Basic Research Needs Workshop on Compact Accelerators for Security and Medicine Tools for the 21st Century May 6-8, 2019 On the cover: 1. Material testing under extreme conditions is essential for predicting the performance of mission-critical components for security. (Image credit: D. Funk, Los Alamos National Laboratory) 2. Additive Manufacturing offers the possibility of “printing” complex parts from a variety of materials. Inspecting finished parts requires a new generation of high brightness x-ray sources. 1 (Image credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory) 3. Mobile VACIS system taking gamma-ray image of a truck. (Image 2 credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory, 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_scanning#/media/File: Mobile_VACIS_Gamma-ray_System.jpeg) 3 4. Comparative dose distribution in VMAT (volumetric modulated 4 arc therapy) & h-VMAT (hybrid-volumetric modulated arc therapy in bilateral breast cancer radiotherapy (Image credit: S.B. Subramanian, et al., Cureus 2016, 8, 12, e914, Creative Commons License) 5. Electric field lines and modulus of the electric field generated by a (negative) charge first moving at constant speed and then stopping quickly to show the generated bremsstrahlung (“braking”) radiation. This process is widely used to produce x-rays. (Image credit: Jacopo Bertolotti, 29 October 2018, Creative Commons License https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bremsstrahlung.gif) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This workshop was sponsored by the Department of Energy Office of Science, the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, the Department of Homeland Security Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office, the Department of Energy Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Office, and the Department of Defense Office of Naval Research. DISCLAIMER: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by agencies of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by tradename, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government. 2 Basic Research Needs Workshop on Compact Accelerators for Security and Medicine Report of the Department of Energy Office of Science Workshop May 6-8, 2019 Chair Michael Fazio, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Co-Chairs George Laramore, University of Washington Suresh Pillai, Texas A&M University Panel Leads Panel 1: Security Application Ahmed Badruzzaman, Pacific Consultants and Engineers Harry Martz, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Panel 2: Medical Applications Jeff Buchsbaum, National Cancer Institute David Jaffray, MD Anderson Cancer Center Mary-Keara Boss, Colorado State University Panel 3: Materials and Sources for Accelerators Andrea Schmidt, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Jeff Calame, Naval Research Laboratory Panel 4: Computer Design and Control of Accelerators Sandra Beidron John Cary, University of Colorado, Boulder Panel 5: Engineering for Low-Cost, Rugged Accelerators Mark Curtin Arlyn Antolak, Sandia National Laboratory Panel 6: Detector Technologies Anna Erickson, Georgia Institute of Technology Ron Tosh, National Institute of Standards and Technology Panel 7: Future Accelerator Concepts Tony Ting, Naval Research Laboratory (retired) George Neil, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (retired) 3 Plenary Speakers Norm Coleman, National Cancer Institute Eric Ford, University of Washington James S. Welsh, Edwards Hines V. A. Hospital Ahmed Badruzzaman, Pacific Consultants and Engineers David Funk, Los Alamos National Laboratory Shima Shayanfar, General Mills Corporation Richard Vojtech, Department of Homeland Security Report Writing This report was prepared by the workshop chairs, panel leads, and panelists, with input from the workshop observers and broader community. Please see appendices A and B for a full list. Office of Science Leads Kramer Akli, Fusion Energy Sciences Eric Colby, High Energy Physics Manouchehr Farkhondeh, Nuclear Physics L. K. Len, High Energy Physics Eliane Lessner, Basic Energy Sciences Co-Sponsoring Federal Agency Leads Lance Garrison, Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Donny Hornback, Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Keith Jankowski, Department of Homeland Security Namdoo Moon, Department of Homeland Security Quentin Saulter, Office of Naval Research Frederik Tovesson, Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation Mark Wrobel, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Special Assistance Administrative Christie Ashton, High Energy Physics Queenie Huang, Stanford University Donna Nevels and Daisy Sauceman, ORISE Editorial/Publication Tiffani R. Conner, ORISE In memorium Tony Faucette (1971-2019) 4 Executive Summary Accelerator-based radiation sources are ubiquitous tools for imaging and treatment in the fields of medicine and security that save millions of lives, impact billions of dollars of commercial goods annually, and fulfill a critical role in US national security. Today’s commercially available accelerator technology has fallen significantly behind the state-of-the-art. Advancing and transferring state-of- the-art compact accelerator technology into broader use holds the promise of achieving greater control, power, and automation, which can significantly enhance society’s ability to sense and control the world around us. The Workshop identified a wealth of opportunities to advance these technologies from today’s commercial baselines, largely based on half-century old developments, by employing emerging concepts in charged particle acceleration and radiation generation and detection, along with modern ways of thinking about and utilizing developments in systems engineering, advanced materials, supply chain management, manufacturing, advanced computation, energy storage, and artificial intelligence. Many of the most important applications across security and medicine could be significantly impacted in the near term by moving advanced component and system technologies out of scientific research labs and by developing use-inspired benchtop demonstrators1 in the next 5 years. On a somewhat longer timescale truly revolutionary impacts could be achieved, such as compact, narrowband coherent x-ray sources for inspecting computer chips, high contrast imaging of nuclear materials, and endoscopically mounted accelerators for cancer therapy. Electron beam and x-ray technologies can play a major role in reducing the national security threat by eliminating reliance on radioactive isotopes such as 60Co for medical treatment and industrial applications such as medical device sterilization, food processing, and sterile insect technology. Similarly, accelerator technology-based x-ray and neutron sources can have an immediate application for exquisite non-destructive characterization which is the cornerstone of advanced manufacturing, assuring the integrity of electronic supply chains, nuclear non-proliferation treaty verification and stockpile stewardship, and other security applications such as port of entry security, emergency response and radioactive waste storage. The oil and gas industry, which is of immense strategic value to the US, can also benefit from major technological advances in accelerator technology for improved geophysical well logging measurements. Ionizing radiation has a wide-spread role in treating cancer patients. In developed countries, this is most often delivered with multi-megavolt x-rays from linear accelerators but elsewhere in the world gamma rays from radioactive sources such as 60Co are used. Economic factors such as initial cost of equipment and reliability are important factors in this selection. From a security point of view, it would be advantageous to replace these gamma ray sources with low cost, reliable, self-diagnosing linear accelerator systems that can be operated and maintained by intermediate level personnel. A modular design with readily available and interchangeable components and upgradable software is critical to this. Currently radiotherapeutic treatments are prescribed, planned, and executed in terms of physical radiation doses. What is needed is to work in terms of biologically effective dose distributions, both for tumors and for the critical organ systems that must be protected that also receive radiation during the treatment process. Commercial accelerators and sensors must be developed to allow the necessary research and modelling to be 1 Specifically, “TRL-4”. TRL, or Technology Readiness Level identifies the maturity of a particular technology for a particular purpose. See DOE G 413-3-4A for definitions. 5 carried out and validated in animal models and then translated into clinical practice. All this requires the dose to be produced, measured, and controlled with high resolution in space and time at the biological site in the patient and even to provide feedback that alters the treatment in real time for optimal effect. All the above security and medical applications require compact accelerators ranging in power and size from megawatt beams at the several-meter-scale to watt beams at the centimeter-scale along with innovative detector technologies. A common theme emerging across