Taxonomic Novelties in Erysimum for the Flora of Iran: E

http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.269.1.6

Taxonomic novelties in Erysimum for the Flora of Iran: E. polatschekii, a new alpine endemic, and E. scabrum, a new record

HAMID MOAZZENI1*, MOSTAFA ASSADI2, GOLSHAN ZARE3, MANSOUR MIRTADZADINI4 & IHSAN A. Al-SHEHBAZ5 1 Department of Botany, Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91779-48974, Mashhad, Iran 2 Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P. O. Box 13185-116, Tehran, I ran 3Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, TR-06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey 4 Deptartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, P.O. Box 76169-133, Kerman, Iran 5Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri, 63166-0299, U.S.A. *corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

During the work on herbarium material to prepare a taxonomic revision of Erysimum for the Flora of Iran, we found two interesting species not previously known for the country. Erysimum polatschekii is described as new from the alpine zone of Kerman Province (S Iran). It is closely related to the allopatric E. purpureum and E. pseudopurpureum, from which it differs by having bicolored flowers, clearly 2-lobed stigma, winged seeds, and different fruit indumentum. Erysimum scabrum, which grows in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey, is recorded herein as new to the flora of Iran. Detailed descriptions, distribution maps, and illustrations for both species are provided.

Keywords: Brassicaceae, Cruciferae, Erysimum novelties, Iran.

Introduction

The genus Erysimum Linnaeus (1753: 660) (Brassicaceae or Cruciferae) includes over 200 species distributed primarily in Eurasia, with several species in North America and North Africa (Al-Shehbaz, 2012). It is one of the five largest and taxonomically most difficult genera (Moazzeni et al. 2014b). Its complexity is caused by the considerable variability of morphological characters and life forms/habits often among populations of single species (Nieto Feliner, 1992; Polatschek, 2010). Recent molecular phylogenetic study on Erysimum (Moazzeni et al. 2014b) and previous family- wide studies (German et al. 2009; Khosravi et al. 2009; German & Al-Shehbaz 2008) firmly established the unigeneric status of the tribe Erysimeae. According to Flora Iranica (Polatschek & Rechinger, 1968) and subsequent accounts (Polatschek 2011; Moazzeni et al. 2014a), Erysimum has 34 species in Iran, of which seven are endemics. Here we record the following two species to bring the total to 36 (eight endemics). The present study is part of a taxonomic revision of the genus by the first author for the Flora of Iran project (Assadi 1987).

Material and methods

The present morphological study is based on more than 1000 Erysimum specimens from SW Asia housed in B, BM, E, FUMH, G, GB, JE, K, LD, LE, M, MSB, OSBU, TARI, TMRC, TUH, W and WU. All data are documented in a database using file maker advanced pro 12. Polatschek’s (2011) formula for the abundance of various trichomes types was followed. For example, if the indumentum type is given as 2 + 3 + 4, it means that it consists of nearly equal amount of 2, 3, and 4- rayed trichomes. If, however, it is given as 2 +(3)+((4)), it means that it consists of primarily bifid (malpighiaceous) trichomes at least 50% of the cover, plus less frequent trifid (3) trichomes to 50% of the cover, followed by sessile cruciform or 4-rayed

Accepted by Karol Marhold: 14 Jul. 2016; published: 29 Jul. 2016 47 trichomes ((4)) up to 10% of the entire cover. Although this formula does not give a very precise distribution of the trichomes, it nevertheless is rather useful in comparing and distinguishing various species.

Results & Discussion

A new species During a visit to the central herbarium of Tehran University (TUH), the first author found a purple-flowered specimen collected from S Iran, Kerman, Bondar Mountains [TUH accession nos. 31823 & 23453]. At a first glance, it was thought to represent Erysimum purpureum Gay (1842: 7) or the more recently described E. pseudopurpureum Polatschek (1994: 197). We examined the WU isotype of the latter species and found it to be quite different from the Kerman specimen (see Table 1). Furthermore, the range of E. purpureum (Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey) is separated from Kerman by more than 2000 km. During a recent visit to the herbarium of Kerman University, we found a duplicate with bicolored flowers (both purple and yellow on the same flower) and the whole plant is canescent. However, as shown below, the Kerman plant is quite different from E. purpureum and, therefore, we concluded that it represents a new species described below.

TABLE 1. Morphological comparison of Erysimum polatschekii and its close relatives. Characters/Taxa E. polatschekii E. purpureum E. pseudopurpureum Habit cespitose perennial not cespitose not cespitose Fruiting plant height (cm) up to 10 15–35 20–30 Stem indumentum densely bifid sparsely bifid sparsely bifid Cauline leaves indumentum 2+(3)+((4)) 2+((3)) 2+((3)) No. of flower on main raceme up to 12 3–10 16–20 Petal color purple & yellow purple lavender Petal indumentum absent 2+(3) absent Petal length (mm) 9–11 10–13 11–12 Petal width (mm) ca. 2.5 2–3 ca. 2 Fruit indumentum (2)+3+((4)) 2+(3) 2 Fruit length (cm) 2.5–5 1.2–5.5 6–8 Style length (mm) ca. 1 2.5–5 ca. 1 Fruiting pedicel length (mm) 2.5–5 2–3 4–6 Fruit orientation ascending ascending to horizontal ascending Style indumentum (2)3+4 2+(3) 2+(3) Stigma clearly bilobed entire entire Seed wing distal absent absent Habit alpine (2500–3000 m) alpine (2500–3000 m) lowlands (ca. 700 m) Distribution S Iran Jordan, Lebanon, Syria Turkey N Turkey Numbers in the characteristics of indumentum indicate amount of trichome rays.

Erysimum polatschekii Moazzeni, Assadi & Al-Shehbaz, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, map 1) TYPE: IRAN. Kerman: [Baft], Gugher, mt. Bondar, 3350 m, 27 June 1995, M. Mirtadzadini 31823 (holotype, TUH; isotypes: FUMH, Kerman university herbarium-Mirtadzadini’s collection).

Plants cespitose perennial. Stems up to 10 cm high, numerous; trichomes dense, 2-rayed (malpighiaceous). Basal leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, 1–3 cm × 1–2 mm, acute at apex, entire at margin, attenuate at base, densely covered with 2+(3)+((4))-rayed trichomes. Cauline leaves sessile, lanceolate, entire to pinnate, 15–50 × (1–)3–5 mm, acute at apex, attenuate at base, with 2+(3)-rayed trichomes. Raceme up to 12-flowered, ebracteate; fruiting pedicels ascending at 30–45º angle, 2.5–5 mm, with 2+(3)-rayed trichomes. Sepals oblong, ca. 5 mm, with 2+3-rayed trichomes. Petals yellow or purple, sometimes both in the same flower, 9–11 × 2–3 mm, glabrous. Fruits dehiscent siliques, 2.5–5 cm × ca. 1 mm, ascending, densely covered with (2)+3+((4))-rayed trichomes; style ca.1 mm, with (2)+3+4-rayed trichomes; stigma clearly bilobed. Seeds winged at top, oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm; cotyledons accumbent. Distribution: endemic (Kerman, S Iran). Phenology: June (flowering period), July (fruiting period).

Additional specimens examined (paratypes): IRAN: Kerman Province, ca. 110 km S Kerman, [Baft] Amir Abad Gugher village, M. Mirtadzadini, 23453 (TUH; Kerman university herbarium-Mirtadzadini’s collection). NW Ravar, Feiz Abad, toward waterfall, 20 April 2002, M. Mirtadzadini, s. n. (Kerman university herbarium-Mirtadzadini’s collection) Distribution and ecology—Endemic to the alpine zone of Mt. Bondar in Kerman Province, growing on scree at elevations of 2500–3350 m. Etymology—Erysimum polatschekii is named after the late Prof. Adolf Polatschek (1932–2015), an Austrian botanist who spent most of his life working on Erysimum and recently published its revision in several papers (Polatschek 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013a, b, 2014). Remarks: Erysimum polatschekii is morphologically similar to E. purpureum and E. pseudopurpureum in habit, lax inflorescences, and petal length. However, it is readily distinguished from them by having bicolored flowers (yellow, purple, or both on one flower: purple distally and yellow proximally), distinctly bilobed stigma, different fruit indumentum, and winged seeds (see Table 1). This is the second report of bicolored flowers in Erysimum in Iran; the first was in E. hezarense Moazzeni (in Moazzeni et al. 2014a: 242). Both species with bicolored flowers (i.e., E. polatschekii and E. hezarense) grow in Kerman Province, within which isolated mountain ranges represent centers for local endemism. Although the literature on the breeding systems in Erysimum is sparse, it seems that floral color changed in response to pollinators’ behavior (Ollerton et al. 2007).

TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES IN ERYSIMUM Phytotaxa 269 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 49 Conservation status—The new species is known so far only from Mt. Gugher at elevations above 2500 m, and its distribution is very narrow both altitudinally and geographically. Consequently, the risk of local extinction is rather high. For these reasons, E. polatschekii is here assessed as vulnerable (VU) according to IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2013).

FIGURE 2. Distribution of Erysimum polatchekii and its close allies in Iran and neighboring countries. E. polatschekii (● in blue), E. pseudopurpureum (■ in black), E. purpureum (▲ in green).

A new Record During the study of Erysimum specimens at TARI, we found three specimens (see below) from Azerbaijan and Kurdistan provinces (Iran) that were named as E. collinum (Marschall von Bieberstein 1808: 119) Andrz. (in Candolle 1824: 198; sensu German 2014). However, further investigations showed that they are quite different, as they have hairy and larger petals (vs. glabrous and smaller in E. collinum) and different indumentum type on the basal leaves (see Table 2). According to Polatschek (2011), the specimens belong to E. goniocaulon Boissier (1849: 34). However, Warwick et al. (2006) have reduced it to synonymy of E. scabrum DC. (1821: 505), a species that Polatschek (2011) separated from E. goniocaulon only by the perennial vs. biennial habit. Apart from the Polatschek’s narrow-species concept, his opinion was expressed on several herbarium specimens that he apparently agreed on this synonymy. Nonetheless, our detailed field and herbarium studies demonstrate that the alleged difference in habit breaks down, and both perennial (not cespitose) and biennial forms can be found in one population depending on the environmental conditions. This fact has already been shown in the Iberian species of Erysimum (Nieto Feliner, 1992).

Erysimum scabrum DC., Syst. Nat. 2: 505 (1821), Fig. 2, Map. 2. Syn.: Erysimum goniocaulon Boiss., Diagn. Ser. 1 (8): 23 (1849).

Holotype: Syria, e Libano, s.d. Labillardiere s.n. in Herb. Delessert [G [Photo!], Isotype K, FI/ Herb. Webb (fragments)]. Plants biennial or perennial. Stems 25–60 cm high, single or few; trichomes 2+(3)+((4))-rayed. Basal leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, 2–9 × 0.7–1 cm, acute at apex, pinnately lobed to dentate or entire at margin, attenuate at base, with 2+(3)+((4))-rayed trichomes. Cauline leaves sessile, oblong to lanceolate, entire or pinnate, 2–4 cm × 6–9 mm, acute at apex, attenuate at base, with similar indumentum as basal leaves. Raceme up to 40-flowered, ebracteate or basally bracteate; fruiting pedicels erect to ascending at 10–15º angle, 2–4 mm, with 2–4-rayed trichomes. Sepals oblong, 5–7 mm long, with 2- or 3-rayed trichomes. Petals yellow, 7–14 × 3–4 mm, with 2–4-rayed trichomes. Stamens with 3+4-rayed trichomes. Fruits dehiscent siliques 2.5–4.5 cm × ca. 1 mm, densely with (2)+3+4+(5)-rayed trichomes; style 2–3 mm long, with (2 or)3- and 4-rayed trichomes; stigma bilobed. Seeds wingless, oblong, ca. 2 × 1 mm; cotyledons accumbent.

50 • Phytotaxa 269 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press MOAZZENI ET AL. TABLE 2. Morphological comparison of Erysimum scabrum and its close relatives. Characters/Taxa E. scabrum E. collinum E. ischnostylum Habit biennial or perennial biennial biennial or short-lived perennial Cauline leaves indumentum 2+(3)+((4)) 2+(3)+((4)) 2+((3)) Basal leaves indumentum 2+(3)+((4)) (2)+3+4-(5)+((6)) 2+3+(4) No of flower in main raceme Up to 40 30–60 15–30 Petal indumentum 2+3+4 absent absent Petal length (mm) 7–14 6–11 8–12 Petal width (mm) 3-4 2–4 2–3 Fruit indumentum (2)+3+4+(5) (2)+3+4+5+((6 or 7)) 2+3+(4)+((5or 6)) Fruit length (mm) 25–45 15–25 25–45 Style length (mm) 2–3 1–2 1 Style indumentum (2)+3+4 3+4+5 2+3+(4) Stigma bilobed entire or bilobed entire or bilobed Numbers in the characteristics of indumentum indicate amount of trichome rays.

FIGURE 3. Erysimum scabrum. A: habit, B & C: sepal. D: petal. E: stamensand pistil. Drawn from Assadi & Shahsavari 65957 (TARI).

Distribution: Lebanon, Iran, Syria, Turkey. Phenology: June (flowering period), July (fruiting period).

TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES IN ERYSIMUM Phytotaxa 269 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 51 Additional specimens examined: IRAN: Azarbaijan, SW Ahar, 15 km after Mizan village on the road of Ahar, 2500 m, Assadi & Shahsavari, 54944, 65957 (TARI); Kurdistan: 21 km after Chenare to Saghez, 2200 m, Assadi 85078 (TARI). Erysimum scabrum (including E. goniocaulon) was already recorded for Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey (Polatschek, 2011) and recorded herein for the first time from Iran (see Map 2).

FIGURE 4. Distribution of Erysimum scabrum in Iran and neighboring countries.

Acknowledgements

We thank the directors and the curators of the herbaria cited for permission to study the specimens. We are also grateful to Farshid Memariani (FUMH) for assistance in preparing the geographical map. H.M. was supported by a grant from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (project 2/39409).

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