Univerzita Pardubice Filozofická Fakulta Vnímání Štíhlosti a Nadváhy

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Univerzita Pardubice Filozofická Fakulta Vnímání Štíhlosti a Nadváhy Univerzita Pardubice Filozofická fakulta Vnímání štíhlosti a nadváhy u žen a mužů v první polovině 20. století Bc. Michaela Koutná Diplomová práce 2016 Prohlašuji: Tuto práci jsem vypracovala samostatně. Veškeré literární prameny a informace, které jsem v práci vyuţila, jsou uvedeny v seznamu pouţité literatury. Byla jsem seznámena s tím, ţe se na moji práci vztahují práva a povinnosti vyplývající ze zákona č. 121/2000 SB., autorský zákon, zejména se skutečností, ţe Univerzita Pardubice má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy o uţití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona, a s tím, ţe pokud dojde k uţití této práce mnou nebo bude poskytnuta licence o uţití jinému subjektu, je Univerzita Pardubice oprávněna ode mne poţadovat přiměřený příspěvek na úhradu nákladů, které na vytvoření díla vynaloţila, a to podle okolností aţ do jejich skutečné výše. Souhlasím s prezenčním zpřístupněním své práce v Univerzitní knihovně. V Pardubicích dne 8. června 2016 Michaela Koutná Poděkování Práce by nikdy nevznikla, nebylo-li by několika osob, jeţ mě po celou dobu podporovaly jak svými věcnými radami, tak po morální i psychické stránce. Z celého srdce tímto děkuji paní prof. PhDr. Mileně Lenderové, CSc. nejen za samotné vedení diplomové práce, ale i za podnětné semináře a přednášky, díky kterým mne přivedla k řadě myšlenek, námětů i odborných titulů, jeţ jsem uplatnila při psaní tohoto textu. Martině Drahošové za bezmeznou podporu a upřímné přátelství, které trvá dlouhá léta, a věřím, ţe takové bude aţ do konce našich ţivotů. babičce Květě za stovky krásných slov, kterými mě po celý čas studia povzbuzovala. A za její neobyčejný zájem o jeho průběh i o psaní této práce. a nejvíce mé mamince – za to, ţe mi umoţnila dál studovat, za to, ţe stála vţdy při mně a vlastně především za to, ţe je, ţe ji mám a ţe touha nezklamat ji, mě převedla přes řadu překáţek a nesnází. Souhrn Cílem této diplomové práce je představit vnímání štíhlosti a nadváhy u ţen a muţů, a to jak z pohledu samotných muţů a ţen, tak ze strany lékařů, přičemţ největší apel je kladen na první polovinu 20. století. Právě ve zmiňovaném období docházelo k velkým změnám ve společnosti, jeţ vyplývaly z předchozího vývoje ve století devatenáctém. Svou roli v tomto zlomovém dění sehrála nejen průmyslová revoluce, ale také rozvoj přírodních i aplikovaných věd a v neposlední řadě téţ proměna ţivotního stylu běţných lidí a estetického cítění, podmíněná tokem informací jak z odborného světa lékařů, tak čím dál větším zasahováním laiků i obchodníků do problematiky metabolických procesů lidského těla. Zohledněny přitom byly i nové faktory jako rodící se vzory krásy a velký apel na udrţení vlastního zdraví, nechybí proto rovněţ představení metod a návodů, kterými se měli lidé řídit, aby dosáhli nastoleného tělesného ideálu. Práce nabízí náhled do dané problematiky především na základě podrobného výzkumu dobového tisku, ale neopomíjí ani další prameny. Klíčová slova nadváha, štíhlost, otylost, obezita, hubenost, dieta, lékařství, muţ, ţena, sport, cvičení, tělo, 20. století, zdraví, krása Title Thinness and overweight women and men in the first half of the 20th century Abstract The aim of this thesis is to introduce the perception of thinness and overweight men and women from the perspective of the men and women and from doctors. The biggest appeal is given to the first half of 20th century. In the mentioned period there were great changes in society. It was resulted from previous developments in the nineteenth century. A major role in this action played the industrial revolution, the development of natural and applied sciences, the change in lifestyle of ordinary people and in the aesthetic sensibility. It was caused by influx of information from the medical community and the ever-greater intrusion of the laymen and traders into the issue of metabolic processes of the human body. The text describes the discovery of new factors such as ideals of beauty and great appeal to care for human health. There are introduced methods and tips which should people manage to achieve this ideal. Thesis offers an insight into the topic of thinness and overweight based on detailed research contemporary press and other sources. Keywords overweight, slimness, obesity, thinness, diet, medicine, man, woman, sport, exercise, body, 20th century, health, beauty Obsah 1 Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Vzbuzení lékařského zájmu o problematiku váhy, proporcí těla a vlivu výživy ......... 7 2.1 Tělo jako stroj, výţiva jako palivo ............................................................................... 7 2.2 Otylost .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Hubenost .................................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Kolik měl člověk skutečně váţit? .............................................................................. 23 2.5 Výţiva v hlavní roli .................................................................................................... 30 2.5.1 Střídmostí k dlouhověkosti a pevnému zdraví .................................................... 30 2.5.2 „Kdo líp krmen, líp táhne.“ aneb od nesmělých začátků k zrození dietetiky ..... 33 2.5.3 Česká strava a přestupky ve výţivě .................................................................... 38 2.5.4 Správná výţiva aneb jak se vyhnout podvýţivě a otylosti ................................. 48 2.6 Kdyţ správná strava selhala ....................................................................................... 56 2.6.1 Dieta .................................................................................................................... 57 2.6.2 Odtučňovací diety a diety určené k přibírání tělesné váhy ................................. 58 2.6.3 Ostatní způsoby léčby ......................................................................................... 77 3 Žena, její tělo a zrození kultu štíhlosti ........................................................................... 84 3.1 Krása k ţeně patří ....................................................................................................... 84 3.2 Zůstat štíhlá, být krásná .............................................................................................. 90 3.3 Štíhlost prioritou ţen .................................................................................................. 98 3.4 Ţena v zajetí vzorů ................................................................................................... 104 3.4.1 Módní průmysl zasahuje ................................................................................... 105 3.4.2 Být tak filmovou hvězdou! ............................................................................... 110 3.5 Ţena se snaţí o dokonalou postavu .......................................................................... 117 3.5.1 Další moţnosti, jak zkrotit křivky těla .............................................................. 128 3.6 Ţena a sport .............................................................................................................. 134 3.6.1 Cvičení jako ideální pohybová aktivita pro ţeny .............................................. 140 4 Muž, jeho tělo a hon za novým ideálem aneb „Muži jsou hranatí a kostnatí, ženy průsvitně štíhlé.“ ................................................................................................................... 145 4.1 Konec nadvlády velkého břicha ............................................................................... 145 4.2 Svaly aţ na prvním místě ......................................................................................... 147 4.3 Tvůrce svalů, výšky a energie aneb jak být pravým muţem? .................................. 150 4.3.1 „Módní ztřeštěnost“, nebo začátek uvědomělé ţivotosprávy? ......................... 155 4.3.2 Novým muţem za pouhých dvanáct týdnů ....................................................... 158 4.3.3 „Bez zdravého těla nejde ţíti.“ ......................................................................... 161 4.3.4 Ideální muţ? Silný nejen fyzicky, ale i duševně ............................................... 166 4.3.5 Systém dynamické rozpínavosti ....................................................................... 168 4.4 Měli muţi své vzory krásy? ..................................................................................... 171 4.5 A co na to ţeny? ....................................................................................................... 174 5 Závěr ............................................................................................................................... 177 6 Resumé ............................................................................................................................ 183 7 Prameny a literatura ..................................................................................................... 185 8 Přílohy ............................................................................................................................ 194 1 Úvod Jídlo. Základní potřebou kaţdého ţivého tvora je naplnění ţaludku a ukojení pocitu hladu. O tom, ţe to byl mnohdy velmi nelehký úkol, svědčí naše dlouhá minulost, historie plná strachu z hladovění, z hubenosti, ze ztráty síly, z prázdného
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