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2.10. Neutron Activation of Paintings
2.10. Neutron activation of paintings Possible applications: • Pigment analysis by activation techniques • Neutron radiography by neutron absorption ⇒ Autoradiography Requires neutron irradiation of the entire painting using homogenous neutron flux followed by subsequent point by point raster activation measurement. Technical approach with reactors Neutron guide line is needed for providing sufficient neutron flux (~1014 neutrons/cm2/s) for activation of bulky materials outside the reactor core! 4,7 m shielding door shielding neutrons painting 2.5 m Activation with subsequent X-ray and γ-ray detection 63Cu(n,γ)64Cu, Cu(x) 202Hg(n,γ)203Hg, Hg(x) X-ray data provides pigment position γ-ray data provides pigment characteristics Timescale and Radiation Sensitivity Anthony van Dyck, Saint Rosalie praying for the Plague stricken of Palermo 1624 radiograph Pigment identification by analysis of time dependence for characteristic activity 3rd run Pigment identification by analysis of time dependence for characteristic activity 6th run Pigment identification by analysis of time dependence for characteristic activity 8th run Young man in the background Maryan Wynn Ainsworth et al. Art and Autoradiography; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; (1987) 12-18 Van Dyck Self-Portrait Head also visible in X-ray radiograph Self-Portrait of van Dyck 1622 St. Sebastian ca 1649 Painting in the Gemäldegalerie Berlin original by Georges de la Tour (1593-1652) French Court Painter Original in Louvre, question about authorship of copy, George de la Tour himself or by his son Entienne de la Tour? Neutron radiated 109 n/cm2s Neutron induced γ activity is recorded in different time steps: e.g. -
Before the Flood Greenhouse Effect Plutonium Flights of Fancy Ministry
., Th~ Safe Energy ,J - Journal - July I August 19 88 75p Before the Flood Greenhouse Effect Plutonium Fl ights of Fancy Ministry of Truth - Chernobyl Lies CONTENTS COMMENT Flights of Fancy? 3 In the words of Or Tom Wheldon, at the Fourth STEVE MARTIN reviews the regulatory Annual Low Level Radiation and Health Conference log-jam in the US over planned held in Stirling, to say that radiation has existed in plutonium flights from Europe to Japan. the environment since the dawn of humankind and News 4-7 is therefore not a problem is just as daft as saying Ministry of Truth 8-9 that crocodiles have been around since the begin PATRICK GREEN accuses MAFF of ning with no perceived adverse effects - they will trying to rewrite history in their evidence to the Agriculture Com still bite your leg off, given half a chance. mittee. The Irresistible Force 10-11 The second report on the incidence of childhood meets the Immovable Object leukaemia near Dounreay from COMARE, of which ANDREW HOLMES asks what will Or Wheldon is a member, is a valuable contribution happen to nuclear research after privatisation. to the debate; but don't forget what happened to Snug as a Bug ••• 12 the 1976 Flowers Report. For the uninitiated, DON ARNOTT assesses the evidence Flowers recommended, among other things, that no that bacteria have been found in the large scale nuclear power ordering programme be burned-out core of the Three Mile Is land reactor. embarked on until the nuclear waste problem had Milk of Human Kindness? 14-15 been solved. -
Low Enriched Uranium Conversion Preliminary Safety Analysis Report for the MIT Research Reactor
LEU PSAR 6 DEC 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... a ••••••• i 1.0 MIT Research Reactor·······························································"······························· 1-1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Summary and Conclusions of Principal Safety Considerations .............................. 1-1 1.2.1 Consequences from Operation and Use ............................................................. 1-1 1.2.2 Safety Considerations on Choice of Site, Fue~ and Power Level.. ..................... 1-2 1.2.3 Inherent Safety Features ................................................................................... 1-3 1.2.4 Design Features for Safe Operation and Shutdown............................................ 1-4 1.2.5 Potential Accidents ........................................................................................... 1-5 1.3 General Description of the Facility ........................................................................ 1-6 1.4 Shared Facilities and Equipment.. ....................................................................... 1-10 1.5 Comparison with Similar Facilities ..................................................................... 1-11 1.6 Summary of Operation ......................................................................................... 1-11 1.7 Nuclear Waste Policy Act -
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with Indigenous
Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2020;10(4):178-211 www.ajnmmi.us /ISSN:2160-8407/ajnmmi0115339 Review Article One decade of ‘Bench-to-Bedside’ peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with indigenous [177Lu]Lu-DOTATATE obtained through ‘Direct’ neutron activation route: lessons learnt including practice evolution in an Indian setting Sandip Basu1,2, Sudipta Chakraborty2,3, Rahul V Parghane1,2, Kamaldeep2,4, Rohit Ranade1,2, Pradeep Thapa1,2, Ramesh V Asopa1,2, Geeta Sonawane1,2, Swapna Nabar1,2, Hemant Shimpi1,2, Ashok Chandak1,2, Vimalnath KV3, Vikas Ostwal2,5, Anant Ramaswamy2,5, Manish Bhandare2,6, Vikram Chaudhari2,6, Shailesh V Shrikhande2,6, Bhawna Sirohi5,7, Ashutosh Dash2,3, Sharmila Banerjee1,2 1Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Tata Memorial Hospital Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, India; 2Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India; 3Radiopharmaceuticals Division, BARC, Mumbai, India; 4Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India; 5Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; 6Department of Surgical Oncology, Gastrointestinal and Hepato- Pancreato-Biliary Service, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India; 7Apollo Proton Cancer Centre, Chennai, India Received May 30, 2020; Accepted August 14, 2020; Epub August 25, 2020; Published August 30, 2020 Abstract: The present treatise chronicles one decade of experience pertaining to clinical PRRT services in a large- volume tertiary cancer care centre in India delivering over 4,000 therapies, an exemplar of successful -
Technical Overview of Fissile Material Transparency Technology Demonstration Executive Summary
Technical Overview of Fissile Material Transparency Technology Demonstration Executive Summary There are two major objectives for the Fissile Material Transparency Technology Demonstration (FMTTD). The first is to demonstrate to the Russian delegation that a six- attribute measurement system with information barrier (AMS/IB) can be built with sufficient protection to allow measurement of classified components without revealing classified information. The second is to construct this AMS/IB in such a manner as to convince the Russian delegation that it would be possible for a monitoring party to fully authenticate operation of the system. Six attributes will be measured in the demonstration AMS/IB. These are: (1) plutonium isotopic ratio, (2) plutonium mass, (3) absence of oxide, (4) presence of plutonium, (5) symmetry of the plutonium, and (6) plutonium age. To measure these attributes, the demonstration AMS/IB will use three detection systems (Fig. 1) connected to four analyzing computers. Fig. 1. The three AMS/IB detectors. On the left is the Pu300/600, a medium-sized (50%), germanium- detector based, high-resolution gamma-spectroscopy (HRGS) system. In the center is a neutron multiplicity counter (NMC), with the ability to individually read out each bank of tubes. On the right is the Pu900 , a larger (66%), germanium-detector-based HRGS system. The medium-sized HRGS detector (Fig. 2) and associated analyzer will be used to measure Pu presence, isotopic ratio, and Pu age. The larger HRGS detector and associated analyzer will be used to (1) measure oxygen content, and (2) identify the presence of oxides. 1 Fig. 2. Interior view of the medium-sized HRGS Pu300/600 detector. -
Analysis of a Severn Barrage a REPORT PREPARED for the NGO STEERING GROUP
Analysis of a Severn Barrage A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE NGO STEERING GROUP June 2008 © Frontier Economics Ltd, London. i Frontier Economics | June 2008 Analysis of a Severn Barrage Executive summary......................................................................................iv 1 Introduction .........................................................................................7 1.1 Background...................................................................................................7 1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................8 Part 1: What is the role of Government? 2 Approach ..............................................................................................9 3 The role of Government ..................................................................... 11 3.1 Rationale..................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Objectives .................................................................................................. 16 Part 2: How does a barrage compare? 4 Approach ............................................................................................ 19 4.1 General background ................................................................................. 19 4.2 Overview of approach to modelling ...................................................... 21 5 Analysis and discussion .....................................................................26 5.1 Sensitivity -
Marine Renewables
January 2009 Number 324 MARINE RENEWABLES Britain has an EU mandated target to meet 15% of its account for less than 0.1% of the energy produced energy requirements from renewable sources by 2020. worldwide. The UK has the largest wave and tidal resources in Europe, so marine renewables are a candidate for Figure 1: Wave and Tidal Resources in contributing to this target. Around 15-20% of the UK’s the UK: 2 Coloured bands show wave electricity could potentially be produced from marine resources, with purple denoting the 1 renewable sources, but the technology is not mature. greatest resource. Red circles show This POSTnote considers the technologies available and some of the most significant tidal the environmental, economic and technological power sites. Tidal resources are closer challenges involved in their deployment. to shore than wave. Background Tidal Power • ‘Tidal stream’ devices use the flow of water due to tides to generate electricity. • ‘Tidal range’ devices use the change in height of water Government Support due to tides, using principles similar to a hydroelectric The Renewables Advisory Board (RAB), a government dam. There are only a few tidal ‘barrages’ (see Box 1). advisory body, suggests that to meet the EU target, 32% Tidal lagoons (structures built at sea to capture water of UK electricity must come from renewables by 2020. at high tides) are also possible. The government has set a further target to cut carbon Wave Power emissions by 80% by 2050. This has increased interest Wave devices use the motion of water caused by winds in all low carbon energy sources, including marine. -
SOUTH WEST ENGLAND and the WAVE HUB 10 July 2009 NICK HARRINGTON – HEAD of MARINE ENERGY SOUTH WEST RDA WAVE & TIDAL RESOURCE
SOUTH WEST ENGLAND AND THE WAVE HUB 10 July 2009 NICK HARRINGTON – HEAD OF MARINE ENERGY SOUTH WEST RDA WAVE & TIDAL RESOURCE • Could provide 15% - 20% of UK demand • European resource 290GW • Worldwide annual revenues of €65 - €200 billion WAVE POWER LEVELS IN kW/m OF CREST LENGTH IN EUROPEAN WATERS Source: Wave Energy Utilization in Europe (European Thematic Network on Marine Energy) TIDAL RESOURCE IN SW ENGLAND DECC TIDAL RESOURCE IN SW ENGLAND Marine “Shoots” Barrage Current 1GW Turbines “SeaGEN” * “Severn” Barrage 8GW “Outer” Barrage 15GW SOUTH WEST WAVE RESOURCE DECC WAVE HUB Source: JP Kenny WAVE HUB WAVE HUB PROVIDES • Consented sea area • Grid connected 5MW per berth at 11kV • Monitoring and testing • Opportunities to collaborate • Access to suppliers and research base • Experience of operations • Can be upgraded to 50MW with 33kV operation UK ROUTE TO COMMERCIALISATION R&D NaREC Demonstration Initial prototype EMEC Refined prototype Wave Hub Pre- commercial device Market entry with commercial product Market penetration TIMETABLE • Landowner agreements signed- June 2009 • Funding unconditional - June 2009 • Developer commitments - June 2009 • Operating and capital budgets confirmed - July 2009 • Decision to proceed - July 2009 • Order sub-sea cable - July 2009 • Set up operating company - Summer 2009 • Onshore works - Autumn 2009 • Tender installation contracts - Autumn/Winter 2009 • Cable and equipment delivery - Spring 2010 • Installation and commissioning - Summer 2010 CHALLENGES Devices • Demonstrate and improve performance -
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DRAFT ISSUES REPORT A joint project by the Environment Agency and the Severn Estuary Strategy November 1996 ENVIRONMENT AGENCY 103433 ASIANTAETH YR AMGTLCHEDD CYMRU E n v ir o n m e n t A g e n c y w a l e s GWASANAETH LLYFRGELL A GWYBODAETH CENEDLAETHOL NATIONAL LIBRARY & INFORMATION SERVICE PR1F SWYDDFA/MAIN OFFICE Ty Cambria/Cambria House 29 Heol Casnew ydd/29 Newport Road Caerdydd/Cardiff CF24 OTP ENVIRONMENT a g e n c y WELSH REGION CATALOGUE ACCESSION CODE_AO_L: CLASS N O . ______________ M151 Lydney Newport^ n Caldicot Tusker jMonks Ditcl Rock T h o rn b u ry Porion Wjefsh Llantwit Grounds v Major Cardiff M id dle Denny Dinas„ Grounds Athan ^0*2. A von mouth Portishead Clevedo S cully Island Lanaford Grounds t i n # Holm Bristol Steep Hotm Weston-super-Mare KEY Minehead Boundary Built up area Burnham-on-Sea Major River Canal Motorway W illiton A Road Railway Sandbank Bridgwater Contents 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 2. Overview ........... .......................... ........................ ............................................. 7 3 Planning and management in the estuary. ..................................................... 25 4. Urban development, infrastructure & transport.................................................... 43 5. Agriculture and rural land use ............................................................................. 53 6. Coastal defence ...................................................................................... -
Severn Tidal Power
Department of Energy and Climate Change SEVERN TIDAL POWER Feasibility Study Conclusions and Summary Report OCTOBER 2010 Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study: Conclusions and Summary Report Contents Executive summary .................................................................................................... 4 How to respond ....................................................................................................... 9 1. Background .......................................................................................................... 10 The UK’s wave and tidal opportunity ..................................................................... 10 Tidal Stream ...................................................................................................... 12 Wave ................................................................................................................. 12 Tidal range ......................................................................................................... 13 The Severn ........................................................................................................... 14 Schemes studied .................................................................................................. 16 Progress since public consultation ........................................................................ 18 2. The scale of the challenge ................................................................................... 21 2020 – Renewable Energy Strategy .................................................................... -
Chapter 4.3 Production and Atmospheric Release of Activation
CHAPTER 4.3 PRODUCTION AND ATMOSPHERIC RELEASE OF ACTIVATION PRODUCTS ABSTRACT The primary activation product of interest in terms of airborne release and potential offsite dose is 41Ar. Even though it is a short-lived radionuclide, 41Ar is a noble gas readily released from the reactor stacks, and most has not decayed by the time it moves offsite with normal wind speeds. SRS reactor operations produced and released relatively large quantities of 41Ar, and its production rate in the air blanket surrounding a reactor should have been roughly proportional to the reactor power level. Cummins et al. (1991) provides an SRS-developed estimate of 41Ar releases, which we compare to other measurements, check against reactor power levels, and accept as a generally reasonable estimate of SRS 41Ar releases. While these values represent the best available estimates for 41Ar releases from the SRS reactors, the values presented for the later years (1974–1988) are quite low when compared to reactor power levels and overall average 41Ar production levels. We also observe that the 41Ar release values presented for certain of the early years (1955–1967) are quite high when compared to reactor power levels for the same period. The reason for these apparent discrepancies is not clear, and adds to the uncertainty in our estimates of 41Ar releases. INTRODUCTION Most of the radioactivity produced by the five SRS production reactors involved fission products, created when 235U, 239Pu, or 233U split into two or more smaller atoms. In addition, neutrons captured by some materials inside the reactor created radioactive isotopes called activation products. -
Issues and R&D Needs for Commercial Fusion Energy
University of California, San Diego UCSD-CER-08-01 Issues and R&D needs for commercial fusion energy An interim report of the ARIES technical working groups M. S. Tillack, D. Steiner, L. M. Waganer, S. Malang, F. Najmabadi, L. C. Cadwallader, L. A. El-Guebaly, R. J. Peipert Jr, A. R. Raffray, J. P. Sharpe, A. D. Turnbull, T. L. Weaver, and the ARIES Team July 2008 Center for Energy Research University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093-0417 UCSD-CER-08-01 Issues and R&D needs for commercial fusion energy – An interim report of the ARIES technical working groups – August 2008 M. S. Tillack1, D. Steiner2, L. M. Waganer3, S. Malang4, F, Najmabadi1, L. C. Cadwallader5, L. A. El-Guebaly6, R. J. Peipert Jr7, A. R. Raffray1, J. P. Sharpe5, A. D. Turnbull8, T. L. Weaver7, and the ARIES Team* 1 UC San Diego 2 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 3 Consultant for The Boeing Company 4 FNT Consulting 5 Idaho National Laboratory 6 UW-Madison 7 The Boeing Company 8 General Atomics * Institutions involved in the ARIES Team include University of California San Diego, The Boeing Company, Georgia Institute of Technology, General Atomics, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Wisconsin, Madison. 1 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Evaluation methodology 2.1 Technology readiness 2.2 Reference concepts 2.2.1 Reference concepts for energy capture and conversion 2.2.2 Reference concepts for the remainder of the power core 3.