Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19840-1 — Revolutionary World Edited by David Motadel Index More Information

Index

‘Al-Aynayn, Shaykh Ma, 113 Anfal Operation, 199 ‘Ali-Quli Khan Sardar As‘ad, 119 Anglo-Dutch War (1780–84), 55 26th of July Movement, 266 Anglo-Persian Treaty (1919), 139, 142 Abbas, Mahmoud, 258–259 Anglo-Russian Trade Agreement Abdülhamid II (Ottoman), 24 (1921), 140 Adamec, Ladislav, 236 Angola, 177 Afghanistan, 33, 140, 160, 194–195, 197, Anticommunist Revolutions, 1, 3, 14, 198, 205, 214 33–34, 66, 113, 215–241 Ahmad, Jalal Al-i, 209, 210 April 6 Youth Movement (Egypt), 243 Ahrar al-Sham, 259 Arab Spring, 3, 15, 34–35, 72, 242–261 Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 208 Arabian Peninsula, 18, 24, 107, 163 Al-Assad, Bashar, 254 Arendt, Hannah, 8, 13, 36, 40 Al-Assad, Hafez, 198, 200, 245 Argentina, 82, 107, 113, 146 Alawites, 254 Armenia, 140 Albania, 33 Armenians, 125, 152, 154 Alexander II (Romanov), 101 Army of the Vosges, 22, 95 Algeria, 23, 30, 35, 177, 204, 245, 246–247 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 201 Black October, 245 Atlantic Revolutions, 2, 5–6, 8, 12–13, Algerian War of Independence, 209, 213 15–20, 31, 38–65, 89, 109, 263–264 Algiers, 23, 99–100 Australia, 82–84, 102 Al-Haddad, Sheikh, 99 Austria, 18, 34, 56, 67, 71, 77–78, 85, 105, Allen, William, 85 113, 137, 160, 229 Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz), Austrian Empire, 71, 77–78, 85 225, 227 Austrian Netherlands, 17, 55–56 Al-Maliki, Nuri, 258 Austrian Revolution, 160 Al-Mokrani, Muhammad bin al-Haj Avignon, 54 Ahmad, 99 Al-Qa‘ida, 195, 259 Baden, 21–22, 67, 78 Al-Sadat, Anwar, 197–198 Bahrain, 35, 204, 244–245, 251, Amal Movement, 199 254–257, 259 American Civil War, 22, 95 Bahrain Intifada, 245 American Revolution, 2, 5–6, 13, 15, 18, Baku, 29, 130, 148, 187 40, 41, 43, 49–53, 55, 58, 61, 157, Bakunin, Mikhail, 21, 106 175, 183 Ballarat, 83–84 American Revolutionary War, 49, 55, 89 Bangladesh, 32, 205 Amin al-Zarb, Hajj Muhammad Barbados, 16 Husayn, 119 Bargagli, Marquese, 76 Amritsar Massacre, 171 Batavian Republic, 56 Amsterdam, 20 Batavian Revolution, 17 Anarchism, 144 Bavaria, 136, 150, 231, 234 Anarcho-syndicalism, 108 Bavarian Soviet Republic, 2, 26, 136 Andropov, Yuri, 220 Beijing, 99, 123, 172

269

270 Index

Beirut, 199, 211, 257 Cabral, Amilcar, 181 Belgium, 2, 38, 55, 74, 96, 105, 107, Cabrera, Luis, 121 157 Cádiz, 62–63 Benin, 178 Cairo, 3, 30, 112, 168–169, 198, 204, 243 Berber Spring, 245 Calcutta, 30, 111 Berlin, 10, 20, 22, 66–67, 72, 79, 111, 131, Cˇalfa, Marian, 236 135–136, 145–146, 150, 187, 232 Calhoun, John, 85, 87 Berlin Wall, 10, 229, 233 Camus, Albert, 35 Biennio Rosso, 26, 137–138 Canton, 145 Bin ‘Ali, Zine al-Abidine, 35, 242 Cantonal rebellion, 107 Bismarck, Otto von, 78 Cape Colony, 21, 82 Blanc, Louis, 77 Cape Horn, 63 Bloody Sunday (Russia), 116 Capitalism, 31, 182, 189, 219, 224, 248 Blue Revolution (Kuwait), 245 Carboni, Raffaello, 84 Bogd Khan, 142–143 Caribbean, 16, 21, 40, 48–49, 53, 57–60, Bolívar, Simón, 19, 62, 64 62, 63, 68, 80, 82, 89, 90, 182, Bolivia, 31, 82, 107 262–267 Bölöni Farkas, Sándor, 73 Carlo Alberto (Savoy), 76 Bolsheviks, 2, 4, 27–29, 133, 137, 144, Carlos the Jackal, 31 149, 151, 152–153, 155–157, 165, Catholic Church, 53, 90, 223 186, 188 Catholics, 71, 98, 224 Bolshevism, 173, 176 Ceauș escu, Nicolae, 3, 33, 236–238, 241 Borodin, Mikhail, 145 Cedar Revolution (Lebanon), 245 Bouazizi, Muhammad, 242, 244 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 195 Bowen, Francis, 86 Central Powers, 133 Brabant Revolution, 17, 56 Centralization, 185–186, 188 Braga, Teófilo, 126 Césaire, Aimé, 181, 266 Brahimi, Lakhdar, 256 Cevdet, Abdullah, 115 Brasov, 237 Ceylon, 21, 82 Brazil, 20, 61, 62, 63, 95, 107 Changsha, 172 Brezhnev, Leonid, 219–220, 234 Charter 77, 225, 234, 235 Brissot, Jacques-Pierre, 39 Chen Duxiu, 141 Britain, 21–22, 38, 41, 44–45, 47–49, 53, Chernenko, Konstantin, 220 57, 59, 61–62, 73, 77–78, 82–83, 89, Chiang Kai-Shek, 145 96, 101, 107, 120, 127, 134, 138, Chile, 79, 87–88, 91, 107, 146 139–140, 142, 146, 148, 150, 153, China, 2–3, 17, 24, 27, 29, 34, 92, 99, 107, 156, 160, 162, 164–166, 168–171, 112, 114–116, 122–124, 128, 141, 172–173, 179, 267 143, 145, 150, 153, 160, 162–163, British Empire, 21, 41, 45, 47–48, 82, 138, 166–167, 172, 173, 175–176, 178, 139, 160, 166, 173 186, 189, 230, 265 British Socialist Party, 148 Chinese Communist Party, 141, 164 Browder, Earl, 148 Chinese Cultural Revolution, 178 Brussels, 18, 23, 71, 97, 187 Chinese Revolution (1911), 2, 24, 112, Bryce, James, 114 122–124, 128 Bucharest, 34, 67, 70, 215, 228, 237 Chinese Revolution (1949), 176, 178, 186 Budapest, 20, 27, 34, 131, 137, 146, 150, Christian Democratic Union 215, 217, 227, 229 (Germany), 233 Buddhism, 143 Churchill, Winston, 134 Bulgaria, 3, 33, 216–217, 228 Científicos, 121 Bulgarian Socialist Party, 239 Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 235 Burke, Edmund, 18 Cloots, Anarcharsis, 19 Burkina Faso, 178 Club de la Reforma (Chile), 88 Burma, 113 Cluseret, Gustave, 96 Butto, Zulfikar Ali, 193 Cold War, 3, 30, 33, 39, 177–178, 184, Bwa Kayiman, 264 189, 191, 194, 266

Index 271

Colombia, 82, 113 Davud Khan, 194 Colonialism, 15, 30, 60, 63, 173, 175, 177, Debt, 43, 48–49, 120, 219, 222, 224, 248, 262, 267 228, 241 Color Revolutions, 3, 35 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Combatz, Lucien, 95 Citizen, 19, 50, 52, 58, 59, 62 Cominform, 132 Decolonization, 155, 174, 175, 177, Commerce, 4, 48, 50, 260 178–179, 183, 186, 190 Committee for the Defense of Religious Delhi, 165 Rights (Bulgaria), 238 Democracy, 7, 34, 40, 43, 47, 63–64, 68, Committee of Public Safety (Austria), 66 111, 113–114, 115, 120, 123, 160, Committee on Public Information (CPI), 161, 179, 184, 224–225, 227, 230, 161–164 232, 233–234, 239, 241, 245 Communism, 3, 5, 28, 29, 108, 131, 146, Democracy Now (East Germany), 232 173, 188, 216, 220 Democratic Awakening (East Communist International (Comintern), Germany), 232 27–29, 130–132, 145–149, 164, Deng Xiaoping, 149 176, 187 Denikin, Anton, 140 Communist Labor Party (United Denmark, 2, 66, 82, 89 States), 141 Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 60 Communist Party of America, 141 Diasporas, 68, 73, 90 Communist Party of India, 145 Díaz, Porﬁrio, 25, 121 Communist University of the Toilers of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat, 188, 230 East, 29, 145, 149, 187 Diderot, Denis, 180 Condorcet, Nicolas de, 19, 52 Dimitrov, Georgi, 148 Confucius, 167 Discussion Club (Bulgaria), 238 Congo, 5, 31, 178 Dombrowski, Jaroslaw, 96 Congress of the Peoples of the East, 130, Dominican Republic, 164, 265–266 148, 187 Dominican War of Restoration, 265 Congress of Tours, 145 Doré, Gustave, 110 Congress of Vienna, 89 Dresden, 10, 21, 230, 234 Constitutional Democratic Party (Russia), Dreyfus Affair, 114–115 116, 117 Dubcˇek, Alexander, 234, 236 Constitutional Revolutions, 2, 5, 14, 24–25, Dublin, 15 111–129 Dutch East Indies, 27, 29, 145, 153 Constitutionalism, 5, 25, 117, 119, Dutch Empire, 81 121–122, 124, 129 Dutch Republic, 17, 55, 56 Copenhagen, 20 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 7 East Berlin, 218, 228–230, 232–233 Corsica, 41 East Germany. See German Democratic Cossack Brigade, 119 Republic (GDR) Counterrevolution, 20, 21, 67, 77, 78, 83, Ebert, Friedrich, 135–136 86, 89, 133, 226, 237, 244, 253, 260 Ecoglasnost, 238 Creel, George, 161 Ecuador, 39, 82 Creoles, 48 Education, 25, 53, 115, 119, 121, 126, 129, Croatia, 54 144, 145, 149, 176, 180, 185, 187, Crow, Carl, 162 195, 204, 205, 208, 210, 247 Cuba, 5, 30, 58, 178, 189, 266–267 Egypt, 3, 10, 28, 29–30, 35, 54, 89, 115, Special Period, 267 153, 168–169, 173, 178, 197–198, Cuban Revolution (1959), 178, 266 203, 204–205, 209, 243–244, Czechoslovakia, 3, 33, 194, 212, 216, 245–248, 249–254, 259–261 217–219, 221, 224–225, 228, 230, Egyptian Revolution (1919), 10, 29, 233–236, 239–240 169 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, 197 Da‘wa Party, 198, 200 Eisner, Kurt, 136 Damascus Spring, 245 Engels, Friedrich, 1, 78, 130, 188

272 Index

England, 7, 17, 20, 55, 73, 82–83, 114, Free German Youth, 230 138, 184 Freikorps, 136, 150 Enlightenment, 8, 19, 43, 46–47, 50, French Communist Party, 145 52, 157 French Constitution (1791), 63 Ennahda, 251–252 French Constitution (1795), 57 Entente Powers, 133 French Empire, 45, 46–48, 58, 59, 160, 173 Equality, 31, 50, 60–61, 68, 103, 166–168, French First Republic, 59 178, 179, 181–183 French National Assembly, 66, 76 Erbakan, Nacmittin, 201 French National Convention, 59 Eritrea, 176 French National Guard, 96 España, José Maria, 61 French Provisional Government (1848), 80 Estates General (France), 51 French Revolution (1789), 1–2, 6–7, 10, Eureka Stockade, 84 12, 13, 15, 18, 40, 41, 43, 51–59, 61, European Union, 228, 240 63, 66, 68, 87, 91, 101, 104, 107, 113, Evren, Kenan, 201 175, 183, 185 Exiles, 21–22, 23, 50, 68, 69–71, 73, 84, 86, French Revolution (1830), 2, 66, 95, 107 107, 124, 144, 167, 245 French Revolution (1848), 66, 71, 76–77, Ezz, Ahmad, 248 79–80, 82, 91, 95, 107 June Days, 77, 83 Fada’iyan-i Islam, 209 French Revolutionary Wars, 54, 59 Fadlallah, Muhammad Hussein, 200 French Second Republic, 67, 86 Fanon, Frantz, 181, 209 French Third Republic, 23, 79, 94, 95, Fatah, 258 98–99 Federalism, 56–57, 87, 103, 106–107 French Union, 181 Fenianism, 95 Freneau, Philip, 39 Fernando VII (Bourbon), 63 Front of National Salvation (Romania), 237 Ferrara, 76 Führer, Christian, 230 FIDESZ (Alliance of Young Democrats), 225 Galicia, 77 Finland, 131, 133, 139, 142 Galician Soviet Socialist Republic, 2, 26 First French Empire, 57, 62–63, 89, 179 Gandhi, Mohandas, 29, 145, 165, 170, 182 First International, 93, 96–97, 105–107 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 22, 84, 95 Florence, 23, 97 Garrison, William Lloyd, 85 Fort-de-France, 23 Garvey, Marcus, 153 Foucault, Michel, 31–32 Gaza, 201, 258 Fourteen Points, 152, 157, 162–164, 168, Geneva, 15, 23, 97 169, 173 Genoa, 26, 41 France, 1–2, 6–7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 234 22–24, 38–40, 41, 43–45, 46, 47–50, Georgia, 3, 35 51–64, 66–68, 71, 73, 75, 76–82, 86, German Communist Party (KPD), 135 89–91, 94–102, 104–105, 107, 113, German Confederal Constitution, 74 114, 127, 145, 160, 162, 165, 173, German Confederation, 2, 72–73, 75 179, 183, 185, 190, 265–266 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 3, 1851 Coup d’État, 21 33–34, 215–218, 221, 223–225, Francis Josef I (Habsburg-Lorraine), 77 228–233, 234–236, 239–241 Franco-Prussian War, 22–23, 94–95, 98, German Empire, 135, 142, 152 99, 101, 104 German Revolution (1918), 26, Fränkel, Léo, 96 134–136, 160 Frankfurt, 67, 87 Germany, 2, 3, 10, 24, 26, 33–34, 54, 67, Frankfurt Constitution, 67 72–73, 75, 89, 103, 105, 107, Frankfurt Parliament, 67 133–136, 142, 146, 150, 152, 160, Franklin, Benjamin, 19, 52 162, 179, 190, 215–218, 221, Fră ț ia,72 223–225, 228–233, 234–236, 239–241 Frederick William IV (Hohenzollern), 78 Germany, Federal Republic of (FRG), Frederiksted, 81 228–229, 230–232, 233, 234–235

Index 273

Ghana, 30, 178 Herero rebellion, 113 Gilan, 3, 26, 131, 140, 142–143, 146 Hispaniola, 59 Girondins, 54, 87–88 Hizb Allah, 199–200, 255 Glasgow, 26, 131, 138–139, 142 Ho Chi Minh (Hezbollah), 132, 140, Glasnost, 34, 221, 238 145, 149 Globalization, 40, 109, 182–183, 189 Hobbes, Thomas, 7 Glorious Revolution (England), 7 Honecker, Erich, 215, 228, 231–232 Godechot, Jacques, 39 Hong Kong, 111 Gomułka, Władysław, 216 Horthy, Miklós, 137, 150 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 34, 217, 220–221, Huerta, Victoriano, 121–122 223, 224, 228, 230, 233–234, Human Rights, 35, 43, 60, 205, 238, 238–239, 240 245–246, 248–249, 261 Gordon Riots, 17 Hunan, 122–123 Goudi revolt. See Greek Revolution (1909) Hungarian Communist Party, 137 Gramsci, Antonio, 26, 138 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), Granville Town, 15 225, 227 Great Depression, 183, 188 Hungarian Revolution (1848), 77–78, Greece, 2, 17, 24, 113 85–86 Greek Revolution (1821), 17 Hungarian Revolution (1919), 2, 26, Greek Revolution (1909), 2, 24, 113 136–137 Green Party (Germany), 233 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 217, 220, Grenada, 266 226–228 Grimm, Jacob, 180 Hungarian Soviet Republic, 2, 26, Grósz, Károly, 226 136–137, 150 Guadeloupe, 49, 59–60, 80–81, 266–267 Hungary, 2–3, 26, 33–34, 67, 73, 77–78, Gual, Manuel, 61 85–86, 89, 136–137, 142, 150, 152, Guangdong, 122, 124 215–216, 217–219, 220, 224–230, Guardianship of the Jurist (vilayat-i faqih), 234–235, 237, 239–241 198, 207, 211 Hussein, Saddam, 198–199 Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 31 Gueydon, Louis-Henri de, 100 Iasi, 70 Guinea, 178 Iliescu, Ion, 237–238 Guinea Bissau, 177 Imperial Legislative Council (India), 170 Guizhou, 122 Imperialism, 4, 29, 31, 130, 153, 184, 253 Gulf Cooperation Council, 253 Independent Association for Human Rights Guyana, 16, 82 (Bulgaria), 238 Independent German Social Democratic Habsburg Empire, 2, 71, 136, 142, Party (USPD), 136 152, 157 India, 3, 18, 22, 27–29, 48, 89, 102, 111, Hager, Kurt, 228 113–114, 140, 144–146, 161, Haiti, 2, 15–16, 38, 40, 49, 57–60, 62, 64, 163–164, 165–166, 169–171, 98, 164, 264–266 172–173, 176, 178, 184, 188, 265 Haitian Revolution, 2, 15–16, 40, 57–60, India Home Rule League of America, 62, 98, 264 159, 164 Hale, John P., 85 Indian Civil Disobedience Movement, 29 Hama Massacre, 33, 198 Indian Independence Movement, 178 Hamas, 201, 258 Indian National Congress (INC), 165–166, Hamburg, 23, 97, 146 169, 173 Hansemann, David, 73, 75 Indian Revolt (1857–59), 22 Hasan Imam, Syed, 165 Indochina, 3, 28, 145, 153 Hatta, Mohammad, 187 Indochinese Communist Party, 140 Havas (News Agency), 101 Indonesia, 30, 113, 177, 204–205, 213 Havel, Václav, 234, 235–236 Industrialization, 103, 116, 137, 144, 182, Haydar Khan, 119 188, 189, 207 Hegel, G. W. F., 1 International Lenin School, 148

274 Index

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 246, Japan, 2, 24, 27, 113, 122, 145, 159, 161, 247–248, 250 165, 167–168, 171–172, 173 International Workingmen’s Association. Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 217, 219, 222, 224 See First International Jassy, 20 Ionian Islands, 54, 78 Jefferson, Thomas, 39, 52 Iran, 2–3, 5, 10, 12, 24, 26, 31–32, 33, Jena, 229 112–116, 118–120, 131, 139–140, Jerusalem, 98, 125, 258 142, 150–151, 160, 163, 186, Jihad, 99, 195 192–204, 206–213, 237, 244, 255, 259 Jogiches, Leo, 135–136 Pahlavi era, 207–208, 210, 211, 213 Jordan, 35, 205, 246–247, 255–257 Iran Hostage Crisis, 193, 212 Jørgensen, Claus Møller, 71 Iran, Islamic Republic of, 31, 192–193, Joseph-Napoléon (Bonaparte), 62 194, 198–199, 237 July Monarchy (France), 80 Iranian Revolution (1905), 2, 24, 112, Jungle Movement (Iran), 140 118–120, 207 Justice Party (Turkey), 201 Iranian Revolution (1979), 10, 12, 31–32, 186, 192–193, 196–197, 201, Kabyle Insurrection, 23, 99–100 206–213 Kádár, János, 216–217, 224, 225–227, 240 Iran-Iraq War, 193, 199 Kadets. See Constitutional Democratic Iraq, 173, 178, 191, 192–193, 198–200, Party (Russia) 204, 245, 247, 255, 257–259 Károlyi, Count Mihály, 136 Ireland, 2, 17, 23, 26, 28, 38, 55, 57, 82, Kenya, 177–178 113, 138, 142 Kenyatta, Jomo, 177 Irish Rebellion (1798), 2, 17, 57 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 31–33, 192–193, 196, Islam, 196, 197, 201, 209, 210, 213, 198, 200–201, 208–212 253, 259 Khuri-Makdisi, Ilham, 110 Islamabad, 32, 192, 196 Kiel, 135 Islamboli, Khalid, 198 Kiev, 37 Islamic Jihad (Egypt), 197 Kiszczak, Czesław, 222 Islamic Jihad (Palestine), 201 Kohl, Helmut, 233 Islamic law. See shari‘a Korea, 3, 27, 29, 113, 153, 161, Islamic Revolutionary Guards (Iran), 199 167–168, 171 Islamic Revolutions, 31–33, 192–214 Kos´ciuszkoUprising, 17 Islamic State (ISIS), 253–254, 255, Kossuth, Lajos, 85–86 258, 259 Kremlin, 29 Islamism, 197, 202, 208, 211, 213–214, Krenz, Egon, 232 259, See also Political Islam Kun, Béla, 136–137, 142, 146, 150 Islamist National Salvation Party Kurds, 152, 199, 245 (Turkey), 201 Küttler, Thomas, 231 Israel, 32, 197, 199–200, 201, 259 Kuwait, 204–205, 245, 256 Istanbul, 125, 204 Kyrgyzstan, 3, 35 Italian Wars of Independence, 95 Italy, 2, 20, 23, 26, 54, 57, 73, 89, 95, 101, Lafayette, Marquis de, 18 107, 113, 137–138, 142, 150, 165, Lajpat Rai, Lala, 164 179, 253 Lamartine, Alphonse de, 67, 71, 83, 87–88 Lambert, Alexandre, 100 Ja’far Nimairy, 198 Latin America, 3, 22, 23, 30–31, 40, 53, 82, Jabhat al-Nusra, 259 88, 90, 92, 102–103, 107, 146, 162, Jäger, Harold, 232–233 175, 181, 183–186, 188, 213 Jahn, Roland, 231 Revolutionary Wars, 2, 16, 61–63, 175, Jakarta, 193 183, 185 Jallianwala Bagh, 171 Le Cap François, 59 Jama‘at-i Islami, 192, 196 Le Creusot, 92 Jamaica, 58, 79, 82, 264, 267 League Against Imperialism, 187 James II (Stuart), 7 League of Nations, 167, 172, 173–174

Index 275

Lebanese Civil War, 199 Marx, Karl, 1, 8, 21, 78, 92, 96–97, 106, Lebanon, 196, 199–200, 245–246, 110, 130, 148, 155, 188 257–258, 259 Marxism, 28, 156, 189–190, 209, 213 Lefrançais, Gustave, 104 Marxism-Leninism. See Leninism Leipzig, 10, 37, 215–216, 229–231 Mary II (Stuart), 7 Lenin, Vladimir, 1, 27, 114, 131, 133–134, Masaryk, Tomáš, 154 136, 140–141, 144–145, 146–151, Mawdudi, Abu A’la, 32, 194 155–156, 158, 160, 164–165, 173, May Fourth Movement, 29, 141, 172, 173 186, 220, 226 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 224 Leninism, 176, 212, 217, 220, 226, 240 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 73, 84, 107, 180–181 Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 76 Mecca, 32, 192, 195–196, 200 Levien, Max, 136, 146 Messali Hadj, Ahmed Ben, 187 Li Dazhao, 141, 164 Metternich, Klemens von, 66 Liberalism, 2, 5, 20, 25, 32, 35, 107, 112, Mexican Communist Party, 145 140, 144, 247–248, 250, 260, 266–267 Mexican Revolution, 25, 112, Libya, 32, 35, 178, 196, 199, 244, 247, 120–122, 128 249–254, 259–260 Mexico, 23–24, 25, 27, 63, 102, 107–108, Liebknecht, Karl, 135–136, 146 112, 120–122, 128, 145 Liège, 56 Mickiewicz, Adam, 181 Lilburne, John, 84 Mieroslawski, Ludwig, 21 Lima, 87 Milton, John, 84 Limerick Soviet, 2, 26, 138 Miodowicz, Alfred, 222–223 Lincoln, Abraham, 101 Miranda, Francisco, 62 Lloyd George, David, 154, 156, 158 Mirza Kuchik Khan, 2, 26, 140, 142 Locke, John, 84 Mladenov, Petar, 239 London, 17, 21, 23, 97, 111, 166 Moldavia, 66, 113 Louis Philippe (Orléans), 2, 261 Monaco, 2, 25, 113 Louis XVI (Bourbon), 51, 61 Monégasque Revolution, 2, 25, 113 Louverture, Toussaint, 15–16, 19, Mongolia, 34, 131, 139, 142, 149, 150 59–60, 64 Mongolian People’s Republic, 139, 149 Luxemburg, Rosa, 135–136, 155 Monroe Doctrine, 38–39 Lyon, 73, 92 Montesquieu, 19 Morelos, 120–121 Macedonia, 125 Morocco, 35, 244, 245–246, 250, 256 Machado, Bernardino, 116 Years of Lead, 245 Mackau Laws, 80 Moscow, 105, 130, 136–137, 145–148, Madero, Francisco, 116, 120–122 187, 223, 234 Maji-Maji Rebellion, 113 Mozambique, 177 Makhlouf, Rami, 248 Mubarak, Hosni, 35, 243, 245, 252 Malawi, 113 Muhammad ‘Ali Shah (Qajar), 119 Malaysia, 205 Muhammad Riza Shah (Pahlavi), 31, Mali, 178 207–208, 210 Manama, 255 Mujahidin, 33, 195, 197, 209 Mandate System, 154, 160, 173 Mujahidin-i Khalq, 193, 209 Mao Zedong, 141, 173 Munich, 131, 136, 146 Maoism, 213 Munich Soviet Republic. See Bavarian March 15 Youth Movement Soviet Republic (Palestine), 258 Munro, Robert, 139 March First Movement, 29, 168 Münzenberg, Willi, 132, 148 Maronites, 199 Musaddiq, Muhammad, 207 Marseille, 23, 92, 95 Muslim Brotherhood, 192, 197–198, 209, Martinican Slave Revolt (1848), 21 251–252 Martinique, 21, 23, 49, 59, 60, 79–81, Mussolini, Benito, 150 98, 266 Muzaffar al-Din Shah (Qajar), 118, 119 Martinique Insurrection, 23, 98 Myanmar, 191

276 Index

Nagy, Imre, 215, 226–227 Palestine, 196–197, 201–202, 213, Najaf, 210, 211 257–259 Namibia, 176, 178 Palestinian Authority, 258 Naples, 20, 66–67, 71, 74 Palestinian Liberation Organization Napoleon I (Bonaparte), 21, 53, 57, 60, (PLO), 213 62–64, 179 Palmer, R. R., 12–13, 39–40, 42, 51 Napoleon III (Bonaparte), 67, 77, 83, 102 Palmerston, Viscount, 77 Napoleonic Code, 57 Pan-African Congress, 153 Napoleonic Wars, 54 Papal States, 76, 78 Nariño, Antonio, 62 Paris, 20–22, 45, 55, 66–67, 70–72, 76–77, Narváez, Ramón María, 82 79–82, 83–84, 87–88, 92, 93, 95–96, Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 247 105, 111, 145–146, 153 Nation (Concept), 31, 34, 64, 179–181, Paris Commune, 22–24, 66, 92–110 185, 190–191 Bloody Week, 106 National Salvation Party (Turkey), 201 Paris Peace Conference, 29, 152–153, 154, Nationalism, 2, 20, 29, 77, 144, 155, 181, 158–159, 164, 165–168, 170, 171–172 212, 238, 262 Party of Democratic Socialism Nehru, Jawaharlal, 173, 187–188 (Germany), 232 Németh, Miklós, 226–227 Patrice Lumumba University, 187 Neoliberalism, 35, 247–248, 250, 260, Peasants, 36, 113, 120–121, 138, 188, 226 266–267 Peninsular War, 62 Netherlands, 2, 17, 20, 38, 55–56, 73, 81, Pennsylvania, 97 131, 135, 136, 142 Perestroika, 34, 238 Red Week, 136 Persia. See Iran New Forum (East Germany), 232, 233, 235 Persian Gulf War, 199 New International Economic Order, 185 Persian Socialist Soviet Republic, 3, 26, New South Wales, 21, 79, 83–84 140, 142 New Spain, 45 Peru, 49, 82, 87 New York, 23, 79, 85, 97, 108 Pétion, Alexandre, 62 Nicaragua, 164, 266 Petrograd Soviet, 156 Nicholas I (Romanov), 77 Phalange, 199 Nicholas II (Romanov), 24, 111, 133 Philippines, 32, 157, 205 Nigeria, 204 Philosophes,47 Niyazi, Ahmed, 125 Pimenta de Castro, Joaquim, 127 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Pithart, Petr, 234–236 (NATO), 39, 240, 244, 254 Pius IX, 73, 76 North Korea, 189, 236 Plantations, 16, 49, 58, 60, 80–81, 264–266 Norway, 66 Plato, 7 Plauen, 231, 234 October Manifesto (Russia), 117 Plzenˇ, 237 Oman, 35, 204, 256 Poland, 2, 3, 17, 20, 23, 33–34, 54, 57, Open Society Foundation, 225 76–78, 95, 96, 150, 157, 215–219, Orange Revolution (Kuwait), 245 222–224, 229–230, 235, 239–241 Orbán, Victor, 34, 225 Polish Uprising (1830), 78, 95 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Polish Uprising (1848), 95 Countries (OPEC), 204 Polish Uprising (1863), 96 Ottoman Empire, 2, 17, 24, 98, 105, 112, Politburo, 130, 219 114–116, 121, 124–128, 152, 157, Political Islam, 201, 208, 210, 212, See also 160, 198 Islamism Overton, Richard, 84 Polybius, 7 Popular Sovereignty, 43, 50, 64, 126, 144, Paine, Thomas, 4, 52, 61 157, 183 Pakistan, 32–33, 192, 193–198, 202, Portugal, 2, 20, 24, 38, 46, 48, 61, 62, 66, 204–205, 213, 255 111–113, 116, 123, 126–128 Palermo, 66 Portuguese Empire, 46, 61

Index 277

Portuguese Revolution (1910), 2, 24, Roy, M. N., 4, 27, 132, 144–145, 164 112–113, 123, 126–128 Russia, 1, 2, 12, 14, 20, 24, 25–29, 31, Positivism, 25, 114, 116, 124, 126, 212 66–67, 78, 93, 96, 111–112, 114–118, Poznań, 237 119–122, 124, 128, 131, 133–134, Pozsgay, Imre, 226–227 139–140, 142–145, 146, 148–151, Prague, 20–21, 67, 228, 234–236, 241 152, 155–156, 159–160, 175–176, Prague Spring, 219, 220, 234 186–190 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 108 Russian Civil War, 134, 140, 149 Prussia, 18, 56, 66–67, 73, 75, 78 Russian Communist Party, 130 United Diet, 72, 75 Russian Empire, 116, 139, 142–143, 152, Puerto Rico, 266, 267 156, 190 Russian Revolution (1905), 2, 24, 66, Qadhdhaﬁ,Mu‘ammar, 35, 199, 247, 253 111–112, 116–118, 122, 128 Qatar, 254, 255 Russian Revolution (1917), 1, 2, 12, 14, Qing Dynasty, 24, 90, 122 25–29, 31, 66, 93, 131, 133–134, 137, Quds Force, 199 139, 140, 143–145, 148, 150–151, Quelch, Tom, 148 160, 176, 186–189 Russo-Japanese War, 2, 24, 122 Race, Concept of, 182, 191 Racism, 178, 263, 265–266 Saba, 81 Radical Civic Union (Argentina), 113 Sabra and Shatila massacre, 199 Rahmaniyya,99 Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, 198–199 Rakowski, Mieczysław, 230 Sadr, Musa, 199 Rastakhiz Party (Iran), 208 Safavid Empire, 206 Raynal, Guillaume, 19 Saint-Domingue. See Haiti Reagan, Ronald, 220 Sainte Croix, 81–82 Reclus, Élisée, 106 Saint-Etienne, Jean-Paul Rabaut, 52 Red Army, 134, 139, 218 Salaﬁsm, 193, 195–197, 202, 213–214 Red Clydeside, 138–139 Saleh, ‘Ali Abdullah, 253 Reign of Terror, 53, 56 Salonica, 125 Republican People’s Party (Turkey), 201 San Marco, Republic of, 67 Republicanism, 5, 46, 49, 84, 103 Sanders, James, 103 Reuters, 101, 163 Santiago de Chile, 87–88 Revolutions of 1830, 74 Sarekat Islam, 113 Revolutions of 1848, 1–2, 13, 20–22, 41, Saudi Arabia, 32, 195–196, 198, 200, 202, 68–91, 98, 99, 109, 113, 175, 184, 204–205, 244, 247, 253, 255–257, 259 237, 261 Sauvy, Alfred, 177 Revolutions of 1989. See Anticommunist SAVAK (Iran), 208 Revolutions Saxony, 78 Rhodakanati, Plotino, 108 Scandinavia, 111 Richardson, Samuel, 45 Schabowski, Günter, 215, 232 Rida, Rashid, 209 Scheidemann, Philipp, 135 Rio de Janeiro, 63 Schneider, Jörg, 231 Riza Shah (Pahlavi), 140, 150, 198, 207 Scotland, 138–139, 142 Robespierre, Maximilien, 54 Second Coalition, 57 Rocafuerte, Vicente, 39 Second French Empire, 94, 101 Rochau, Ludwig von, 78 Seeley, John R., 184 Rogowski, Maximilien, 95 Self-determination, 3, 27–30, 141, Roman Republic (1798–1799), 57 153–160, 163–169, 171–174, Roman Republic (1849), 67, 77–78, 84 180–181, 183, 248 Romania, 3, 33–34, 137, 215–218, 221, Senegal, 190 228, 236–240 Senghor, Léopold, 190, 191 Rome, 67, 71, 72, 76, 105, 131 Sensibility, Cult of, 45–47 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 19, 45 Seoul, 168–169 Rowlatt Act, 170 Serbian Revolution (1804), 17

278 Index

Serna, Pierre, 41, 56 Soviet Union, 27, 34, 108, 131, 136–137, Settlers, 80, 83, 178, 184, 265 140–142, 143, 145–146, 149–151, Seven Years’ War, 48–49 176, 178, 186–190, 194–195, Shandong, 167, 172, 173 212–214, 216, 218, 219–221, 229, Shanghai, 111, 124, 141 233–234, 235, 241, 267 Shari‘a, 192–193, 196, 198, 210–211, Spain, 20, 23, 26, 38, 46, 49, 54, 59, 61, 63, 213, 255 66, 82, 95, 105, 107, 138 Shari‘ati, ‘Ali, 209, 210 Spanish Constitution (1812), 63 Sherif Pasha, 152 Spanish Empire, 46, 61, 63 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 237 Spanish Revolution (1868), 95, 107 Shi‘i Muslims, 32, 192, 196, 199–200, 202, Spartacus League, 135 210–212, 255, 257–258 St. Eustatius, 81 Shi‘ism, 206–207, 209–213, 253 St. Martin, 81 Siam. See Thailand St. Petersburg, 111, 116, 133 Siberia, 131, 134, 142 Stalin, Joseph, 218 Sicily, 71 Stalinism, 189, 209, 226, 228 Sierra Leone, 17 Stasi, 232 Sikh Revolution, 18 Stasi (State Security Service of the German Six-Day War, 197 Democratic Republic), 229 Slavery, 43, 44, 47, 57, 59–60, 61, 64, Sudan, 198 80–82, 85, 263–265 Sukarno, 181 Slaves, 38, 49, 58, 59–60, 80–82, 85–86, Sun Yat-Sen, 116, 122 263–264 Sunni Muslims, 32, 192–193, 196, 213, Slovak Soviet Republic, 26, 137 254–255, 258, 259 Slovakia, 137 Supreme Council for the Islamic Smith, Adam, 19 Revolution in Iraq, 199 Social Democratic Party (East Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Germany), 232 (Egypt), 243 Social Democratic Party of Germany Surinam, 82 (SPD), 106, 108 Swadeshi Movement, 113 Socialism, 32, 34, 107–108, 141, 143–144, Sweden, 66, 113 149, 165, 178, 189, 212, 219, Swiss Federal Treaty (1815), 74 220–221, 224, 227, 229, 233, 240, Switzerland, 20, 23, 55, 71, 96, 107, 133 267 Syria, 33, 35, 178, 192, 198, 200, 204–205, Socialist Party of France, 145 244–245, 247–248, 250–251, Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 254–256, 259–260 229, 232, 233 Syrian Civil War, 259 Society for the Rise of Kurdistan, 152 Syrian Islamist Uprising, 33 Society for Union and Progress (Ottoman Széchenyi, István, 73 Empire), 125 Szemere, Bertalan, 73 Society of Equality (Chile), 88 Society of United Irishmen, 57 Tacky’s War, 264 Soﬁa, 228, 238 Tahrir Square, 37, 169, 243 Solidarity (trade union), 34, 216–217, 219, Taiping Rebellion, 22, 90 222–224, 229, 239, 241 Taliban, 195 Somalia, 34, 178, 256 Tanzania, 178 Song Jiaoren, 123 Tatlin, Vladimir, 146 Soros, George, 225 Tehran, 118–120, 198, 204, 208 South Africa, 166, 178, 182, 225 Texas, 121 South Yemen, 178 Thailand, 113 Sovereignty, 63, 153, 173, 175, 183–185, Third International. See Communist 190–191, 264–265, 267, See also International (Comintern) Popular sovereignty Third World Revolutions, 3, 30–31, Soviet Bloc, 34, 93, 217–222, 223, 226, 175–191 228, 238, 240–241, 248 Tiananmen Square, 3, 34, 37

Index 279

Tientsin massacres, 99 Vera Cruz, 164 Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 165–166, 169 Versailles, Treaty of, 140, 145, 173, See also Timiș oara, 237 Paris Peace Conference Tito, Josip Broz, 148 Victoria (Australia), 83–84 Togliatti, Palmiro, 148 Victoria (Hanover), 79 Tő kés, László, 237 Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamin, 91 Touré, Sékou, 181 Vienna, 20, 66–67, 71, 74, 136–137 Trienio Bolchevique, 26, 138 Viet Cong, 213 Tripoli, 32, 196 Vietnam, 30, 145, 189 Troelstra, Pieter Jelles, 136 Világos, 77 Trotsky, Leon, 25, 28, 133, 149, 158 Voitinskii, Grigorii, 141 Tunisia, 3, 35, 153, 242–243, 246, 248, Vuillermoz, Romuald, 100 249–254, 259–260 Tunisian General Labor Union Wahhabi Revolution, 18 (UGTT), 242 Wahhabism, 18, 195–197, 202, 213 Túpac Amaru rebellion, 49 Wales, 20 Turin, 20, 26, 138 Wałę sa, Lech, 222–223 Turkey, 32, 201–202, 203, 204–205, Wallachia, 66, 67, 72 255 Wang, C. T., 167 1980 Coup d’État, 201 Warsaw, 15, 215, 216, 223 Tuvan People’s Republic, 131, 149 Warsaw Pact, 66, 219 Washington Conference, 173 Ukraine, 3, 35 Washington, George, 18, 51, 64 Ulbricht, Walter, 148 Watchtower Movement (Malawi), 113 Union of Democratic Forces Webb, Beatrice, 27 (Bulgaria), 239 Welfare Party (Turkey), 201–202 Union of Oppositional Forces Wellington Koo, V. K., 167 (Bulgaria), 239 Wern, Friedrich, 84 United Arab Emirates, 32, 204–205, 244, West Bank, 201, 258 254, 255 West Germany. See Germany, Federal United Nations, 174, 184–185, 221, 248, Republic of (FRG) 253, 256, 259 West Indies, 21, 266 United States, 2, 6, 13, 15, 18, 22–24, 27, Westoxiﬁcation, 209, 210, 213 32, 38–39, 41, 43, 49–53, 55, 58, White Revolution (Iran), 204, 208 61–62, 85–87, 89, 94, 95, 101–102, Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern), 135 105, 107–108, 122, 141, 145, 154, Wilhelmina (Orange-Nassau), 135 156–157, 161–165, 167, 168–169, William III (Orange-Nassau), 7 171, 175, 178, 183, 190, 194–195, Williams (Mikhailov), 146 196, 199, 210, 211–212, 247, Wilson, Woodrow, 3, 29, 140–141, 152, 248–250, 253–254, 260, 266 154, 156–174 United States Constitution, 50, 52 Wilsonian Revolutions, 3, 29–30, 113, United States Declaration of 152–174 Independence, 49–50, 52, 61, 156 Windrush Generation, 267 Universal Declaration of Human Windward Islands, 59 Rights, 248 Wolff Telegraphic Bureau, 101 Universal Negro Improvement First World War, 4, 26, 27, 30, 117, Association, 153 120, 127, 131, 132–134, 137, 140, Urbanization, 144, 203–204, 206, 212 143, 151, 152, 154, 155, 175, 188, Uruguay, 95 266 Second World War, 35, 183, 188, 191 Valparaiso, 79, 87 Württemberg, 78 Vanguard Party, 176, 186, 189 Vasarhelyi, Miklós, 227 Yemen, 35, 197, 243, 251, 252–254, Venezuela, 62, 82, 98 259–260 Venice, 20, 67 Young Afghans, 113

280 Index

Young Bukharans, 113 Zaghlul, Sa‘d, 168–169 Young Khivans, 113 Zaidis, 253 Young Turk Revolution, 2, 24, 112, Zapata, Emiliano, 120–122 124–126, 128 Zhejiang, 122 Young Turks, 2, 24, 112, 124–126, Zhivkov, Todor, 238–239 128, 152 Zia’ ul-Haqq, 194, 198 Yuan Shikai, 123–124 Zimbabwe, 178 Yugoslavia, 33, 237 Zinoviev, Grigory, 130, 148