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PROCEEDINGS of the BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY of WASHINGTON 113(L):238-248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 113(l):238-248. 2000. A new species of Pristigaster, with comments on the genus and redescription of P. cayana (Teleostei: Clupeomorpha: Pristigasteridae) Naercio A. Menezes and Mario C. C. de Pinna (NAM) Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Nazare 481, Sao Paulo-SP 04263-000, Brazil; (MCCdeP) Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461, Sao Paulo-SP 05422-970, Brazil Abstract. —A new species of the hitherto monotypic genus Pristigaster (Clu- peiformes: Pristigasteridae) is described for the Amazon basin. Pristigaster whiteheadi, new species, is distinguished from its only congener, P. cayana, by the presence of pelvic fins; the lack of caudal-fin filaments; the different angle between the predorsal bones and the vertebral column; the presence of 36-39 vertical scale rows (40-47 in P. cayana); and the presence of 18-20 horizontal scale rows (21—26 in P. cayana). Pristigaster cayana is redescribed, and its occurrence in French Guyana is questioned. Resumo. —Uma nova especie do genero ate entao monotipico Pristigaster (Clupeiformes: Pristigasteridae) e descrita para a bacia Amazonica. Pristigaster whiteheadi, especie nova, distingue-se de P. cayana pela presenca de nadad- eiras pelvicas; ausencia de filamentos nos lobos da nadadeira caudal; o angulo diferente entre os ossos pre-dorsais e a coluna vertebral; a presenca de 36-39 fileiras verticals de escamas (40-47 em P. cayana); e a presenca de 18-20 fileiras horizontals de escamas (21-26 em P. cayana). Pristigaster cayana e redescrita e sua ocorrencia na Guiana Francesa e questionada. The Clupeomorpha is a highly diverse phyletic group (Grande 1985) including group of teleosts, containing over 350 re- basal fossils as the extinct genera Diplo- cent and over 150 fossil species (Grande mystus and Armigatus, and the extinct order 1985, Nelson 1994). The group is one of Ellimmichthyiformes. Recent clupeo- the most important fisheries resources morphs are all in the order Clupeiformes, worldwide, and their phylogenetic relation- itself divided into suborders Denticipitoidei ships within teleosts have been a matter of (with a single species from African fresh- intense debate in recent years. For the past waters) and Clupeoidei (all other recent clu- two decades, following the original sugges- peiforms). Clupeoids comprise three super- tion by Patterson & Rosen (1977), Clupeo- families: Engrauloidea (with a single fami- morphs were placed as the sister group to ly, Engraulididae), Clupeoidea (with fami- the Euteleostei. More recently, Clupemor- lies Chirocentridae and Clupeidae) and pha have been proposed as sister group to Pristigasteroidea (with families Pristigaster- Ostariophysi, a hypothesis supported by idae and Pellonidae). molecular data (Van Le et al. 1993, Patter- The pristigasteroid family Pellonidae in- son 1994) and morphological characters eludes the central and South American gen- (Lecointre & Nelson 1996, Johnson & Pat- era Chirocentrodon, Neoopisthopterus, Pel- terson 1996, Arratia 1997). lona, and Pliosteostoma. The Pristigasteri- Clupeomorphs are a demonstrably mono- dae, in turn, comprises the Central and VOLUME 113, NUMBER 1 239 South American Odontognathus and Pris- were dissected to determine sex by an in- tigaster, the South American and Indo-Pa- cision on the right side of the abdomen to cific Opisthopterus and the Indo-Pacific Ra- expose the gonads. Tooth counts include conda. The genus Ilisha could not be dem- sockets in cases where the actual tooth has onstrated monophyletic by Grande (1985), fallen off. Within the meristic information most of its species forming a polytomy at given here, figures for holotype are provid- the base of Pristigasteroidea. ed in parentheses. Pristigaster is the most peculiarly-shaped Figures associated with specimen lists in of all pristigasteroids, with an extremely species descriptions are, first, number of deep body resembling characiforms of the specimens examined in respective lot, and genera Gasteropelecus and Thoracocharax. second, range of SL's in mm. So far a single species, P. cayana, is rec- Specimens cleared and counterstained for ognized in the genus. All other proposed bone and cartilage were prepared by a mod- names have been shown to be either invalid ified version of the method of Taylor & Van or junior synonyms of that species (White- Dyke (1985). Descriptive accounts follow head 1973, 1985). However, Whitehead the general organization in Whitehead & (1985) suggested that a second species Teugels (1985), the most complete anatom- might exist. Stimulated by Whitehead's ical survey of a clupeomorph available to original suggestion, we undertook a de- date. Synonymic lists include only those tailed examination of available material of references in which the species referred to Pristigaster, and concluded that indeed can be reliably identified as either P. cay- there is a second diagnosable species in the ana or P. whiteheadi. genus, still undescribed. In this paper, we Specimens examined in this work are formally name and diagnose the new spe- deposited in the following institutions: cies and redescribe P. cayana. AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York; BMNH, The Natural Methods and materials. History Museum, London; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Morphometric measurements were all INPA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da point-to-point, taken with calipers, recorded Amazonia, Manaus; MZUSP, Museu de to the nearest 0.1 mm and expressed as per- Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao centages of standard length, except for sub- Paulo. units of the head, expressed as percentages of head length. Counts and measurements Pristigaster whiteheadi, new species were made on the left side of the speci- Figs. 1, 2B mens, whenever possible, according to Pristigaster cayana (not Cuvier); White- Whitehead (1985), except for horizontal head, 1985:301 (in part, only specimens rows of scales (counted between dorsal-fin with pelvic fins); Whitehead & Bauchot, origin and anal-fin origin), vertical rows of 1985:24 (in part, only specimens with scales (counted from origin of pectoral fin pelvic fins); Stewart, Barriga & Ibarra, to caudal base), and scales around caudal 1987:21 (specimen examined). peduncle (number of horizontal scale rows). Principal caudal-fin rays included all Holotype.—MZUSP 52963 (female, 83.4 branched rays plus one unbranched ray in mm SL). BRAZIL: Amapa, Rio Araguari, each lobe. Counts for each lobe, upper first, Ferreira Gomes, collected by M. Goulding, are separated by a slash. Vertebral counts January-February, 1984. were taken from radiographs and cleared Paratypes.—Brazil: MZUSP 30341 (2, and stained specimens and the terminal 76.5-83.4), same data as holotype. Ama- "half centrum" is included. Specimens zonas; MZUSP 11391 (8, 57.5-67.7, 2 of 240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON which cleared and counterstained), AMNH FMNH 101946 (1, 89.0) 0°49'S, 75°31'W, 227329 (1, 52.2), USNM 351306 (1, 62.0), Rio Tiputini, near mouth in Rio Napo and FMNH 107783 (1, 56.5), Rio lea, Santo Quebradas). Antonio do lea; MZUSP 11392-393 (2, Diagnosis. —Distinguished from its only 69.4-73.0), Rio Solimoes, above mouth of congener, P. cayana, by the following fea- Jutai; MZUSP 11394-403 (10, 43.5-76.2), tures: 1 —presence of pelvic fins; 2—ab- Rio Solimoes, Fonte Boa; MZUSP 27597 sence of filaments on upper and lower (1, 62.00, Rio Solimoes, Municipio de Ben- lobes of caudal fin; 3—vertical scale rows jamin Constant; MZUSP 18694 (3, 29.4- 36-39 (40-47 in P. cayana); 4—horizon- 40.0), Rio Solimoes, Lago Janauaca and vi- tal scale rows 18-20 (21-26 in P. cayana); cinity; MZUSP 52950 (2, 22.0-25.0), Rio 5—supraneurals (predorsal bones) gradu- Solimoes, 3°10'57"S, 67°56'31"W; MZUSP ally less sloped posteriorly, posterior one 6600 (1, 70.0), Lago Manacapuru; MZUSP nearly perpendicular to vertebral column 18512 (1, 67.0), mouth of Rio Ituxi; (supraneurals all equally sloped in P. cay- MZUSP 18516 (1, 70.0), mouth of the Pa- ana). Most specimens of the new species cia; INPA 8555 (21, 18.0-66.6, 3 of which can also be distinguished from P. cayana cleared and stained), Parana do Tapura, near by lower gill raker counts (18-21, versus mouth of Rio Madeira; MZUSP 6220 (1, 21-25 in P. cayana) and by lower anal-fin 84.0), Rio Negro, Igarape Jaraquf, above ray counts (41-48 versus 44-53 in P. cay- Manaus; MZUSP 52951 (1, 39.0), Rio ana). Jauaperi, 1°34'54"S, 61°28'48"W; MZUSP Description. —Meristic and morphomet- 52952 (2, 57.7 and 67.0), Rio Negro, ry data are presented in Tables 1 and 2. For 1°33'48"S, 61°33'02"W; MZUSP 49597 (3, a general aspect of the fish, refer to Fig. 1. 28.3-37.3), Rio Acre, above Boca do Acre; Body highly compressed, ventral profile of MZUSP 7625 (1, 67.0), Rio Amazonas, Pa- body extremely expanded and convex, its rana do Mocambo, above Parintins; BMNH anterior region (at isthmus) almost perpen- 1897.12.1.197-199 (3, 62.8-65.0), Rio Ju- dicular to longitudinal axis of fish. Five rua; MZUSP 52949 (21, 47.0-86.0), Rio protruding predorsal supraneurals strongly Japura, Parana do Japura, 3°09'12"S, inclined anteriorly. The entire abdominal 64°46'54"W; MZUSP 52962 (1, 63.3), Rio region, from isthmus to anal-fin origin, bor- Amazonas, 1°54'S, 55°31'W; MZUSP dered by a series of 29-34 (holotype 31) 52948 (5, 35.5-76.0), Rio Madeira, below abdominal scutes, gradually more promi- Nova Olinda; MZUSP 52958 (1, 36.0), Rio nent posteriorly. Scutes anterior to vertical Madeira, 3°33'37"S, 58°59'49"W; MZUSP through pectoral-fin base mostly imbedded 52957 (1, 34.0), 3°33'18"S, 58°59'57"W, in soft tissue, those posterior to that point MZUSP 52959 (1, 41.0), 3°29'21"S, protruding markedly beyond abdominal 58°51'38"W, MZUSP 52960 (1, 30.5), profile resembling a series of translucent 3°26'44"S, 58°49'49"W, MZUSP 52961 (4, hooks.
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