01/Nov/2018

Topics Revise: use /a/ or /ɪ/

• Last time • Trap . /tɹap/ • /’knsnnts/ and Phonology • – place manner descriptions Bashed . /baʃt/ SLTC02week 5: monophthongs – First phonetic transcriptions • Clapping . /klapɪŋ/ • Chicken . /ʧɪkɪn/ • This time: • Pigeon . /pɪʤɪn/ • /valz pt wn/ • Crashed . /kɹaʃt/

• General link http://www.unc.edu/~jlsmith/pht-url.html . What’s the differences between /a/ & /ɪ/?

Vowel types space: Tongue high points Vowel space: English

• Monophthongs – Greek μονόφθογγος, "monophthongos“ – “single note” – i.e. single positioned • Diphthongs – Greek δίφθογγος, diphthongos, – "two sounds" or "two tones“ – i.e. vowels with two positions ‘start’ & ‘end’ • Next time • NB: the handout jumps around a bit! English monophthong vowel positions Sound file

1 01/Nov/2018

Descriptions Front Vowels (1) short Front & central Vowels (2) long

• Describing is Easy! • English uses /pit/ i /pt/ – Long vs short 

– front vs. back vs central /pt/ – rounded vs. unrounded  /p3t/ ɜ

– open and close /pat/ a • + some mid positions

short front unrounded vowels /i/ long front unrounded vowel /3/ long central unrounded vowel

Why these positions? practice Back vowels • Tongue location (link) • • /st/ /sit/ /st/ /sat/ • Who’d • Heed • Hood • • Hid • Hod • /pk/ /pitS/ /p3t/ /pt/ • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2OdAp7MJAI&feature=related • Head • http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=Gsgv1m1a0Sc • Had • • /f3/ no /r/! /fat/ /ft/ /fit/

2 01/Nov/2018

Back Vowels (1) short Back Vowels (2) long Back Vowels practice Which have lip rounding? Which have lip rounding? • • /lk/ /luk/ /lk/ /pt/ /but/ u

 •

/pt/  /pt/  • • // // short back rounded vowel /u/ // long back rounded vowels /skul/ /bs/ /mdZn junv3sti/ // short central/back unrounded vowel // long back unrounded vowel

The universal cardinal Vowels: a technical bit

• Using the cardinal vowels chart as a reference set and adding i u diacritics for frontness, backness, highness and etc   • We can show a relative position of any vowel in any • The position on the chart relates to the tongue high point – This changes the shape and size of the resonance chamber – Which changes the fundamental frequencies of the resonance  3   • The position on the chart therefore relates to the vowel’s acoustics – We’ll look at this later a  

3 01/Nov/2018

Beware! Variation in representation RP Example text • Everyone says more or less identically • In • But variation is massive with vowels. • Harry’s jeans were torn and his t-shirt was too large. • Books may use • (Really Posh) His broom stick was long and full of scratches • /e/ & // – Accent of English associated with class & SES rather than geographic region. • / ai dZin – Set some time ago and has changed • w3 tn and or – Is it a ‘better’ way of speaking? •  ti S3t • // & /a/ – No. • They refer to the same things – It is a reference set for English Linguistics & a model for foreign learners w tu ldZ Please don’t mix them up! • What does RP sound like? •  bum stk w (w) We use // & /a/ • Happy Television Family • fl v skatS /

Central Vowel Central Vowel: schwa… very weak

– • The most common vowel in English… i u   /Sw/   

• Not a phoneme!  3   – It is used in place of a full vowel weak syllables – Allophone! – But we include it in broad phonemic transcriptions a  

4 01/Nov/2018

Schwa Exercise Exercise

• Often appears in words with more than one syllable • Transcribe! • /ns/ • In the unstressed syllable • Amass • Amass /mas/ – • A flute • A flute / flut/ • Albert • Albert /albt/ – /pit/ /pt/ • Brother • Brother /bD/

• Phonetics • Phonetics /fntks/ – And in ‘function’ (grammar) words • Pickle • Pickle /pkl/ – etc. • Onomatopoeia • Onomatopoeia /nmatpij/ • / n D m  w t/ – Or the last may be a diphthong…

Practice Key End

• Transcribe this in full… (Monophthongs only) • Steve is a fantastic person, • Very careful speech • /stiv   fantastk p3sn/ • • Steve is a fantastic person. We love the module. In fact, we We love the module. • /wi lv D mdZjl/ should just do phonetics forever and forget everything else. • In fact, we should just do • /n fakt wi Sd dZst du/ • phonetics forever • /fntks f v/ • and forget everything else. • /nd fgt v ls/

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