work;  I have expertise in conducting the specialist report relevant to this application, including knowledge of the Act, regulations and any guidelines that have relevance to the proposed activity;  I will comply with the Act, regulations and all other applicable legislation;  I have no, and will not engage in, conflicting interests in the undertaking of the activity;  I undertake to disclose to the applicant and the competent authority all material information in my possession that reasonably has or may have the potential of influencing - any decision to be taken with respect to the application by the competent authority; and - the objectivity of any report, plan or document to be prepared by myself for submission to the competent authority;  all the particulars furnished by me in this form are true and correct; and  I am aware that a person is guilty of an offence in terms of Regulation 48 (1) of the EIA Regulations, 2014, if that person provides incorrect or misleading information. A person who is convicted of an offence in terms of sub-regulation 48(1) (a)-(e) is liable to the penalties as contemplated in section 49 B(1) of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998).

Signature of the specialist:

Zanemvula Environmental Name of company (if applicable):

29th November 2018 Date:

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Appendix 1 SABAP 2 SPECIES LIST WITH SPECIES SEEN IN BOLD Red List (Regional, Scientific Name Common Name Global) fp Gyps africanus White-backed Vulture CR, CR 70 Gyps coprotheres Cape Vulture EN, EN 50 Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle EN, LC 20 Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern Ground-hornbill EN, VU 20 Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle EN, VU Eupodotis senegalensis White-bellied Korhaan VU, LC 50 Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon VU, LC 100 Geronticus calvus Southern Bald Ibis VU, VU 50 Acrocephalus baeticatus African Reed-warbler LC 20 Acrocephalus gracilirostris Lesser Swamp-warbler LC 20 Alopochen aegyptiaca Egyptian Goose LC 20 Anas sparsa African Black Duck LC 20 Anas undulata Yellow-billed Duck LC 20 Andropadus importunus Sombre Greenbul LC 80 Anhinga rufa African Darter LC 20 Anthus cinnamomeus African Pipit LC 70 Anthus lineiventris Striped Pipit LC 20 Long-billed (Split, see Nicholson's 10877 and Long- Anthus similis billed 10876) Pipit LC 20 Apalis flavida Yellow-breasted Apalis LC 40 Apus affinis Little Swift LC 40 Apus caffer White-rumped Swift LC 20 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron LC 50 Ardea melanocephala Black-headed Heron LC 20 Batis molitor Chinspot Batis LC 75 Bostrychia hagedash Hadeda Ibis LC 65 Buteo rufofuscus Jackal Buzzard LC 40 Calendulauda sabota Sabota Lark LC 60 Camaroptera brachyura Green-backed Camaroptera LC 20 Campephaga flava Black Cuckoo-shrike LC 20 Campethera abingoni Golden-tailed Woodpecker LC 80 Campicoloides bifasciata Buff-streaked Chat LC 35 Cecropis cucullata Greater Striped Swallow LC 55 Cecropis semirufa Red-breasted Swallow LC 50 Centropus burchellii Burchell's Coucal LC 20 Cercomela familiaris Familiar Chat LC 60 Cercotrichas leucophrys White-browed Scrub-robin LC 100 Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher LC 20 Chalcomitra amethystina Amethyst Sunbird LC 20 Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus Orange-breasted Bush-shrike LC 20 Chrysococcyx caprius Diderick Cuckoo LC 20 Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas's Cuckoo LC 23

Red List (Regional, Scientific Name Common Name Global) fp Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Violet-backed Starling LC 40 Cinnyris talatala White-bellied Sunbird LC 45 aberrans Lazy Cisticola LC 20 Cisticola chiniana Rattling Cisticola LC 55 Cisticola fulvicapilla Neddicky Neddicky LC 55 Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola LC 80 Colius striatus Speckled Mousebird LC 70 Columba Speckled Pigeon LC 40 Columba livia Rock Dove LC 20 Corvus albicollis White-necked Raven LC 65 Corvus albus Pied Crow LC 90 Corvus capensis Cape Crow LC 45 Cossypha natalensis Red-capped Robin-chat LC 20 Crithagra gularis Streaky-headed Seedeater LC 20 Crithagra mozambica Yellow-fronted Canary LC 65 Crithagra sulphurata Brimstone Canary LC 50 Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo LC 20 Cuculus solitarius Red-chested Cuckoo LC 20 Cursorius temminckii Temminck's Courser LC 20 Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal Woodpecker LC 40 Dicrurus adsimilis Fork-tailed Drongo LC 100 Dryoscopus cubla Black-backed Puffback LC 60 Emberiza flaviventris Golden-breasted Bunting LC 20 Emberiza tahapisi Cinnamon-breasted Bunting LC 20 Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill LC 20 Euplectes orix Southern Red Bishop LC 20 Fulica cristata Red-knobbed Coot LC 80 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen LC 40 Gymnoris superciliaris Yellow-throated Petronia LC 45 Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded Kingfisher LC 65 Halcyon chelicuti Striped Kingfisher LC 50 Hieraaetus wahlbergi Wahlberg's Eagle LC 40 Hirundo fuligula Rock Martin LC 20 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow LC 45 Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow LC 50 Indicator indicator Greater LC 40 Jynx ruficollis Red-throated Wryneck LC 20 Lagonosticta rubricata African Firefinch LC 20 Lamprotornis bicolor Pied Starling LC 50 Lamprotornis nitens Cape Glossy Starling LC 80 Laniarius ferrugineus Southern Boubou LC 75 Lanius collaris Common (Southern) Fiscal LC 80 Lophaetus occipitalis Long-crested Eagle LC 20 Lybius torquatus Black-collared Barbet LC 100 24

Red List (Regional, Scientific Name Common Name Global) fp Macronyx capensis Cape Longclaw LC 60 Malaconotus blanchoti Grey-headed Bush-shrike LC 20 Megaceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher LC 20 Melaenornis pammelaina Southern Black Flycatcher LC 40 Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater LC 50 Microcarbo africanus Reed Cormorant LC 40 Milvus aegyptius Yellow-billed Kite LC 20 Mirafra africana Rufous-naped Lark LC 55 Monticola rupestris Cape Rock-thrush LC 20 Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail LC 60 Motacilla capensis Cape Wagtail LC 90 Nilaus afer Brubru Brubru LC 40 Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl LC 20 Onychognathus morio Red-winged Starling LC 60 Oriolus larvatus Black-headed Oriole LC 100 Ortygospiza fuscocrissa African Quailfinch LC 20 Parus Southern Black Tit LC 55 Passer diffusus Southern Grey-headed Sparrow LC 70 Passer domesticus House Sparrow LC 70 Peliperdix coqui Coqui Francolin LC Phalacrocorax lucidus White-breasted Cormorant LC 20 Phoeniculus purpureus Green Wood-hoopoe LC 20 Plectropterus gambensis Spur-winged Goose LC 20 Ploceus cucullatus Village Weaver LC 20 Ploceus ocularis Spectacled Weaver LC 65 Ploceus velatus Southern Masked-weaver LC 20 Porphyrio madagascariensis African Purple Swamphen LC 20 Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia LC 55 Prionops plumatus White-crested Helmet-shrike LC 20 Pternistis natalensis Natal Spurfowl LC 40 Pycnonotus tricolor Dark-capped Bulbul LC 100 Riparia paludicola Brown-throated Martin LC 60 Scleroptila shelleyi Shelley's Francolin LC 45 Scopus umbretta Hamerkop Hamerkop LC 65 Sigelus silens Fiscal Flycatcher LC 45 Sphenoeacus afer Cape Grassbird LC 20 Streptopelia capicola Cape Turtle-dove LC 75 Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove LC 45 Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove LC 100 Sylvietta rufescens Long-billed Crombec LC 40 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe LC 40 Tadorna cana South African Shelduck LC 20 Tauraco porphyreolophus Purple-crested Turaco LC 100 Tchagra senegalus Black-crowned Tchagra LC 55 25

Red List (Regional, Scientific Name Common Name Global) fp Telophorus zeylonus Bokmakierie Bokmakierie LC 20 Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris Mocking Cliff-chat LC 40 Tockus alboterminatus Crowned Hornbill LC 20 Trachyphonus vaillantii Crested Barbet LC 70 Treron calvus African Green-pigeon LC 20 Tricholaema leucomelas Acacia Pied Barbet LC 20 Turdoides jardineii Arrow-marked Babbler LC 35 Turdus libonyanus Kurrichane Thrush LC 20 Turdus litsitsirupa Groundscraper Thrush LC 40 Turtur chalcospilos Emerald-spotted Wood-dove LC 45 Upupa africana African Hoopoe LC 35 Uraeginthus angolensis Blue Waxbill LC 40 Urocolius indicus Red-faced Mousebird LC 60 Vanellus coronatus Crowned Lapwing LC 50 Zosterops virens Cape White-eye LC 20

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Appendix 2 ADU SPECIES LISTS WITH SPECIES SEEN IN BOLD

FrogMAP

Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Amietia delalandii Delalande's River Frog Least Concern (2017) 2 wahlbergi Natal Bush Squeaker Least Concern 5 Breviceps bagginsi Bilbo's Rain Frog Near Threatened 1 Breviceps mossambicus Rain Frog Least Concern 1.5 Southern Foam Nest Chiromantis xerampelina Frog Least Concern (2013) 2 Least Concern (IUCN ver 3.1, Hyperolius marmoratus Painted Reed Frog 2013) 4.5 Hyperolius pusillus Water Lily Frog Least Concern 5 Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina Least Concern 3.5 Phrynobatrachus natalensis Snoring Puddle Frog Least Concern 2.5 Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber Frog Least Concern 1 Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass Frog Least Concern 2 Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Sharpnosed Grass Frog Least Concern 2 Schismaderma carens Red Toad Least Concern 2 Sclerophrys gutturalis Guttural Toad Least Concern 5.5 Strongylopus grayii Clicking Stream Frog Least Concern 1 Tomopterna natalensis Natal Sand Frog Least Concern 4 Tomopterna tandyi Tandy's Sand Frog Least Concern 2

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LepiMAP

Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Acraea acara acara Acara acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Acraea aganice aganice Wanderer Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Acraea aglaonice Clear-spotted acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 5 Acraea machequena Machequena acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Acraea natalica Natal acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Acraea neobule neobule Wandering donkey acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1.5 Acraea oncaea Window acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1.5 Actizera lucida Rayed blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 5 Afrodryas leda Autumn leaf vagrant Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Afrogegenes sp. 2 Aloeides oreas Oreas copper Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Aloeides swanepoeli Swanepoel's copper Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4 Aloeides taikosama Dusky copper Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Aloeides trimeni trimeni Trimen's copper Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Anthene amarah amarah Black striped hairtail Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Anthene definita definita Common hairtail Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Anthene millari Millar's hairtail Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Aphnaeus hutchinsonii Hutchinson's highflier Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Axiocerses amanga amanga Bush scarlet Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Axiocerses tjoane tjoane Eastern scarlet Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Azanus jesous Topaz babul blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Azanus natalensis Natal babul blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Azanus ubaldus Velvet-spotted babul blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Belenois aurota Brown-veined white Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Belenois creona severina African common white Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4 Belenois gidica abyssinica African veined white Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Bicyclus anynana anynana Squinting bush brown Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Bicyclus safitza safitza Common bush brown Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Byblia anvatara acheloia Joker Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Byblia ilithyia Spotted joker Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 6 Cacyreus fracta fracta Water geranium bronze Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Cacyreus lingeus Bush bronze Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Cacyreus marshalli Common geranium bronze Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Calleagris kobela Mrs Raven's Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 5 Cassionympha cassius Rainforest brown Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 7 Catacroptera cloanthe cloanthe Pirate Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2.5 Catopsilia florella African migrant Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4 Charaxes brutus natalensis White-barred charaxes Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Charaxes druceanus druceanus Silver-barred charaxes Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Charaxes jahlusa argynnides Pearl-spotted charaxes Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 28

Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Charaxes saturnus saturnus Foxy charaxes Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Charaxes varanes varanes Pearl charaxes Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Chloroselas pseudozeritis pseudozeritis Brilliant gem Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Chrysoritis lycegenes Mooirivier opal Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Cigaritis natalensis Natal bar Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Cnodontes penningtoni Pennington's buff Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Coeliades forestan forestan Striped policeman Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Coeliades pisistratus Two-pip policeman Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Coenyra hebe Zulu shadefly Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Colias electo electo African clouded yellow Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Colotis antevippe gavisa Red tip Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Colotis auxo auxo Sulphur orange tip Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Colotis euippe omphale Smoky orange tip Least Concern (LC) 2 Colotis evenina evenina Orange tip Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Colotis regina Queen purple tip Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Colotis vesta argillaceus Veined tip Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Cupidopsis cissus cissus Common meadow blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Danaus chrysippus orientis African monarch, Plain tiger Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2.5 Deudorix antalus Brown playboy Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Durbania amakosa natalensis Amakoza rocksitter Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Eronia cleodora Vine-leaf vagrant Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1.5 Euchrysops osiris Osiris smoky blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Broad-bordered grass Eurema brigitta brigitta yellow Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2.5 Eurytela hiarbas angustata Pied piper Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Graphium antheus Large striped swordtail Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Graphium leonidas leonidas Veined swordtail Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Graphium morania White lady Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Hamanumida daedalus Guinea-fowl butterfly Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Harpendyreus noquasa Marsh mountain blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 14 Hypolimnas misippus Common diadem Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Hypolycaena philippus philippus Purplebrown hairstreak Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4 Iolaus sidus Red-line sapphire Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Junonia hierta cebrene Yellow pansy Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4 Junonia oenone oenone Blue pansy Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Kedestes mohozutza Fulvous ranger Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Kedestes nerva nerva Scarce ranger Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Lachnocnema durbani D'Urban's woolly legs Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Lachnoptera ayresii Blotched leopard Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Lampides boeticus Pea blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3.5 Lepidochrysops asteris Brilliant blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Lepidochrysops patricia Patricia blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4

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Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Lepidochrysops plebeia plebeia Twin-spot blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Lepidochrysops tantalus King blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Leptomyrina gorgias gorgias Common black-eye Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Leptotes pirithous pirithous Common zebra blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Metisella aegipan aegipan Mountain sylph Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 12 Mylothris agathina agathina Common dotted border Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Myrina silenus ficedula Common fig tree blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Orachrysops subravus Grizzled blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 7 Mocker swallowtail, Flying Papilio dardanus cenea Handkerchief Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Papilio demodocus demodocus Citrus swallowtail Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4 Papilio nireus lyaeus Green-banded swallowtail Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Paralethe dendrophilus albina Forest beauty Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Paralethe dendrophilus indosa Forest beauty Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Pardopsis punctatissima Polka dot Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Phalanta sp. 1 Physcaeneura panda Dark-webbed ringlet Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Pinacopteryx eriphia eriphia Zebra white Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Precis archesia archesia Garden commodore Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4.5 Precis octavia sesamus Gaudy Commodore Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 4.5 Protogoniomorpha parhassus Mother-of-pearl Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Pseudonympha magoides False silver-bottom brown Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 7 Pseudonympha poetula Drakensberg brown Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 11 Spialia depauperata australis Wandering sandman Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Stygionympha scotina scotina Eastern hillside brown Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 flesus Clouded forester Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Tarucus sybaris sybaris Dotted blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Telchinia anacreon Orange acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 5 Telchinia cabira Yellow-banded acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Telchinia encedon encedon White-barred acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 5 Telchinia esebria Dusky acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Telchinia serena Dancing acraea Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Teracolus eris eris Banded gold tip Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Tsitana tsita Dismal sylph Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 Tuxentius melaena melaena Black pie Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1.5 Vanessa cardui Painted lady Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 3 Virachola vansoni Van Son's playboy Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Zizeeria knysna knysna African grass blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Zizina otis antanossa Dark grass blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 2 Zizula hylax Tiny grass blue Least Concern (SABCA 2013) 1 30

Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Ypthima asterope African ringlet Least Concern (SABCA 2013)

31

MammalMAP

Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Ourebia ourebi Oribi Endangered 6 Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena Near Threatened (2016) 1 Otomys auratus Southern African Vlei Rat Near Threatened (2016) 2 Paraxerus palliatus Red Bush Squirrel Near Threatened (2016) 1 Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Vulnerable (2016) 4 Myosorex cafer Dark-footed Mouse Shrew Vulnerable (2016) 1 Myosorex sclateri Sclater's Mouse Shrew Vulnerable (2016) 3 Panthera pardus Leopard Vulnerable (2016) 49.5 Loxodonta africana African Bush Elephant Vulnerable A2a (2008) 8 Aepyceros melampus Impala Least Concern 13 Graphiurus (Graphiurus) murinus Forest African Dormouse Least Concern 3 Southern African Pygmy Mus (Nannomys) minutoides Mouse Least Concern 2 Redunca fulvorufula Mountain Reedbuck Least Concern 6 Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck Least Concern 1.5 Syncerus caffer African Buffalo Least Concern (2008) 3 Aethomys ineptus Tete Veld Aethomys Least Concern (2016) 2 Amblysomus hottentotus Hottentot Golden Mole Least Concern (2016) 1.5 Atilax paludinosus Marsh Mongoose Least Concern (2016) 1 Canis mesomelas Black-backed Jackal Least Concern (2016) 1 Caracal caracal Caracal Least Concern (2016) 1 Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet Monkey Least Concern (2016) 1 Crocidura cyanea Reddish-gray Musk Shrew Least Concern (2016) 1 Crocidura flavescens Greater Red Musk Shrew Least Concern (2016) 2 Cryptomys hottentotus Southern African Mole-rat Least Concern (2016) 3 Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi Blesbok Least Concern (2016) 2 Chestnut African Climbing Dendromus mystacalis Mouse Least Concern (2016) 3 Equus quagga Plains Zebra Least Concern (2016) 8.5 Cape Genet (Cape Large- Genetta tigrina spotted Genet) Least Concern (2016) 1 Gerbilliscus brantsii Highveld Gerbil Least Concern (2016) 1 Giraffa giraffa giraffa South African Giraffe Least Concern (2016) 11 Herpestes sanguineus Slender Mongoose Least Concern (2016) 2 Hippopotamus amphibius Common Hippopotamus Least Concern (2016) 14 Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose Least Concern (2016) 1 Kobus ellipsiprymnus ellipsiprymnus Waterbuck Least Concern (2016) 2 Mastomys natalensis Natal Mastomys Least Concern (2016) 4.5 Mellivora capensis Honey Badger Least Concern (2016) 8 Myosorex varius Forest Shrew Least Concern (2016) 1 Oreotragus oreotragus Klipspringer Least Concern (2016) 2 Otomys angoniensis Angoni Vlei Rat Least Concern (2016) 1 Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon Least Concern (2016) 243 32

Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Phacochoerus africanus Common Warthog Least Concern (2016) 2 Proteles cristata Aardwolf Least Concern (2016) 1 Raphicerus campestris Steenbok Least Concern (2016) 2 Redunca arundinum Southern Reedbuck Least Concern (2016) 4 Rhabdomys pumilio Xeric Four-striped Grass Rat Least Concern (2016) 3 Suncus infinitesimus Least Dwarf Shrew Least Concern (2016) 2 Suncus varilla Lesser Dwarf Shrew Least Concern (2016) 2 Sylvicapra grimmia Bush Duiker Least Concern (2016) 1.5 Taurotragus oryx Common Eland Least Concern (2016) 6 Thallomys paedulcus Acacia Thallomys Least Concern (2016) 1 Tragelaphus angasii Nyala Least Concern (2016) 8 Tragelaphus strepsiceros Greater Kudu Least Concern (2016) 13 Least Concern (ver 3.1, Connochaetes taurinus Blue Wildebeest 2017) 5.5 Alcelaphus buselaphus Hartebeest 2

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ReptileMAP

Number of Scientific name Common name Red list Records Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile Least Concern (IUCN, 2019) 1 Near Threatened (SARCA Macrelaps microlepidotus Natal Black Snake 2014) 1 Afroedura pondolia Pondo Flat Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Afrotyphlops bibronii Bibron's Blind Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Atractaspis bibronii Bibron's Stiletto Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Bitis arietans arietans Puff Adder Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Night Adder Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Common Flap-neck Chamaeleo dilepis Chameleon Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Red-lipped Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Duberria lutrix lutrix South African Slug-eater Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Common Tropical House Hemidactylus mabouia Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Homopholis wahlbergii Wahlberg's Velvet Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2 Kinixys natalensis Natal Hinged Tortoise Vulnerable (IUCN, 2019) 6 Lygodactylus capensis capensis Common Dwarf Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Pachydactylus maculatus Spotted Gecko Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2 Philothamnus hoplogaster South Eastern Green Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Psammophis brevirostris Short-snouted Grass Snake Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Python natalensis Southern African Python Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 2 Stigmochelys pardalis Leopard Tortoise Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Trachylepis punctatissima Speckled Rock Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Trachylepis striata Striped Skink Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Varanus niloticus Water Monitor Least Concern (SARCA 2014) 1 Pelomedusa galeata South African Marsh Terrapin Least Concern 1 Leptotyphlops scutifrons conjunctus Eastern Thread Snake 1 Trachylepis varia Variable Skink Least Concern Trachylepis margaritifer Rainbow Skink Least Concern

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