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Microsporidia Infect the <I>Liophloeus Lentus</I

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Microsporidia Infect the <I>Liophloeus Lentus</I Folia biologica (Kraków), vol. 54 (2006), No 1-2 Microsporidia Infect the Liophloeus lentus (Insecta, Colepotera) Ovarioles, Developing Oocytes and Eggs Piotr ŒWI¥TEK and Tomasz GÓRKIEWICZ Accepted January 25, 2006 ŒWI¥TEK P., GÓRKIEWICZ T. 2006. Microsporidia infect the Liophloeus lentus (Insecta, Coleoptera) ovarioles, developing oocytes and eggs. Folia biol. (Kraków). Folia biol. (Kraków) 54: 61-67. In the ovarioles of Liophloeus lentus (Insecta, Coleoptera, Curculionidae) two types of bacteria and parasitic microorganisms belonging to Microsporidia have been found. This study shows that the different microsporidian life stages (meronts, sporonts, sporoblasts and spores) infect the outer ovariole sheath, trophic chambers, follicular cells, late previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes and eggs. In trophic chambers the parasites are very abundant and are distributed unevenly, i.e. their large mass occupies the syncytial cytoplasm between the nurse cell nuclei, whereas the neck region of the trophic chamber (which houses young oocytes, prefollicular cells and trophic cords) is almost free of parasites. The developing oocytes and eggs contain a lower number of parasites which are usually distributed in the cortical ooplasm. The gross morphology of the ovaries is similar in infected and non-infected specimens. Similarly, the presence of a parasite seems to not disturb the course of oogensis. The only difference was found in the ultrastructure of mitochondria in young previtellogenic oocytes. In the infected females they are unusual i.e. bigger and spherical with tubullar cristae, whereas in the non-infected insects they are elongated and have lamellar cristae. As oogenesis progresses the unusual mitochondria rapidly change their morphology and become similar to the mitochondria in non-infected females. Taking into account the distribution of parasites within the ovarioles, it is suggested that they infect growing oocytes via outer ovariole sheath and follicular epithelium rather than via trophic cords. Key words: Microspora, transovarial transmission, insects, parasites, oogenesis, ovary. Piotr ŒWI¥TEK, Tomasz GÓRKIEWICZ, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Silesian University, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland. E-mail:[email protected] Numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic microor- the parasites invade offspring via the placenta (e.g. ganisms infect many arthropod species. Some are HIV virus, Plasmodium, Toxocara canis –REDD obligate intracellular agents, both symbiotic and et al. 1996; SAGLIO et al. 1996; KASSAI 1995), parasitic, which can not live outside the host cells. whereas in egg laying animals the parasites pass Endosymbiotic microorganisms are characteristic from mother to embryo via egg cytoplasm or on e.g., for insects with restricted diet and they are the surface of egg envelopes (e.g. Ross River vi- usually transmitted transovarially from one gen- rus, haplosporidian-like parasite and many micro- eration to the next (BUCHNER 1965; DOUGLAS 1989; sporidian species – VALE et al. 1992; GINSBUR- WERREN &O’NEILL 1997). Arthropods are also in- GER-VOGEL &DESPORTES 1979; FINE 1984; fected by numerous intracellular parasites such as ANDREALIS 1987; SMITH &DUNN 1991; DUNN et viruses, bacteria and protists and there is a growing al. 1995). The vertical transmission is uniparental number of papers presenting data on their vertical (maternal) and it can be compared to maternal in- transmission (e.g., KELLEN et al. 1966; ANDREADIS heritance of cell organelles, such as mitochondria. &HALL 1979; GINSBURGER-VOGEL &DESPORTES It has been demonstrated that in insects a wide 1979; BECNEL et al. 1989; DICKSON &BARR 1990; range of microorganisms such as viruses (VALE et VALE et al. 1992; DUNN et al. 1995; NI et al. 1997; al. 1992), bacteria (BUCHNER 1965; DOUGLAS TERRY et al. 1997, 1999, 2004; DUNN et al. 2001). 1989; WERREN &O’NEILL 1997), protists (GINS- Vertically transmitted parasites pass from host BURGER-VOGEL &DESPORTES 1979) and micro- generation to offspring; therefore the transmission sporidians (DUNN et al. 2001; TERRY et al. 2004) takes place within the host lineage. In mammals can pass transovarially from the mother to the off- 62 P. ŒWI¥TEK,T.GÓRKIEWICZ spring. The exact time and mode of oocyte (or egg) lead citrate (15 min), the sections were examined invasion by microorganisms are different and vari- in a Hitachi H500 electron microscope at 75 kV. ous strategies of invasion have been described (BUCHNER 1965; DOUGLAS 1989; DUNN et al. 2001). During studies on oogenesis in a weevil, Results Liophloeus lentus, two types of bacteria were found in ovarioles (at least one of which seems to be tran- sovarially transmitted, ŒWI¥TEK et al., in prepara- Gross morphology of the ovary tion) and a parasitic microorganism belonging to the phylum Microsporidia (Microspora). The Mi- The females of L. lentus have paired ovaries, crosporidia is a very specialised group of intracel- each one comprises only two ovarioles. As in other lular parasites related to fungi (KEELING & previously described polyphagous beetles (see MCFADDEN 1998; HIRT et al. 1999; KEELING & BÜNING 1979a, b; KING &BÜNING 1985; BÜN- FAST 2002; KEELING 2003) found in many inver- ING 1994), the ovaries of the studied species are of tebrate (mainly in arthropods) and vertebrate the telotrophic meroistic type. The ovariole struc- (mainly in fishes) species (BIGLIARDI &SACCHI ture as well as the course of oogenesis in L. lentus 2001; DUNN and SMITH 2001; KEELING &FAST are similar to those in other weevil species (Phyllo- 2002; DIDIER et al. 2004). Microsporidia have bius urticae, BIELAÑSKA-OSUCHOWSKA 1960; several life stages as meronts, sporonts, sporo- BÜNING 1979a; Foucartia squamulata,BILIÑSKI blasts and spores. The life cycles of Microsporidia &PETRYSZAK 1978; Anthonomus pomorum, show a great diversity from direct (without inter- ŒWI¥TEK 1999, 2002) and their description is not mediate host) to cycles with an intermediate host the main aim of the present study. In a brief over- (see DUNN &SMITH 2001). Additionally, they can view, each ovariole is composed of a short termi- be transmitted only horizontally (many species), nal filament (not shown), a large trophic chamber both horizontally and vertically and vertically ex- (tropharium) (Figs1&2)andavitellarium which clusively (rare) (see DUNN et al. 2001; DUNN & is connected to a broad lateral oviduct (not shown). SMITH 2001; DIDIER et al. 2004 for review). The ovariole is encompassed by a thin outer ovari- ole sheath (Figs1&2,10-13). The tropharium In the present paper it is shown that microsporid- houses hundreds of nurse cell (trophocyte) nuclei ian species that meet the criteria for the genus Uni- embedded in a common cytoplasm (Figs 1-4), karyon are present in different parts of ovarioles however, there are some remnants of cell mem- and in developing oocytes and eggs of Liophloeus branes between trophocyte nuclei (Fig. 1). The so- lentus. Moreover, the mode of oocyte invasion by matic interstitial cells are scattered throughout the parasites is described and oogenesis is compared common cytoplasm. At the base of the trophic in infected and non-infected females. chamber the so-called neck region is present, con- taining young oocytes, prefollicular cells and pro- files of the trophic cords which ensure cytoplasmic Material and Methods continuity between tropharium and developing oocytes (Figs 1 & 2). The vitellarium is occupied Adult specimens of Liophloeus lentus Germar, by 40-50 linearly arranged oocytes in consecutive 1824 were collected from forest meadows in the stages of oogenesis, i.e. in previtellogenesis, vitel- Gorce mountains in southern Poland. The insects logenesis and chorionogenesis. Mature eggs are were collected in May 2004. deposited in the broad lateral oviducts. Light and electron microscopy Microsporidia, their structure, distribution within the ovariole and their influence on oogenesis The ovaries were isolated and fixed in 2.5% glu- taraldehyde in 0.1 M. phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) The ovarioles of 2 of a total of 12 studied speci- for several days. After washing in phosphate mens of L. lentus were infected by microorgan- buffer, the material was postfixed for 1 hour in 1% isms belonging to phylum Microsporidia. The OsO4 in the same buffer, dehydrated in a graded tropharia of these infected specimens are loaded series of ethanol and acetone, and embedded in with a large number of different microsporidian Epon 812 (Fullam Inc., Latham, NY, U.S.A.). life forms (i.e. meronts, sporonts, sporoblasts and Semithin sections (0.7 Fm thick) were stained with spores) (Figs 2-4). The meronts occur rarely (not methylene blue and examined with an Olympus shown), sporonts are more abundant (Figs 3-5). BX60 microscope. Ultrathin sections (70-80 nm) Both cell types are usually roundish or slightly were cut on a Leica ultracut UCT ultramicrotome. elongated cells encircled by a cell membrane (Figs After contrasting with uranyl acetate (10 min) and 5 & 7). They are characterised by simple cellular Microsporidia in Liophloeus lentus Ovary 63 structure, i.e. they always have only one nucleus; in their cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum and ri- bosomes can be observed (Fig. 7). No mitochon- dria or Golgi apparatus can be found. The sporoblasts are also uninucleate (not shown), they give rise to spores. The elongated spores are en- compassed by a spore wall (Fig. 8). Furthermore, the spores contain elements characteristic for all Microsporidia such as an anchoring disc, polar filament, polaroplast, nucleus
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