Bog Poland and Prussia
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Stony Brook University
SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force. -
A Brief Outline of Polish and Polish American History - Part 1
A Brief Outline of Polish and Polish American History - Part 1 120,000 B.C. - First records of Protoslavic cultures in the 1683 - John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Vienna. Ojcow region of Poland. 1745 - Casimir Pulaski is born in Poland. 1300 B.C. - First evidence of Lusatian culture, the progenitor of modern Polish and Slavic cultures. 1746 - Thaddeus Kosciuszko is born in Poland. He attended school in Lubieszow and later the Cadet 700 B.C. - Biskupin Settlement is built in central Poland Academy in Warsaw and then undertook engineering in what is now the voivodeship of Torun. It is now a studies in Paris. museum in Poland featuring the oldest settlement. 1776 - Thaddeus Kosciuszko came to America to offer 100 A.D. - Contact with Roman Danubian provinces his services to General George Washington. He was made by Slavic peoples, although Rome never expands appointed engineer of the Continental Army with the into their territories. rank of Colonel. He distinguished himself throughout the American Revolutionary War. His engineering and 500 - West Slavic tribal federations begin to form. fortification skills along the Delaware River and at 850 - Polanie and Wislanie tribal groups appear, Saratoga, N.Y., helped win battles for the Continental eventually merging together into the first state of Poland. Army. Kosciuszko is well known for his fortification at West Point, which is the site of West Point Military 966 - Duke Mieszko accepts Christianity for himself and Academy. The name General Thaddeus Kosciuszko is for Poland and the documented history of Poland begins. listed on organizations, bridges, schools, and other local and national landmarks. -
Scenario of the Exhibition: Tomasz Łabuszewski, Phd, in Cooperation with Anna Maria Adamus, Phd, Ewa Dyngosz, Edyta Gula and Michał Zarychta
STOLEN CHILDHOOD Scenario of the exhibition: Tomasz Łabuszewski, PhD, in cooperation with Anna Maria Adamus, PhD, Ewa Dyngosz, Edyta Gula and Michał Zarychta Graphic design: Katarzyna Dinwebel Reviewers: Bartosz Kuświk, PhD Waldemar Brenda, PhD Producer: Pracownia Plastyczna Andrzej Dąbrowski Photographs from the following archives: AKG images, Archive of the Institute of National Remembrance, Municipal Archive in Dzerzhinsk, State Archive in Warsaw, Archive of Polish Armenians, BE&W Foto, National Library, Bundesarchiv, Centre for Documentation of Deportations, Exile and Resettlements in Cracow, Foundation for Polish-German Reconciliation, Getty Images, Museum of the Second World War, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Polish Army Museum in Kołobrzeg, Warsaw Rising Museum, Regional Museum in Jarocin, Museum of the Castle of Górka Family in Szamotuły, National Digital Archive, Ośrodek Karta, Polish Photographers’ Agency Forum, Polish Press Agency, Underground Poland Studio, Documentary and Feature Film Studio, Association of Crimean Karaites in Poland. With special thanks to: Bogdan Bednarczyk, Janusz Bogdanowicz, Alina Głowacka-Szłapowa, Tomasz Karasiński, Kazimierz Krajewski, PhD, Ewa Siemaszko and Leszek Żebrowski, as well as the Institute of National Remembrance branch offices in Łódź and Poznań. Photograph on the front panel: Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance Despite their efforts, the authors of the exhibition did not manage to reach all authors of photographs used in the exhibition or holders of proprietary -
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Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/4397,Battle-of-Warsaw-1920.html 2021-10-01, 13:56 11.08.2020 Battle of Warsaw, 1920 We invite you to read an article by Mirosław Szumiło, D.Sc. on the Battle of Warsaw, 1920. The text is also available in French and Russian (see attached pdf files). The Battle of Warsaw was one of the most important moments of the Polish-Bolshevik war, one of the most decisive events in the history of Poland, Europe and the entire world. However, excluding Poland, this fact is almost completely unknown to the citizens of European countries. This phenomenon was noticed a decade after the battle had taken place by a British diplomat, Lord Edgar Vincent d’Abernon, a direct witness of the events. In his book of 1931 “The Eighteenth Decisive Battle of the World: Warsaw, 1920”, he claimed that in the contemporary history of civilisation there are, in fact, few events of greater importance than the Battle of Warsaw of 1920. There is also no other which has been more overlooked. To better understand the origin and importance of the battle of Warsaw, one needs to become acquainted with a short summary of the Polish-Bolshevik war and, first and foremost, to get to know the goals of both fighting sides. We ought to start with stating the obvious, namely, that the Bolshevik regime, led by Vladimir Lenin, was, from the very beginning, focused on expansion. Prof. Richard Pipes, a prolific American historian, stated: “the Bolsheviks took power not to change Russia, but to use it as a trampoline for world revolution”. -
They Fought for Independent Poland
2019 Special edition PISMO CODZIENNE Independence Day, November 11, 2019 FREE AGAIN! THEY FOUGHT FOR INDEPENDENT POLAND Dear Readers, The day of November 11 – the National Independence Day – is not accidentally associated with the Polish military uni- form, its symbolism and traditions. Polish soldiers on almost all World War I fronts “threw on the pyre their lives’ fate.” When the Polish occupiers were drown- ing in disasters and revolutions, white- and-red flags were fluttering on Polish streets to mark Poland’s independence. The Republic of Poland was back on the map of Europe, although this was only the beginning of the battle for its bor- ders. Józef Piłsudski in his first order to the united Polish Army shared his feeling of joy with his soldiers: “I’m taking com- mand of you, Soldiers, at the time when the heart of every Pole is beating stron- O God! Thou who from on high ger and faster, when the children of our land have seen the sun of freedom in all its Hurls thine arrows at the defenders of the nation, glory.” He never promised them any bat- We beseech Thee, through this heap of bones! tle laurels or well-merited rest, though. On the contrary – he appealed to them Let the sun shine on us, at least in death! for even greater effort in their service May the daylight shine forth from heaven’s bright portals! for Poland. And they never let him down Let us be seen - as we die! when in 1920 Poland had to defend not only its own sovereignty, but also entire Europe against flooding bolshevism. -
Warsaw Nno.O
Maps Events Restaurants Cafés Nightlife Sightseeing Shopping Hotels Warsaw NNo.o. 882,2, AAugustugust - SSeptembereptember 22014014 The Warsaw Uprising Awe Inspiring - 70 Years On inyourpocket.com ł No. 82 - 5z ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ ǯȱȱŝǰȱ£ ȱǯǯǯȱ ǯȱŘŘȱŞŚŞȱŗŘȱŘśǰȱǯȦ¡ȱŘŘȱŞŚŞȱŗśȱşŖ ǯǯǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯ£ǯǯ ǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ dz Contents Feature Further Afi eld Warsaw Uprising 8 Łódź 106 Arrival & Transport 12 Leisure 108 City Basics 18 Shopping 112 Culture & Events 20 Directory 118 Restaurants 26 Hotels 120 Cafés 57 Maps & Index Street Index 124 Nightlife 58 City Centre Map 125 Sightseeing City Map 126-127 Essential Warsaw 71 Country Map 128 Sightseeing 72 Listings Index 129 Old Town 84 The Royal Route 87 Features Index 130 Palace of Culture and Science 89 Praga 90 Copernicus Science Center 92 Łazienki 94 IN PRINT Wilanów 97 Jewish Warsaw 100 ONLINE Chopin 103 ON YOUR MOBILE PLAC TEATRALNY 3, WARSAW TEL. +48 601 81 82 83 Monument to the Warsaw Uprising Photo by Zbigniew Furman. Courtesy of Warsaw Uprising Museum. [email protected] 4 Warsaw In Your Pocket warsaw.inyourpocket.com Foreword Welcome to Warsaw and the 82nd edition of Warsaw Publisher In Your Pocket! Summer is in full swing and the city is IYP City Guides Sp. z o.o. Sp.k. absolutely sizzling. It’s the perfect time to take advantage ul. Sławkowska 12, 31-014 Kraków the capitals’ many fi ner points - exploring the parks, [email protected] gardens (beer) and breathtaking urban riverwalks (take www.inyourpocket.com a walk on the wild side!). -
Warsaw in Short
WarsaW TourisT informaTion ph. (+48 22) 94 31, 474 11 42 Tourist information offices: Museums royal route 39 Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street Warsaw Central railway station Shops 54 Jerozolimskie Avenue – Main Hall Warsaw frederic Chopin airport Events 1 ˚wirki i Wigury Street – Arrival Hall Terminal 2 old Town market square Hotels 19, 21/21a Old Town Market Square (opening previewed for the second half of 2008) Praga District Restaurants 30 Okrzei Street Warsaw Editor: Tourist Routes Warsaw Tourist Office Translation: English Language Consultancy Zygmunt Nowak-Soliƒski Practical Information Cartographic Design: Tomasz Nowacki, Warsaw Uniwersity Cartographic Cathedral Photos: archives of Warsaw Tourist Office, Promotion Department of the City of Warsaw, Warsaw museums, W. Hansen, W. Kryƒski, A. Ksià˝ek, K. Naperty, W. Panów, Z. Panów, A. Witkowska, A. Czarnecka, P. Czernecki, P. Dudek, E. Gampel, P. Jab∏oƒski, K. Janiak, Warsaw A. Karpowicz, P. Multan, B. Skierkowski, P. Szaniawski Edition XVI, Warszawa, August 2008 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Free copy 1. ˚wirki i Wigury St., 00-906 Warszawa Airport Information, ph. (+48 22) 650 42 20 isBn: 83-89403-03-X www.lotnisko-chopina.pl, www.chopin-airport.pl Contents TourisT informaTion 2 PraCTiCal informaTion 4 fall in love wiTh warsaw 18 warsaw’s hisTory 21 rouTe no 1: 24 The Royal Route: Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street – Nowy Âwiat Street – Royal ¸azienki modern warsaw 65 Park-Palace Complex – Wilanów Park-Palace Complex warsaw neighborhood 66 rouTe no 2: 36 CulTural AttraCTions 74 The Old -
Discover Warsaw
DISCOVER WARSAW #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw #discoverwarsaw WELCOME TO WARSAW! If you are looking for open people, fascinating history, great fun and unique flavours, you've come to the right place. Our city offers you everything that will make your trip unforgettable. We have created this guide so that you can choose the best places that are most interesting for you. The beautiful Old Town and interactive museums? The wild river bank in the heart of the city? Cultural events? Or maybe pulsating nightlife and Michelin-star restaurants? Whatever your passions and interests, you'll find hundreds of great suggestions for a perfect stay. IT'S TIME TO DISCOVER WARSAW! CONTENTS: 1. Warsaw in 1 day 5 2. Warsaw in 2 days 7 3. Warsaw in 3 days 11 4. Royal Warsaw 19 5. Warsaw fights! 23 6. Warsaw Judaica 27 7. Fryderyk Chopin’s Warsaw 31 8. The Vistula ‘District’ 35 9. Warsaw Praga 39 10. In the footsteps of socialist-realist Warsaw 43 11. What to eat? 46 12. Where to eat? 49 13. Nightlife 53 14. Shopping 55 15. Cultural events 57 16. Practical information 60 1 WARSAW 1, 2, 3... 5 2 3 5 5 1 3 4 3 4 WARSAW IN 1 DAY Here are the top attractions that you can’t miss during a one-day trip to Warsaw! Start with a walk in the centre, see the UNESCO-listed Old Town and the enchanting Royal Łazienki Park, and at the end of the day relax by the Vistula River. -
Discipline in Polish-Lithuanian Cavalry Units During Battles in the Early Modern Period1
Open Military Studies 2020; 1: 44–61 Karol Łopatecki* Discipline in Polish-Lithuanian cavalry units during battles in the early modern period1 https://10.1515/openms-2020-0104 Received Jul 13, 2020; accepted Sep 08, 2020 Abstract: Keywords: articles of war, military discipline, organization of cavalry, tactics in the 16th-18th c., desertion, old-Polish art of war The Polish and Lithuanian military in the modern period developed in a different direction from most European areas. First and foremost, it is emphasized that we did not deal with military revolution (it would be better to use the term “evolution”), which did not bring about the origins of a modern military-fiscal state on the territory of the Commonwealth2. This issue certainly requires comprehensive studies, since from at least the mid-17th century onwards, both on the military level as well as in the state organization, the Commonwealth coped well with strong enemies: the Teutonic Order (1519-1521), the Roman Empire (Austria) (1587-1588), the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Moscow (1557- 1582, 1600-1629, 1632-1635) and the Ottoman Empire (1621, 1633-1634) 3. The research on transformations occurring in the 16th century indicate crucial changes in the military, but different from those developed in Western Europe. Among the differences it is important to name primarily the reliance on cavalry which fought with polearms and cutting weapons. Moreover, the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania lacked strongholds understood as large cities fortified with bastions4. These two elements, as well as deficiencies of the fiscal system, which were “patched” by complementing paid troops with private units, district troops and Mass Mobilization5, 1 The article was written as part of the research project of the National Centre for Science SONATA, no. -
The Baltic Sea Region the Baltic Sea Region
TTHEHE BBALALTTICIC SSEAEA RREGIONEGION Cultures,Cultures, Politics,Politics, SocietiesSocieties EditorEditor WitoldWitold MaciejewskiMaciejewski A Baltic University Publication A chronology of the history 7 of the Baltic Sea region Kristian Gerner 800-1250 Vikings; Early state formation and Christianization 800s-1000s Nordic Vikings dominate the Baltic Region 919-1024 The Saxon German Empire 966 Poland becomes Christianized under Mieszko I 988 Kiev Rus adopts Christianity 990s-1000s Denmark Christianized 999 The oldest record on existence of Gdańsk Cities and towns During the Middle Ages cities were small but they grew in number between 1200-1400 with increased trade, often in close proximity to feudal lords and bishops. Lübeck had some 20,000 inhabitants in the 14th and 15th centuries. In many cities around the Baltic Sea, German merchants became very influential. In Swedish cities tensions between Germans and Swedes were common. 1000s Sweden Christianized 1000s-1100s Finland Christianized. Swedish domination established 1025 Boleslaw I crowned King of Poland 1103-1104 A Nordic archbishopric founded in Lund 1143 Lübeck founded (rebuilt 1159 after a fire) 1150s-1220s Denmark dominates the Baltic Region 1161 Visby becomes a “free port” and develops into an important trade center 1100s Copenhagen founded (town charter 1254) 1100s-1200s German movement to the East 1200s Livonia under domination of the Teutonic Order 1200s Estonia and Livonia Christianized 1201 Riga founded by German bishop Albert 1219 Reval/Tallinn founded by Danes ca 1250 -
Folder 13 Jewish Labor Committee
._·... ·~ -~ J. L.t; / T'he problem of the Free Ports the refugees fleeing the light of history, showing the c.hangea refugees and stateless' persons in conformana~. - of the international law. We are now accustomed to the tragic situation of and stateless persons at the time between the two world wars, when men of highest honorability did lase the-ltbe:r>ty-0-f-t:r>avel. and immigration after being deprived of the citizenship in which i they were born; and when thousands of refugees were ¢ondemfe4 -to jail a.a their temporary residence permits in some country expired and they were unable to obtain visas for any other Conditions were very different in the 19th century. Af§er the breakdown of the revolution of 1848, democratic ~ermans .le~i~~ to Switzerland were cordially invited by the Swiss (}overiiJnent to accept Swiss citizenship. When some inhabitants .of DobrudjQ., (conce~ed to Roumania after the Russo..,Turkish war oC1878)r <lid not carry out the necessary formalities for/the ~btentlo~'~i citizenship in proper time and had to remain s:tateless, ·this ;' '" •' .:- ... - - -' -' such an unheard-of ata.t·e of affairs for. the speciaiiatk ·. :i.r{thEI · - . ' . international law, that this exceptional - a:i..i~atib:n' · had been :; •. · · quoted in all law textMbooks. The only hope o'f'l!l1111ons of stateless and refugees, ring in Europe today is the post.. war eatablishment_of an control of emigration ahd Of issue Of immigratiofr· irisae', idea of such interna;!:-ional. control is accepted by Conference of -----·-- -- ---,.\ The notion of free ports and provisory very old one. -
Polish American Congress Northern California Division
________________________________________________________ Polish American Congress Northern California Division FESTIVAL ORGANIZER This festival is organized by the Polish American Congress, Northern California Division, together with three major festival partners and the help of many volunteers FOURTH ANNUAL POLISH HERITAGE FESTIVAL Celebrating & Sharing Our Polish Heritage The Polish American Congress State Division – Since 1944 Northern California Division (NCD) – Since 1968 The goals of Congress are to: Support Poland in times of need Preserve cultural heritage and ethnic identity Highlight Polish-American achievements Please join! Keep Congress alive and successful! Success in meeting the challenges facing Polish-Americans means staying active and working collaboratively. We must adapt to changing times and the needss of today’s Polish-Americans. We need YOU! Your presence is the key! Join the Polish-American Congress Northern California Division http://www.pacnorcal.org ________________________________________________________ FESTIVAL PARTNERS The Polish Society of California/PNA Lodge 7 http://www.polishclubsf.org/PolishSocietyOfCalifornia.htm Founded by Polish California pioneers in 1863, the Society celebrated its 150th Anniversary in 2013. In 1880 the Polish Society became known as the Polish National Alliance, Lodge 7. PNA is the largest of all ethnically-based fraternal insurance benefit societies in this country. Early Polish Society founder, Feliks Paweł Wierzbicki, MD, is the most famous California Polander, renowned for his book California As It Is and As It May Be (San Francisco 1849). The Polish Club Inc., San Francisco http://www.PolishClubSF.org The Polish Club (Dom Polski), in San Francisco’s Mission District (3040 22nd Street), boasts three member societies. The first joint meeting was held in 1925.