First Re'port

FIRST RE’PORT covering the period

52 Queen Anne Street London W.r 'I THE WELLCOME TRUST i

First Report covering the period

I93 7-1956 l

LONDON 52 QUEEN ANNE STREET, W. I 1957 CONTENTS THEWELLCOME TRUSTEES, 1956 . . . .I THEWELLCOME TRUST REPORT (covering the years 1937- 1956): I. General Survey: Origin and Activities . . . 9 The late Sir Henry S. Wellcome . . . . 10 The Wellcome Trust ...... 17 Special Bequests ...... 23 Completion of Sir Heny Wellcome’s Archaeological Made and Printed in Great Britain by Enterprf ses ...... 26 William Clowes and Sons Limited General Plansfor the Support of Rescarch , . . 31 London and Beccles Medals andPrizes ...... 32 The Wellcome Trust Research Laborarurics, Thcssalodki . 33 Drying Human Blood Plasma and Serum . . . 38 Universi9 Chairs and Research Fellowships . . 39 Grantsfor Building, Adaptdon, or Equipment of Research Laboratories ...... 43 Special Apparatus purchasedfor Indejlnite Loan . . 44- Granufor Research Museums und Libraries . . 45 Hfmry ofMedicine ...... 49 Travel Grants ...... 52 II. Classified List of Grants . .. . 56 III. Policy . . . . . 68 Appendix : A. University of Edinburgh: Wellcome Medals and Prizes in the History of Medicine ...... 76 B. Association of Mriitary Surgeons of the United States of . America: Wellcome Medal and Prize awarded to Medical Officers of the Armed Forces of the United States of America or of the U.S. Public iicalth Service . . . 77 C. Royal African Society: Wellcome Medais for dîatinguishcd services to Africa ...... 80 D. Royal Anthropological Institute: Wellcome Medal and Prize for anthropological research . . . . 81 E. Publications by Dr. Henry Foy with Dr. Athena Kondi and otherssince 1938 ...... Ez F. Publications subsidized by the Wellcome Trust. . . 85

3 t THE WELLCOME TRUSTEES, 1956 SIR HENRYHALLETT DALE, o.M., G.B.E., M.D., F.R.c.P., F.R.S. (Chairmdn) LANCELOTCLAUDE BULLOCK MARTIN PRICE, P.C.A. THE RT. HON.LORD PIERCY,C.B.E. BRIGADIERJOHN SM~THKNOX BOYD, O.B.E., M.D., D.P.H., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.

Secretary J. E. K. CLARKE,F.C.A. Scientijjc Secretary F. H. K. GREEN, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P.

THEWill of Sir Henry Wellcome appointed five original trustees, and expressed the wish that the number of the trustees should not at any time be more and should not long remain less than five. The testator further expressed the desire “that as fir as possible at all times two of my Trustees shall be men who have had experience and be well qualified in medicine and the allied I sciences and that two shall be men of wide practical business experience one or both of whom should be of high standin and ability in the practice of the law and with exceptiod experience and qualifications in the conduct and management of large and important estates”. Of the five who were named in ’ the Will for appointment as the first trustees, Mr. George Henry Hudson Lyall, M.B.E., and Mr. Bullock had the requisite standing in the practice of the law, both bein partners in a well-known firm of Solicitors and the testator’s fegal advisers; Mr. Martin Price was a Chartered Accountant; and Sir Henry Dale and Professor T. R. Elliott, C.B.E., DAO., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., were nominated for their special experience of research in “medicine and the allied sciences”. The late Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, K.B.E., C.B., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., was the first to be named by the Will in this latter capacity; but he had died before the testator, and the Will named Professor Elliott for appointment in the event of such a medical vacancy. 5 it will be seen that three of these five original trustees, Sir appointments and re-appointments to trusteeship subject to the Henry Dale, Mr. Bullock and Mr. Price, are still acting. consent of the Attorney-General and the approvai of a High Mr. Hudson Lyall, as the trustee named first in the Will, Court Judge. automatically became the first Chairman of the trustees and he Apart from the minor delay in his formal appointment, continued in that position until his death in May 1938. He was mentioned above, Professor Elliott served on the Trust Erom largely concerned with the actions immediately required at the its inception in 1936 until October 1955, when he decided testator’s death, to provide for the needs of various charitable not to accept further re-appointment. His fellow trustees projects which the testator had left in being. A good beginning recorded on his retirement their grateful recognition of the had also been made, under his Chairmanship, with the compli- invaluable service which Professor Elliott had consistently cated valuations and negotiations required to settle the value of given to the work of the Trust during these first nineteen the Estate for the assessment of Estate Duty. These, however, years of its existence. They recalled that for a large part of had not nearly reached finality at the time of his death, and a this period the work of the Trust had been subject to a large part of the ultimately successful negotiations were carried series of abnormal conditions, including those due to the out for the trustees by Mr. Martin Price and Mr. J. E. K. Clarke. winding up of the testator’s affiirs, to the payment of a very The Trust had, indeed, been less than a year in existence when heavy Estate Duty, and to difficulties and demands created by the Mr. Lyall, to the great regret of his new colleagues, began already war and by the re-organization which followed it. These had to suffer from the early effects of what proved to be a fatal required the trustees to face many unusual problems and to make illness. During this short period of his Chairmanship he had many anxious decisions, and had greatly delayed their oppor- won the full confidence of his fellow trustees, who had learned tunities for developing a widespread programme of assistance for to admire his ability, his character and his devotion to the research and scholarship in medicine and the allied sciences, interests of the Trust, which he had continued to serve in spite in accordance with the main provisions of their Trust. During of the increasing physical distress which the advance of his illness the whole of this difficult period, Professor Elliott’s collaboration entailed. After his death Sir Henry Dale became thé Chairman in the work of the Trust had been of inestimable value to his in due order of appointment, and he still occupies that position. colleagues, who had learned to rely with confidence upon his Although Sir Henry Dale and Professor Elliott were named as courage and wisdom in all their corporate decisions. His direct trustees by the Will, their acceptance of appointment was post- and personal experience of the needs and the possibilities of poned for some months by the necessity of obtaining an Order medical research had also had a special value for the guidance of of the High Court which exempted them, and others in similar the tvtees, in making allotments from such fùnds as had been positions, from compliance with certain conditions in the Will already at their disposal, and in Iaying plans for a fuller exercise which were not properly applicable to the medical holders of of the charitable functions of their Trust. It was a matter of such other appointments as theirs, whether in a University or in special regret to them, indeed, that Professor Elliott had found the Public Service. it necessary to retire, at a time when the scale of the resources Shortly after Mr. Hudson Lyall’s death, the trustees also took which should normally be available to the Trust had begun to be note of the fact that the Will did not prescribe any method by more clearly foreseen, so that their charitable policy could be which the remaining trustees could fill a vacancy in their number, framed and developed with a greater confidence. They have gave them no authority for remunerating a new trustee for his greatly missed Professor Elliott’s experience and wisdom from services, and failed to provide for the eventual retirement of a all their counsels and his spirit of friendly comradeship from trustee. They decided that thse various matters ought to be their meetings. legally defined and settled by authority; and accordingly, in May At the time of Mr. Hudson Lyall’s death, in 1938, the Trust 1939, they applied for and obtained an Order of the High Court was still engaged with the special duties of its initial period; and dealing with the several points in question, and making new before the end of the following year the war had begun, making 6 .7 new and abnormal demands. The conditions did not for some THE WELLCOME TRUST years appear to be suitable for the tilling of the vacant trusteeship ; and indeed, the legal conditions for a new appointment had yet FIRST REPORT. to be defined. When it was decided, in 1945, that the time had come to fill the vacancy, the remaining trustees thought it suitable that the successor to Mr. Lyall should again be one I. General Survey: Origin and Activities “with exceptional experience and qualifications in the conduct present century, which has seen the establishment of and management of la e and important estates” ; and they were THE research organizations by the governments of many countries, fortunate in finding xat Lord Piercy was willing to accept appointment. And when, more recently, Professor Elliott’s has also seen a great increase in the number of charitable place became vacant, the trustees were again fortunate in finding Trusts and Foundations devoted wholly or partly to the that Brigadier J. S. K. Boyd, who was then approaching the end support of research. These bodies vary greatly in size and of his service as Director of The Wellcome Laboratories of in the purpose and range of their benefictions, but they Tropical Medicine, would be willing to retire from this position mostly derive their incomes from invested endowments. A a few months in advance of the normal date, in order to accept notable exception has long been presented by the famous appointment to the vacant medical trusteeship, with effect from Carlsberg Breweries, in Copenhagen, the entire distributable the beginning of 1956. profits of which have, for more than fdky years, been devoted At an early meeting, the trustees appointed Mr. J. E. K. to the promotion of science and art through the Carlsberg Clarke to be their Secretary, and they have good reason to be Foundation, of which the directors are appointed by the grateful for the service which he has continued to give them in Royal Danish Academy. The position of the Wellcome that capacity. He has been particularly concerned with the Trust is in many ways analogous with that of the Carlsberg general and financial business of the Trust, and with keeping Foundation, but it is believed to be unique among the the records of its meetings and of the trustees’ decisions. in more recent years there has been a rapid increase of special charitable bodies assisting scientific research, in that its administrative demands, connected with the expansion of the income is derived from a large pharmaceutical undertaking trustees’ opportunities for promoting and supporting research (the Wellcome Foundation Limited), in which the trustees and scholarship in medicine and the related sciences. They hold all the share capital. recognized the need of a Scientific Secretary, directly qualified Though the Wellcome Trust has already existed for twenty by experience to deal with this major responsibility of their years, this is the first occasion on which. the trustees have Trust. They were glad to find that Dr. F. H. K, Green, who issued a comprehensive report on the grants which they have had been for many years a member of the Headquarters Staff been able so far to make, in fulfilment of the charitable of the Medical Research Council, and for the latter part of this purposes laid down for them in Sir Henry Wellcome’s Will. period its Principal Medical Officer, was willing to accept the It seems appropriate acccrdingly that they should use this new appointment, which he has held with the Trust from occasion to give some further account of the nature of the October I 952. Trust which they administer, with its unusual relation to the business hom which it receives its hds, and of the remarkable career of the man who, having shared in the foundation of that business, became at an early stage its sole proprietor and retained that monopoly till he died, when it passed to the trustees whom his Will appointed to hold it.

8 9. THE LATE SIR HENRY S. WELLCOME years, when prosperity in business had provided him with I( Henry Solomon Wellcome was born in Wisconsin, U.S.A., of his activities. Wh& Wellcome in due coursetravelled I11 in In his early childhood his father, a small firmer 1853. to London as a representative of McKesson and Robbins, he lbi; and minister of religion, moved westward with his fimily again met Burroughs, who was representing: other American !,I I. into the neighbouring state of Minnesota, then so near to the frontier of American civilization that they were to become hready recognized the possibilif of developini ‘a Bhtish 111 involved in defensive warfare against an attack by the Sioux market for a range of medicaments presented, with accurate !ri 1 Indian tribe. They settled in a locality somewhat ambitiously Il. named Garden City, Blue Earth County, about 100 miles to in uce in the U.S.A. and were beginning in that country the south of what is now the famous medical centre of replace the old-fashioned pills, draughts and powders. Rochester (Minn.). Garden City thus became for Henry Burroughs invited Wellcome to join him in a partnership to :/il; Wellcome the centre of his boyhood memories and, exploit this new technique of dispensing in Britain, and the $:I eventually, the object of the most important of his personal London firm of Burroughs Wellcome and Company was thus iji]il bequests. His first quasi-medical contact was made by founded in I 880 by these two enterprising young: Americans. I il assisting his uncle, who appears to have been engaged in minor surgery and in the prescription and sale of familiar importing agency for products made in America; b6t its remedies in Garden City, in a manner then common in such rapid expansion soon made clear the need for manufacture primitive communities. Later the young Wellcome became in England, so that factories were acquired and built, lirst an assistant in a pharmacy in Rochester, where he attracted J’ the notice of Dr. William Mayo, the father of the surgeons, It is probable that Weilcome’; invention of the word William and Charles, who were to make that city world- “Tabloid”, and its registration as the firm’s trade-mark, was famous as the home of the Mayo Clinic and Foundation. It an important fictor in this rapid early growth of the business. was with the advice and encouragement of Dr. Mayo senior Ad0 11 that Wellcome then took a step of decisive importance for an embarrassing extent, so that WellcoGe found himself his future; he left Rochester to study Pharmacy seriously in eventually (1904)obliged to take legal action, by which he Chicago and in Philadelphia, where he graduated, subse- established the proprietary right of his firm in its use, quent\; gaining practical experience with a pharmaceutical firm in New York. It was in Philadelphia that he first could naturally have bien glad to apply to their products ‘4 f became friendly with Silas Mainville Burroughs, who was a fellow student there. During the firm’s earlier years, even while the parkership As a representative of the New York pharmaceutical with Burroughs was still in being,. there was evidence already house of McKesson and Robbins, Wellcome travelled widely of an alert appreciation of the signs of a coming revolution in in North and South America, using the opportunity of a therapeutics. They had been early in the field, for example, journey in Peru and Ecuador to study the growth of the with products of dried thyroid gland, and in I 894 they were Cinchona trees in their native habitat, and experiencing aeain among: the earliest in this country to organize the therewith, perhaps, the earliest stirring of that interest in the history of medicine and related subjects, which in later hiphtheria antitoxin. Later developments kight be taken II IO to indicate, however, that this practical interest in essentially friendly regard of a wide circle of interesting people, new therapeutic developments was chiefly due to Wellcome. including a number of leaders of medical opinion. Well- It was he, in any case, who was to be responsible for the come’s enterprise and ingenuity in supplying the last of establishment, in connexion with the business, of a series of Henry M. Stanley’s African expeditions with a portable laboratories for researches which were to be largely inde- chest of concentrated medicines, brought him friendships pendent of any of its immediate interests, at a time when which played an important part in awakening his enthusiasm such action by a pharmaceutical manhcturer had still for researches which might contribute to the elimination of something of a pioneering character. It is beyond doubt, the diseases characteristicof the Tropics, especially in Africa, in any case, that the partners-both of them men of strong and therewith to the opening of such regions to civilized and individual opinions-had begun to find their views development. And it was not unnatural, perhaps, that his increasingly divergent on various points concerning the interests should extend to the beliefs of primitive peoples conduct of the business and the lines of its fûrther develop- about diseases and to their methods of treating them, and ment, so that there was little likelihood that their partnership then, less directly, even to a more general range of ethno- would have long survived. Burroughs was a man of graphical and archaeological studies. Wellcome seemed, vigorous temperament and physique, but he was attacked indeed, to have convinced himself eventually that any kind by pneumonia while he was on holiday in 1895, and died of knowledge of primitive peoples, from prehistoric times shortly before his contract with Wellcome was due to to the present day, might have an important bearing on that expire. Thus, after fifteen years of what, in its later stages, history of medicine which was to become the other main had become no more than a formal partnership, Wellcome preoccupation of his personal interest. And, with the was unexpectedly able to make himself the sole proprietor growth of his means for indulging this conviction, he showed of the business, an increasing tendency to assume that any object or document, He became, indeed, not merely the sole proprietor, but, if it had even a potential bearing on knowledge in this in effect, the supreme Director, in the sense that, though he extensive range, ought to be acquired for incorporation in naturally found it necessary to delegate day-to-day respon- the great Museum and Library of the History of Medicine, sibilities for the conduct of the business to a general manager to the formation and housing of which he was to devote so and the heads of different departments, they all knew that much of his thought and his wealth during his later years. their decisions and actions, even on matters of detail, were Wellcome had been quicker than most of his rivals to liable to criticism and even to countermand by Wellcome recognize the need for a genuine research organization, himself; while important decisions of policy might be held pIanning its programme with sufficient independence, but long in suspense by his absence abroad. He had very making also an essential contribution, at however long a attractive personal qualities, however, and his ccmplex range, to the progress of his pharmaceutical enterprise. He character had strains in it of generous enterprise, of per- seems never to have arrived, however, at a clear and con- fectionist idealism and even, in certain directions, of a sort sistent conception of the proper relation between these two of missionary zeal, traceable, perhaps, to his evangelical aspects of its function. He must certainly have seen that, to upbringing in a pioneer community. Attributes such as meet the demands of some of the new developments in these attracted men of character and ability to his service, therapeutics, and most immediately those due to the advent and kept them tolerant of his autocracy, and these qualities, of the immunological remedies, a continuous association together with a genial gift for hospitality, won for him the with research would become an increasingly important I2 I3 andition of efficient and progressive production. His The time was approaching, however, when Wellcome earliest research department, started in 1894, though he would have to make a clear decision concerning the relation called it ‘‘The Wellcome Physiological Research Labora- of all these scientific and scholarly enterprises to his now tories”, was in fact to be engaged for the first ten years of world-wide business, the earnings of which continued, in its existence in little else than the production of antitoxins, fact, to be the only important source of his income. He with the researches required by such production, and with was now RO longer a young man, and he showed a growing some others for which the production offered a special tendency to isolate himself from London for long periods, opportunity. Researches in physiology and pharmacology and to concentrate much of his interest on ambitious and were a later development there. These laboratories, in fact, costly archaeological undertakings, first in the Sudan and later did notable service to his business in production and by in Palestine. For administrative convenience he naturally direct investigations, as well as by the eventual prestige of decided to create a more formal structure for all his their independent researches; but he was accustomed to properties. In 1924,accordingly, he registered a limited speak of them, and appeared sincerely to regard them, liability Company which he named “The Wellcome together with the Wellcome Chemical Research Labora- Foundation Limited”. This Company had a theoretical tories, which he started in 1896, as private and personal capital of one million pounds in one-pound shares, all of enterprises of his own, having no direct connexion with his which were held by Wellcome himself; and it included not firm. only the parent firm of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. of His first practical contribution to the promotion of research London, with all its subsidiary companies and branches in tropical medicine had certainly that personal and inde- elsewhere, but also all the laboratories, museums and pendent character. In 1901 he equipped and endowed the libraries which Wellcome had founded and supported. “Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories” in the then There could no longer be any doubt, therefore, that these newly established Gordon Memorial College at Khartoum ; were to be regarded as supported by the business, and not, and he acquired therewith a lasting interest in the Sudan, as a private hobby, by its owner. and formed a friendship with Lord Kitchener. In connexion It is open to argument that Wellcome had missed an with these laboratories he also provided, in 1907, a floating opportunity by not recognizing this position more frankly, laboratory for use on the upper reaches of the Nile. Dr. at an earlier stage. It might, indeed, have served his (later Sir) Andrew Balfour and Dr. C. M. Wenyon, who had purpose better to claim, from the outset, that such a research held leading positions in these Khartoum laboratories, organization as he intended to create could render services accepted, in 1913, appointments in a new “Bureau of essential to the success of a progressive pharmaceutical Scientific Research”, which Wellcome was then founding in enterprise, without compromising the opportunities of its London, mainly for researches bearing upon tropical staff for independent and distinguished researches in the fields medicine. Some years after the first World War this . of medicine and the related sciences ; that, on the contrary, Bureau (later to become the Wellcome Laboratories of by providing a ready access to ’equipment and materials on Tropical Medicine) was accommodated in a great new a manActuring scale, the association with an enlightened building which Wellcome had erected in the Euston Road, industry ought to offer opportunities, not otherwise avail- designed to house also his Historical Medical Museum and able, for certain lines of essentially independent research, Library, his teaching Museum of Medical Science, and the even on fundamental problems directly related to mediciue Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories. and its needs. Such a suggestion may well appear to-day to 14 15 be almost a commonplace. It should be remembered, especially of medical opinion, with regard to the possibility .of however, that it did not appear by any means so obvious carrying out researches of scientific dignity, and of importance when Wellcome was at the beginning of these research to the general progress of medical knowledge, in laboratories undertakings, more than sixty years ago. Then, and even supported by a pharmaceutical business enterprise. for a good many years later, there was a general tendency, The services which Wellcome himself had thus rendered especially in medical circles, to look askance at any suggestion to science and learning also received many public recogni- that it would be possible to carry out genuine researches in tions. The University of Edinburgh conferred on him an a commercial connexion, and especially such as would Honorary LL.D., the Royal College of Surgeons of England contribute seriously to medical knowledge. Wellcome was made him an Honorary F.R.C.S., in 1932 he was knighted apt to be even excessively sensitive to such external opinions. by King George the Fifth as “a generous supporter of He had fo-and himself faced, moreover, at an early stage, medical research”, and in the same year the Royal Society with the need for authoritative support for an application, elected him to its Fellowship under Statute I 2, as one who till then without precedent, which he was making to the had “rendered conspicuous service to the cause of science”. Home Office. This was for the registration of his physio- Though he had become a British subject in 1910,he retained logical laboratories to permit the performance there of the many American connexions and fiiendships and, as his Will animal experiments without which most of their projected showed, a generous concern for members of his family in the researches could not even begin. There were reasons of generations following his own, and a filial reverence for the policy, therefore, in those early days, for Wellcome to memory of his parents, and of *e pioneer surroundings of represent his laboratories as a personal enterprise of his own, his boyhood, near to what had then been the advancing and as having no connexion, other than one of formal western frontier of American civilization. convenience, with his business; and the tendency to speak of them and even to think of them in this way remained with him. Later he could, indeed, have claimed with justice for THE WELLCOME TRUST the researches carried out over the years in his various laboratories, that their contributions to the general fabric of From hints and assurances which he had given earlier, it the medical sciences would bear comparison with those seems likely that, when Wellcome first began to consider which had emanated, during the same period, from many the appointment by his Will of a Board of trustees, his main an academic or other independent research department object had been the relatively limited one of providing for working in the same fields. An impressive list could the continuation, after his death, of the business enterprise eventually have been put forward of the scientific recognitions which was then beginniig to grow rapidly in his own hands, -a Nobel Prize, Fellowships and Medals of the Royal and, more particularly, for the continued support of all the Society, Honorary Degrees, Chairs of important University medical research laboratories and museums, which its Departments, etc.-which had come to men who had done earnings might enable him to create in connexion with it some of their best work in the Wellcome Laboratories, and during his lifetime. As we have seen, he had evemtuaIly to some of them while they were still working there; and come to recognize these accessory enterprises as so essential it would have been reasonable for Wellcome to argue that a part of his business, that he had included them with his the standard thus set had helped in no small measure to directly commercial interests in a limited liability company, bring about a change in the climate of general opinion, and which he named “The Wellcome Foundation Limited”.

16 2 17 With the continued expansion of the business, however, it which Wellcome had himself been long supporting within had become evident that, when adequate provision had been the structures of his business, and for which he was also made for a generous maintenance and development of all the concerned to ensure continued support in that association. activities which he had thus incorporated with it, and when And it must be admitted that this similarity might be the trustees, to whom his Will was to bequeath all its shares, misinterpreted as implying some blurring of the distinction had further provided from their dividends for the fulfilment between the functions designed for the Trust and those which of any personal and specific bequests which he might decide had been included in the business. The liability to such a to make, they ought still to have at their disposal a substantial misunderstanding would ce&inly not have been reduced- residue of income. The Will which Wellcome made in it might seem almost to have been invited-by Wellcome’s 1932, in which the trustees were appointed and their choice of the name “Foundation” for the company incor- responsibilities defined, included a major section describing porating his business interests; and both the Trust and the in careful detail the objects for which the trustees were Foundation have, in fact, been subject to no little incon- empowered to use these funds. They were arranged under venience by the frequent confusion between them which tbis two headings: nomenclature has actually entailed. The Will, however, I. 66. . . the advancement of research work bearing took care to nulliQ any legal risk of such ambiguity, by a upon medicine surgery chemistry physiology bacteriology clause which explicitly excluded any objects not legally therapeutics materia medica pharmacy and allied subjects charitable from those to which it authorized the trustees to and any subject or subjects which have or at any time may apply their residual funds. And the truste. themselves took develop an importance for scientific research which may further action in due course to assure this position, by an conduce to the improvement of the physical conditions of application to the High Court, which recorded a judgment mankind and in particular for the discovery invention and confirming the charitable status of this principal part of their improvement of medicinal agents and methods for the Trust. prevention and cure of disorders and the control or When, after Sir Henry Wellcome’s death, the trustces extermination of insect and other pests which afflict appointed by his Will were made aware of its contents- human beings and animal and plant life in tropical and most of them for the first time-they found themselves ficing other regions and elsewhere . . .”. . an unusual complex of responsibilities. They were naturally prepared to find that, their principal function, they were 2. “. . . the establishment and endowment and hture as maintenance of any new Research Museum or Library and to succeed the testator in the charitable application of a large for the purchase and acquisition of books manuscripts residue of the income from the shares in his business. They documents pictures and other works of art and other were prepared also to regard it as a proper obligation of their objects and things for such Research Museums or Libraries Trust, to take a special interest in the further maintenance and for conducting researches and collecting information and development, on such lines as the testator had envisaged, connected with the history of medicine surgery chemistry of the laboratories and museums which he had incorporated bacteriology pharmacy and allied sciences . . .”. with the business ; even to intervene, if it should ever become necessary, to ensure that these would continue to receive a It will be seen that the objects thus dehed by the priority of support and encouragement at least as geierous as Will for charitable promotion and support by the trustees that which Wellcome himself would have desired for them. were not notably different, in their general aims, from those The trustees might, on the other hand, have expected to find 18 19 that the regular control and conduct of the business would January 1941, of the whole of the offices at Snout Hill be in the hands of a well-qualified Board of Directors, with Buildings inthe City of London, where the central adminis- whom their normal relations would have been only those trative and office staff of Burroughs Wellcome and Co. had appropriate to its shareholders, taking, at most, this special beeii entirely accommodated sincc 1883. Before this interest in some aspects of its activity; and that, indeed, was catastrophe, only a nucleus of that staff had made a precau- the only position which the trustees were prepiired eventually tionary removal to the Euston Road Building, which to accept. They found, however, that although the Will Wellcome had designed and erected for entirely different appeared to envisage such a Board, this did not in any normal uses; and the establishment in emergency quarters of the sense exist. There were competent heads of departments, large remainder naturally caused protracted dislocations in of course, and distinguished directors of the different more than one direction, Under such conditions, it was laboratories and museums; but, apart from such ultimate hardly to be expected that the process of recruiting and powers as the trustees might exercise as shareholders, a establishing an efficient Board of Directors would be entirely supreme, one-man authority, such as Wellcome himself had exempt from trial and error. The trustees hve reason to held with so much tenacity till his death, appeared to have be profoundly grateful, however, to those directors who been left in ageing hands which had lost, from long disuse, served with so loyal a devotion through the long period of any such power of enterprise or initiative as they might once abnormal strains and demands ; with the eventual result that have possessed. The trustees had therefore to recognize, the trustees have now for some years been able, with and to accept as one of their own primary responsibilities, confidence and satisfaction, to restrict their functions in the need for the constitution of a vigorous, progressive and relation to the business. to those which they had always variously qualified Board of Directors, by promotion from regarded as proper to their position as shareholders. within the existing organization and recruitment from Meanwhile they had been faced immediately with an even without. Until this need had been met, neither the more pressing obligation. Since their inheritance came to laboratories and museums supported by the business, nor them only with the death of the testator, it was subject to the trustees' only source of income for their normal, Estate Duty, and, though this was certain to be of very large charitable functions, would have an assured future; but, dimensions, its true amount could be ascertained only by a whatever the urgency, the procedure thus involved was of a valuation, which had to be' reached in agreement with the kind which could not safely be hurried and might, even in Inland Revenue Office, since the estate consisted almost normal times, have required some years to complete. This, entirely of the shares in the business. This was a complicated however, was one of the many problems of which the undertaking and involved lengthy negotiations. The value solution was at that time already beginning to be com- of some of the material assets could be ascertained only by promised by the shadow of the approaching war. It was selling them; there was, in particular, an immense accumu- soon, indeed, to be subject to all the abnormal factors of lation of miscellaneous objects and books, acquired by the delay which were inevitable during the six years following testator over many years, incidentally, indeed, to purchases the outbreak of hostilities, and which were not to made at auction for his museum and library of the history disappear for some years after the war ended. As one of medicine, but having in themselves no proper relevance, only, though a very serious one, among the sources of such even on the widest interpretation, to the real object of those abnormal and adverse conditions, mention may be made of collections. The disposal of these redundant materials, some the complete destruction, in one night of air-attack in of them of great value for collections of other kinds, was to 20 21 occupy several years, and to involve the trustees in a number be understood, therefore, that a further period of more of abnormal decisions and responsibilities. The process was than five years had passed before the enterprise, on which the eventually hurried by pressure for the evacuation of a very Trust was wholly dependent for its income, began to emerge large warehouse which had been hired as a store, when this from the abnormal activities and demands imposed by the was required to meet some national war-time emergency. war, and from the readjustments to peace-time conditions As an example of the responsibilities which the trustees had which followed it. to accept in thii connexion, mention may be made of a very large ethnographical collection, which was eventually transferred with their approval to the British Museum, the SPECIAL BEQUESTS authorities of which, in addition to making a prior selection from it of objects acknowledged to constitute a very The testator’s Will contained a number of personal important accession to the Museum’s own Department of bequests, chiefly to members of his family, in the form of Ethnography, did a public sentice over many years, in annuities. These were, of course, outside its main, distributing the still very large and valuable remainder charitable objects; and the trustees thought it proper to set among other public museums throughout the United aside as early as possible, a capital sum adequate to deal with Kingdom. them, so that, when the claims of Estate Duty had also been The trustees’ most urgent problem, however, was to met, their income for charitable uses would be fully at their arrange for the payment of the Estate Duty to begin, even disposal and free from any such encumbrances. while the full amount of it was in process of assessment. There was one other’specific bequest, however, of an For this the testator had made no adequate provision, so entirely different character. Wellcome had never ceased to that the trustees had to concede to it a prior claim on their cherish the memory of his early upbringing in Garden City, dividend income, for as many years as might prove to be Minnesota, with gratitude and filial piety. He wished to required to meet the full demand; and, in order not to provide for the erection there of a permanent Memorial to prolong unduly this postponement of the proper use of their his parents, This, as he planned it, would have included a Trust, they were obliged to accept from the business the mausoleum for the reinterment of their remains; but the largest dividends which it could prudently declare. Even Court which gave judgment on the status of theTrust found so, this payment of the Estate Duty absorbed most of the that this item was not legally valid as a bequest, so that the Trust’s income for the first five years of its existence. It trustees had no power to give effect to it. The rest of the must further be remembered that, by the end of that time, Memorial plan was clearly a part of the Charity; but its the British nation and Commonwealth, where most of the nature was such that the trustees felt obliged to postpone income was then earned,had already been for nearly two years any active steps towards its realization until opportuniiy at war. And, though the war-time requirements of the should enable them to examine its possibilities in detail. armed forces inevitably produced a greatly increased demand Wellcome, during his lifetime, had acquired the freehold of for medicinal supplies, all the consequent additional earnings an area within the boundaries of Garden City, as these had were to be claimed as Excess Profits Tax, so that they could been planned; and the trustees were able to make minor not make any contribution to the provision of new capital additions by purchase, towards the completion of this equipment to meet this rapidly expanding national need property in accordance with directions given to them by the and the requirements of post-war reconstruction. It will Will. The Memorial, which they were directed to create 22 23 on this site, was to include an important Public Library, an learned that this School, educating both boys and @ris to Assembly Hall and Auditorium, a public Park or “Garden university entrance standards, was, indeed, an object of pride of Rest”, and a Sports Ground. The Will had given the and enterprise to the people of the whole area which it thus trustees an unfettered discretionary power to choose the date served, and to leading citizens of Mankato, the nearest in- appropriate for the provision of these amenities, the testator dustrial and business centre. A plan thus emerged, according being content to record his desire that it should be under- to which it is hoped that the directions of the Wellcome Will taken, if possible, within twenty-five years of his death. As can be carried out in a manner really beneficial to the Garden soon as the funds required became available, the trustees City community as it has developed, with its interests so recognized the obligation to set aside, in a separate account, largely centred in the prosperity and the needs of its School. thc sums designated by the Will for the construction and It is hoped, for example, that the Library can be so sited and permanent maintenance of this Memorial, amounting in all designed as to be conveniently used by the School, as well to the equivalent of 400,000 U.S. dollars. Meanwhile, as by the local residents; and that the Assembly Hall and however, the delay which was authorized gave them time for Auditorium can be so planned and constructed that the enquiry concerning local conditions, and for ascertaining School will also be able to use it as a gymnasium, and for what changes affecting the detailed practicability of the plan the indoor practice of sports such as basket-ball during the might have occurred since the Will was made, and might, severe winters. The Chairman of the trustees, Sir Henry indeed, be still in progress. It was beyond doubt, on the Dale, was able during the summer of 1956 to visit Mankato one hand, that the purchasing power of money would have and Garden City, with Drs. Code and Arinstrong and other diminished by a large factor, in Minnesota as elsewhere ; and, friends, in order to meet those locally interested in the on the other hand, it soon became clear, even as the result project, and to discuss with them the acceptability of a , of such enquiries as could be made from a distance, that Memorial planned on these general lines. The proposals Garden City had not developed into the populous centre were received with enthusiasm, and five gentlemen of local which its name might have seemed to imply, and which standing and influence have now accepted appointment as the testator appeared to have had in mind in planning the Special Memorial Trustees, to prepare detailed plans for Memorial. Later information appeared to indicate that the consideration by the Wellcome Trustees in London, and, I name, Garden City, was officially applied to a large area eventually, to be responsible for giving effect to an agreed which, being entirely agricultural, was sparsely populated, scheme. It is hoped that such approval and permits as may though prosperous. The locality which had been planned be needed, from Courts of Law and from the Exchange I l as a civic centre, and within which Wellcome had acquired Control, may not now be long delayed, so that a Memorial I the land for his Memorial, had developed so little that, worthy in every respect of the testator’s intention may be I according to the latest return available, its total resident ready for use before the end of the twenty-five years men- population numbered only just over two hundred. Its one tioned in the Will, of which tyenty have already elapsed. I important building was that of the Consolidated School, to which pupils were brought daily by a small fleet of motor vehicles from the surrounding country. The trustees were greatly assisted by enquiries made on their behalf by friends from Rochester and MinneaDolis-Dr, Charles Code and COMPLETION OF SIR HENRY WELLCOME’S machinery and the final closing down of the excavations, by ARCHAEOLOGICAL ENTERPRISES Major J. S. Uribe, who had been for some years Sir Henry Wellcome’s chief executive officer in organizing the camp, Although, for the various reasons mentioned, the trustees in caring for its day-to-day administrationand discipline and had been obliged to postpone for more than ten years the in keeping its records, A preliminary examination of the full development of the main activities of their Trust, they anthropological materials was undertaken by Dr. G. M. had to recognize the archaeological enterprises which the Morant and Dr. O. Samson, at University College, London, testator had been supporting up to the date of his death, as but the second World War interrupted the arrangements, having a more immediate claim on their consideration. and at its conclusion neither Dr. Morant nor Dr. Samson was free to continue with them. I. Jebel Moya, and other sites in the Sudan Some years later, a special statistical analysis of measure- Sir Henry Wellcome had himself been the enthusiastic ments from the human bones found at Jebel Moya was made, leader of excavations at Jebel Moya in the Sudan, near to under the supervision of Dr. J. C. Trevor of the Ethno- which he had lived for extended periods, even for one short graphical Museum at Cambridge, by two Indian experts, spell in a house which was roughly built for him from large Mr. R. Mukherjee and Mr. C. Radhakrishna ho, who boulders found on the site. Here, making archaeology “a received grants from the trustees for the purpose; the results handmaid of philanthropy”, he had exercised a paternal of this study were published by the Cambridge University authority over an army of Sudanese labourers. Human Press in 1955. For the main archaeological work, the remains had been uncovered in unexpectedly large numbers, trustees were fortunate in being able to secure the interest in burial sites at different levels, and large quantities of and co-operation of Dr. F. Addison, F.S.A., and Mr. L. P. utensils, potsherds and ornamentshad been unearthed. Much Kirwan, who worked on the materials in accommodation of this material had already been transported to England for found for the purpose in London, and made what visits were storage, and more was awaiting transport, together with a necessary to the site in the Sudan. The results of thii work mass of photographs and documents, recording the different were published for the trustees by the Oxford University stages of the explorationsand the dates, sites and levels of the Press in 1949, in two large quarto volumes entitled The various discoveries. The Will gave instructions to the Wellcome Excavations in the Sudan, Vols. I and II, ‘Jebel Moya’. trustees concerning arrangemenp to be made for closing During the same period Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, C.B.E., down these excavations, and for the collection and shipment F.B.A., and Dr. Addison had collected the materials and of the remaining items of interest. It also recommended carried out investigations which enabled them to report on archaeological and anthropological experts for consultation the results of the less extensive explorations in which Sir with regard to the large amount of work which would be Henry Wellcome had been interested, at the neighbouring required to assess the findings, and to prepare reports on the sites of Abu Geili, Segadi and Dar el Mek; and this report, results of these investigations in a form suitable for publica- in due course, was also ’published for the trustees by the tion. The trustees took steps to deal with these rather Oxford University Press, in a volume similar in format to complicated obligations as soon as they had had time to the two of the Jebel Moya Report, and entitled The Wellcome enlist the necessary expert co-operation. They were greatly Excuvations in the Sudan, Vol. III, ‘Abu Geili’. It was not assisted, especially in the earlier stages, dealing with the to be expected that works such as these, dealing with winding up of the enterprise in the Sudan, the disposal of its matters of highly specialized science and scholarship, would 26 27 attract the interest of a wide public. The trustees, however, distinguished leader, Mr. Starkey, was murdered by Arab have been glad to learn from reviews in the special journals, bandits in 1938. The other members, however, made a as well as from the accounts of sales made on their behalf by plea, to .which the trustees were glad to respond, for the publishers, that the reports have been well received in uninterrupted support of the work, and it was continued the circles for which they were intended. The expenditure with courage and devotion under the leadership of Mr. by the Trust, on the various aspects of the completion of the Charles Inge and Miss Olga Tufnell. Conditions in Palestine work and the publication of its results, has amounted to made its maintenance increasingly difficult, and, with the £I 8,148. * outbreak of the second World War, the decision had to be taken to abandon further active excavation, close the site 2. Tell ed-Duweir (f uchish), Palestine down, dispose of the equipment, including a stretch of light Sir Henry Wellcome had not taken any such personal railway track, and transfer materials and operations to part in the other major archaeological enterprise with which London, where work could be resumed on the products of his name is associated. This was the exploration, in the interrupted diggings, so that these could eventually be Palestine, of a mound known by the Arabic name of “Tell made the subject of suitable publications. At an early stage ed-Duweir” , situated about half-way between Jerusalem of the war Mr. Inge, in agreement with the trustees, had and Gaza, which was traditionally reputed to represent the accepted service of immediate importance to the national site of the Biblical city of Lachish. He had, however, agreed interest. Miss Tufnell, accordingly, with other members to share with the late Sir Charles Marston, of Wolverhampton, of the expedition who were still available to act with her the costs of an expedition, planned by archaeologists under and under her direction, became charged with the heavy. the leadership of the late Mr. J. L. Starkey, who wished to responsibilities of the transfer to London, and of the subse- excavate the site. At the time of Wellcome’s death the quent years of work required to deal with the materials, enterprise was already yielding results of great interest and plans and records representing the results of the exploration, further promise. Potsherds had been found, bearing writing and to prepare the results for publication. Sir Charles in an early Hebrew script, which proved to be a collection Marston, by friendly arrangement with the trustees, had of letters in which the city of Lachish was mentioned. terminated his contribution to the support of the enterprise These documents, at present placed on indefinite loan in the not long after the death of Mr. Starkey, and the trustees British Museum, have excited much interest in archaeological assumed the whole financial respoiisibility for the work from circles, and especially in those concerned with early then until its recent successful conclusion under Miss Palestinian history. Tufnell’s direction. This Lachish expedition had been undertaken too late to The trustees desire to record their deep sense of gratitude be mentioned in the Will made in 1932, and the testator to Miss Tufnell for the unfailing enthusiasm and devoted had not added any codicil to deal with it. The trustees, industry with which she, has accepted this responsibility on however, felt certain that his interest in and support of it their behalf, and for the entirely admirable and distinguished would have been continued, especially if he had lived to manner in which the work has been done. in 1936 the then recognize the importance and promise of its early results. newly-formed Institute of Archaeology, of the University of They accordingly agreed to continue with Sir Charles London, had moved into St. John’s Lodge, one of the he Marston the joint arrangement for its support. Tragedy houses formerly in private occupation in Regent’s Park. soon threatened the progress of the expedition, when its The Director at that time had offered to the Wellcome- 29 Marston Expedition, then still under the leadership of Mr. giving to this expedition, has been more than justified by the Starkey, the use of a suite of rooms in the Institute; and result. When allowance is made for the receipts already to this has remained the headquarters of the Expedition in hand from sales of the earlier Reports of the series, their London till the completion of the work twenty years later. total expenditure on the expedition, under all headings, has It has been there, except for the interval in the second amounted to somethingless than €30,000. Since, however, World War when the work had to be suspended, that Miss the Will, while giving special directions for the final Tufneil, with one assistant, has been regularly occupied with expenditures required by the Jebel Mop undertaking, gave the preparation of the Reports for publication. The trustees the trustees no continukg authority for the support of have been greatly indebted to the successive Directors of the archaeological enterprises, they have felt it to be their duty Institute of Archaeology during this long period for the to record a decision that, now that those in which the testator facilities thus generously given, which have enabled the work was himself interested are completed, they will not be able to be continued and completed in so helpful and appropriate to consider applications for help to further projects of this an association. In recognition of this important service, kind. they gladly agreed to present to the Institute’s own Museum the material findings of the expedition, except for duplicates and objects otherwise not required, after the study of the GENERAL PLANS FOR THE SUPPORT OF collection for purposes of publication had been completed. RESEARCH Remaining groups of specimens were presented to teaching collections at the Universities of Cambridge, The trustees gave thought, at an early stage of their Dublin, Durham, Leeds, Liverpool, Oxford and Manchester, proceedings, to the choice of certain special areas of research and to museums at Bergen, Brussels, Lucknow and Sydney, in the general field of medicine and the related sciences, as The Musée du Louvre in Paris and the Mebopolitan Museum those in which they could most suitably plan to use the funds of Fine Arts in New York received antiquities suitable for which would eventually be at their disposal. They did not, display. of course, intend to exclude any promising proposal from An impressive list of distinguished experts writing on future consideration; they would hold themselves free to special aspects of the work have contributed to four separate support any line of research coming within the wide scope Reports, published by the Oxford University Press- of the authority which the Will had given them. They iuchish I, dealing with the pottery-inscribed ‘Lachish took the view, however, that their fundi would not be Letters’, as deciphered and interpreted by Professor H. used to the best advantage if scattered by unselective Torczyner, of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; allotment over too wide a range. They recognized, again, Luchish If, dealing with ‘The Fosse Temple’; Lachish ZZZ, the importance of so planning their activities that these would with the findings at the level of ‘The Iron Age’; and be complementary to those of other funds with similar aims, Lachish IV, concluding the series, with ‘The Bronze Age’. and would avoid any detrimental degree of overlap and Three of these Reports were issued in 1938, 1940and 1953 competition. They thought that it would further be respectively, and the fourth is in the press. appropriate to give some positive preference, in making their The trustees are well satisfied that the expenditure in plans, to the independent support, at any suitable centre, of which their Trust has been involved, by their decision to researches in those parts of the medical and neighbouring continue the support which Sir Henry Wellcome had been fields which had attracted the active interest of Sir Henry 30 31 Wellcome himself. After a careful consideration of these Medals and the accompanying emoluments, and transmit them different aspects of their problem, and with the help of to the authorities making the respective awards. The suitable enquiries, the trustees decided that, in making their Trustees have acted in accordance with this request in all own plans for the use of theirfunds, and also in considering cases. They have found it necessary, however, to depart in applications, they would give priority to the promotion and some instances from the precise terms of the awards, as support of research in the fields of pharmacy and pharma- these had been originally defined and applied during the life cology, veterinary medicine, and tropical medicine. of the testator. These variations, which have been adopted While, on account of conditions already discussed, the full in every case in full agreement with the awarding authority, development of their plans was subject to postponement, the have been due to the necessity of substituting bronze for trustees found themselves early faced by certain commitments gold in the medals, when gold was no longer available for and important applications which required immediate such purposes, with additional cash awards to make good attention. It will be convenient to mention some of these to the recipients at least the equivalent of the difference in early activities of the Trust here. value. The trustees have also reviewed the situation from time to time, with one or another of the awarding bodies, to assure themselves that each of these medals and prizes MEDALS AND PRIZES has continued to do a real service, in honouring and encouraging achievement of genuine distinction, in the During his lifetime Sir Henry Wellcome had established particular sphere of activity for the recognition of which several Wellcome Medals and associated Prizes. They had the award was established. They have found no reason to been accepted by four different authorities, who undertook doubt, in any case,*that a continuance of the award is to award them at agreed intervals, for the recognition of still fully justified on such grounds. On the other hand, different kinds of scientific or humanitarian achievement. it is not a part of their policy, as at present advised, to These were as follows : consider the creation of other Medals and Prizes. The University $Edinburgh. Medal and Prize for Research Lists of the recipients since 1936of the Wellcome Medals on some subject dealing with the History of Medicine. and Prizes awarded by the four authorities mentioned above The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States of are given in Appendices A-D. America. Medal and Prize for an Essay, or a report on original research, dealing with the Military Applications of Medicine. THE WELLCOME TRUST The Royal AJricun Society. Medal for distinguished service RESEARCH LABORATORIES, THESSALONIKI to Africa. The Royal Anthropological Institute. Medal and Prize for . These laboratories had their origin in an investigation on original research on the application of anthropological malaria and its control in Greece, undertaken by the Health methods in the study of problems arising from the Organization of the League of Nations with the use of contact of native peoples with one another, or with funds from an American donor which were calculated to civilization. provide for the support of an expert investigator for seven Sir Henry Wellcome, in his Will, had expressed the wish years. Dr. Henry Foy, who had already had duable that the Trustees would continue to provide hnds for these experience of malaria and its problems elsewhere, had been

32 3 33 appointed by the authorities of the League to conduct the by the trustees to supervise its activities. Dr. Foy was given investigation. Finding, on his arrival in Greece, that the an appointment, in the first instance, for five years, and this plans for the work had been based on Athens, where there was renewed for successive similar periods until, in 1953, was little malaria, Dr. Foy, on his own initiative, but with it was given a permanence comparable with that of an the approval of the Greek Government, succeeded in academic post, with the appropriate provision for pension. building a small laboratory at Thessaloniki (Salonika) in the At an early stage of his tenure Dr. Foy submitted to the grounds of the Refugee Hospital. This hospital at that time trustees proposals for the addition to the original laboratory had a remarkable intake of cases from the malaria-stricken of a new wing and an upper floor, which would effectively Struma Valley, and thus afforded an unrivalled opportunity treble its accommodation, and enable part of it to be for the study of that disease and of others, such as blackwater equipped as a small clinic, to which ten patients could fever, associated with its high incidence. Experts in tropical be admitted for special study. The trustees authorized diseases, especially Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley, who had this extension, and the low costs of materials and labour visited Dr. Foy at Thessaloniki and seen his laboratory, had then current in Greece enabled the work to be camed been greatly impressed the importance of the oppor- by out under Dr. Foy’s supervision for a remarkably sd tunities which it would offer for researches by a series of expenditure. It became necessary then to provide for visiting workers, with special qualifications for studying the the medical care and treatment of the patients who many clinical and pathological conditions available there would be admitted for special observation and study; in such tragic abundance. In 1937, however, the funds and Dr. Athena Kondi, from whom Dr. Foy had already supporting Dr. Foy’s work were nearly exhausted, and the received valuable co-operation in the Refugee Hospital, was Health Organization of the League of Nations decided to appointed to take this clinical responsibility and, in general, relinquish the project. The position created by this to collaborate with Dr. Foy in the associated investigations. decision was brought to the notice of the Tropical Medical This appointment, again, after several renewals, was even- Research Committee of the Medical Research Council, tually given a more lasting form with superannuation whose report convinced the Council of the urgent im- provision; and Dr. Kondi is still acting in regular collabora- portance of preserving the laboratory, of enabling Dr. Foy tion with Dr. Foy, and taking responsibility for the clinical to continue his work in it, and of keeping its special aspects of such of their joint investigations as require the opportunities thus available to other research workers. As care and treatment of human patients. Their work, an organization of the British Government, the Council however, is at the present time accommodated, not in the could not itself own or maintain a laboratory in a foreign Wellcome Trust Laboratories at Thessaloniki, but in the country. In these circumstances an appeal was made to Medical Research Laboratories at Nairobi, Kenya. For, at the Wellcome Trustees, who, after consultation with the the end of 1940, the continuation of the researches at League of Nations, the American donor of the expiring Thessaloniki was rendered impossible by the German funds, and the Greek Government, accepted in 1938 the invasion of Greece. Dr. Foy and Dr. Kondi, with the full ownership of the laboratory, with the full responsibility for approval of the Wellcome Trustees, then accepted service its further maintenance, and that of the researches and under the British Military Mission in Turkey, and were organizing activities of Dr. Foy. The laboratory was engaged for six months in making malaria surveys on the accordingly named “The Wellcome Trust Research Labora- airfields which were then being constructed in Asia Minor tory, Thessaloniki ”, and a small Committee was appointed and Gallipoli. Thereafter, seeing no early prospect of a 34 3s return to the laboratories in Thessaloniki, they transferred months’ notice, so that it could be used again for its original their activities, with those items of their experimental purpose of medical research. equipment for which they could obtain suitable transport, Since 1949, Dr. Foy and various co-workers have been to the South African Institute of Medical Research at carrying on their researches with Nairobi as their base, with Johannesburg, where they were to find hospitable accom- excursions, for varying periods, to Portuguese East Africa, modation and a base for their field researches in the Union the Sudan, India and Ceylon, connected with special aspects and elsewhere in Africa during the next four years, They of their work. Already in Thessaloniki the programme had then returned to Thessaloniki, where, in spite of the looting begun to extend to the study of nutritional and other forms to which the laboratories had been subjected during the of anaemia such as are widely prevalent in the tropics, and period which followed the German occupation, they these, and the distribution of the sickle-cell trait, have succeeded in restoring the facilities to a sufficient extent figured to an increasing extent in the researches undertaken to enable their researches to be resumed there during the in Africa and in Asia. An indication of the range and years from I 945- I 948. It was during this period that they character of the field investigations carried out by Dr. Foy identified the sickle-cell trait and sickle-cell anaemia and Dr. Kondi while supported by the Trust is given by for the first time in Greece. By the end of the period, the list of publications in Appendix E. Here it will suffice however, the civil war in Greece was causing new difficulties to note that the trustees have every reason to be gratified for the conduct of research in Thessaloniki. Apart from by the importance and the distinction of the results which such disturbances, the site was being rendered much less have accrued from this, the first medical research enterprise suitable for the work which had been in view when the to which they agreed to give financial support in any form; Laboratory had originally been built there, and when the but that it has remained the only one for which they have Wellcome Trustees had accepted it in 1938, by the later so far assumed a full and continuing responsibility of this success of the application by an American mission to the kind. This enterprise has, indeed, had an exceptional Struma Valley of the efficient insecticides discovered during history in many respects-in the manner of its origin, in the the war. This had been so effective that the prevalence of successive interruptions and displacements to which it has malaria had been reduced to small proportions-a result been subjected, and in its repeated re-estabïihment in most heartily to be acclaimed from every point of view, distant centres and with appropriate realignments of its apart from the exceptional opportunities, previously offered research objectives. Such an opportunist policy of adjust- by the locality, for a concentrated study of the different ment would obviously have been impossible without the aspects and complications of that disease. Once more, unfailing courage, determination and resourcefulness with then, it was decided to close the work in the Thessaloniki which Dr. Foy has faced all these unusual difficulties. The laboratories, but under conditions which would leave trustees are glad to have been able to contribute a factor of open the possibility of its future resumption at not too stability, by continuing the financial support which, under long notice. It was found that the International Com- such conditions, it might otherwise have been difficult to mittee for European Migration, working under the World obtain. They think it desirable to make it clear, however, Health Organization of the United Nations, would be that the acceptance, in other instances, of similar direct glad to occupy the building, under an agreement by which responsibility on a long-term basis, for the staffing, equipment they undertook to maintain it in good condition, and to hand and working expenses of a research unit does not at present it back, on request, to the Wellcome Trustees at six formpart of theirplans for the further allotment of their funds. 36 37 DRYING HUMAN BLOOD PLASMA condition of a number of the more sensitive biological AND SERUM products, which now play a part of great and still growing importance in therapeutics. In 1942, at a critical period of the second World War, equipment was urgently required for further research on methods for preserving human blood plasma, by drying it UNIVERSITY CHAIRS AND RESEARCH completely in the frozen condition and in a high vacuum. FELLOWSHIPS The dried, stable and sterile product, in sealed containers, would then be available for transmission to any part of the In pursuance of their policy of giving priority of con- world, where it could be reconstituted, by the addition of sideration to opportunities for the promotion of research in sterile water, whenever it was required for the treatment certain chosen fields, the trustees, at a relatively early stage of the injured. Dr. R. I. N. Greaves, working in Cambridge of their activities, decided to provide endowments which for the Medical Research Council, had already methods in would enable a Wellcome Professorship of Clinical Tropical hand which had been successful on a pilot scale; but Medicine and a Wellcome Professorship of Pharmacology to further research, with equipment of appropriate dimensions, be established, both of them in the University of London. was still required to convert these methods to a scale large enough to deal with the available quantities of human plasma Tropical Medicine and serum, and to meet the great and growing need for the The Wellcome Professorship of Clinical Tropical Medicine life-saving application of the resulting product. The Medical was created in the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Research Council, recognizing the urgency of the need, but Medicine in 1945, a capital grant of €,#,ooo being made by not having the resources at its immediate disposal for the the Trust for the purpose. This sum represented only purchase of the necessary manufacturing plant, appealed to one-half of the endowment which, even at that date, was the Wellcome trustees for a grant sufficient to enable such calculated to provide the full income of such a Chair. 'The a plant to be built, so that further researches and position was that Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley, who had been expanded production might begin with minimum delay, invited by the University to become the first Wellcome The trustees made a grant of ~20,000for this purpose; and Professor, had made it clear that he did not wish to accept they were glad to learn in due c.ourse that between February the appointment on more than a half-time basis. There was 1943, when this plant came into operation, and September an understanding with the University that should it later 1945, when it was closed down, it had been able to provide become desirable to convert the appointment to a full-time stable, dried plasma and serum in quantities which had met one, they would inform the Wellcome Trustees before the whole requirements of the Royal Navy and of the civilian seeking additional support from any other external source. population of this country, and a proportion of those of When Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley retired from the Chair in the Army and the Royal Air Force as well, during one of the 1950, the University decided, indeed, to offer a full-time most strenuous and critical periods of the war. The appointment to the next incumbent; but by that time the trustees recognized further, and with a special satisfaction, need for and the requirements of such a Chair had become that this grant had made a substantial contribution to the well established, so that the University considered it more development by research of methods which have since found appropriate to be responsible for the provision of the a more general application, in the preservation instable additional stipend as a normal item of their budget. in 38 39 i recognition, however, of the initiative of the Wellcome periods. The grants which the trustees have so far made trustees which had enabled the Chair to be founded, it has for these two classes of research fellowships amount in all retained the title of “Wellcome Professorship of Clinical to upwards of £18,000 to the Animal Health Trust, and Tropical Medicine”. Dr. F. Murgatroyd was elected to upwards of ~10,000to the PharmaceuticalSociety. Itshould succeed Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley, as the first hll-time be noted that the Veterinary Fellowships have mostly been Professor, but the Chair became vacant again in 1952 through awarded to qualified men of relatively senior standing, while ..his untimely death. He was succeeded by Dr. A. W. those for Pharmacy have so far been held by recently Woodruff, the present Wellcome professor. graduated students.

Phurmucolaay Biochemistry, etc. For the endowment, on a full-time basis, of a Wellcome In addition to these grants to outside bodies for research Professorship of Pharmacology in the School of Pharmacy of emoluments to be offered regularly over periods of years, the the University of London, the trustees made provision in trustees have themselves, from time to time, made direct 1946 by a grant of £74,ooo, which was accepted for that awards of special research fellowships for limited periods to purpose by the School and the University. Dr. G. A. H. individual research workers, mostly in Biochemistry. The Buttle, who was elected to be the first Professor, still holds recipients have usually been men of established achievement the appointment. The trustees have recently made a further in research, whose particular circumstances were such as to grant of up to £6,000 to assist the development of his convince the trustees of the desirability of offering them researches in chemotherapy. further limited opportunities for whole-time work, under Veterinary Medicine :Pharmacy conditions which would widen their experience and contribute to the development of their full potentialities. For the promotion of research in the fields of Veterinary Several of the research fellows, thus appointed on individual Medicine and of Pharmacy, and with the special object of claims and recommendations, have been enabled to come to encouraging the recruitment into these fields of workers the United Kingdom from other countries of the British showing suitable qualifications and aptitudes for research, Commonwealth, and the subjects have been fairly widely the trustees also decided to provide annual grants for distributed in the range of those open to support by the specified periods to enable The Animal Health Trust in the trustees. The trustees have expended some €15,000 in one case, and The Pharmaceutical Society in the other, to such unsystematic awards. They have learned with satis- offer Wellcome Research Fellowships in the subjects of faction that two of these temporary research fellows are their respective interests. Each of these bodies set up now holding Professorships in the Australian National a special committee to award the Fellowships, and the University at Canberra; that another is holding a research Wellcome trustees have, by invitation, been represented post in the Canadian National Research Council Laboratory on these committees. The provision of such Fellowships at Ottawa, while a third is a Professor of Mycology in a appears, in both cases, to have met a genuine need, British University. and the trustees have been glad to meet requests, based upon favourable experience, for the renewal of their grants Anadesioloay for successive further periods, and at substantially higher More recently the trustees have responded to two appeals rates than those sanctioned for the initial, experimental for funds to establish senior research posts in Anaesthedolog 40 41 in different University centres on the North American GRANTS FOR BUILDING, ADAPTATION, Continent, where the importance of the advancement by OR EQUIPMENT OF research of knowledge and practice in this special ,field is RESEARCH LABORATORIES evidently being recognized with a rapidly growing interest. The trustees have themselves been impressed by the evidence It was only in respect of research museums and libraries put before them, of the remarkable improvements achieved that the provision, extension, or equipment of buildings by research, during years still quite recent, in the methods appeared to be directly envisaged by the tern of the Sir of producing anaesthesia as an aid to surgery, after these had Henry Wellcome’s Will (see p. I 8). The trustees, however, shown so little change in principle since their introduction have taken the view that the provision of new laboratories, by Morton and by Simpson more than a century ago; and, or the extension and better equipment of existinglaboratories, further, by evidence of the great advances which have thus may offer, in appropriate cases, the most effective method of become possible in the technique and the range of surgery, carrying out the general direction given to them, to promote and of the consequent rapid extension, in turn, of the scope and support researches in a widely defined range of the of the anaesthetist’s responsibilities. They readily respon- medical and veterinary sciences. The grants which the ded, accordingly, to an appeal from the McGill University, trustees have made for the building and equipment of Montreal, for help in founding a full-time Research Chair research laboratories have, indeed, been responsible for a in connexion with its already extensive teaching Department large component of the total expenditure which they have of Anaesthesiology, of which the Director is Professor incurred in fulfilment of their Trust, up to the date of this Harold R. Griffith. The grant made by the trustees, early Report, and other applications now under consideration, or in 1956, for this Wellcome Research Professorship of known to be impending, suggest that the position is likely Anaesthesiology in McGill University, included an initial to continue. Some of the awards already sanctioned under capital grant of $ I 5,000 for equipment and an annual grant this general heading are reviewed below. of $25,000 p.a. for five years, making a total of $140,000-~ Grants have been made to the Universities of Oxford, approximately £50,000. Dr. J. G. Robson, formerly a Leeds and St. Andrews for alterations and extensions to Consultant Anaesthetist at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, their Departments of Pharmacology, to increase and improve was appointed as the first holder of this new Research the provision available for research in that subject. The Professorship. object of the grant made to the University of St. Andrews, Later an application was received from the Medical for extending the research opportunities of its Department School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., of Pharmacology at the Medical School in Dundee, was of U.S.A., for a grant to enable an Associate Research Pro- an unusual kind. This grant, of &15,000, is being used to fessorship to be created in its Department of Anaesthesiology. build an extension to the Gatty Marine Laboratory at

The trustees made in this case a grant of $69,000- ’ St. Andrews, in which preparations from a range of marine approximately ~25,ooo-to provide for the cost of main- fauna will be available for pharmacological investigations and taining such a Wellcome Associate Research Professorship the development of new pharmacological methods. At for five years; and Dr. Henry L. Price, already working in Oxford and Leeds grants of ~1,700and &IO,OOO have been the Department under its Director, Professor Robert D. used to excellent purpose, to extend the facilities available Dripps, has been appointed to the post. for pharmacological researches in their respective Depart- ments, and to degrees out of proportion to the expenditures 42 43 incurred. Research in the Physiological Department of the electron microscopes, to be placed on indehite loan with Chelsea Polytechnic has been assisted with a of up to grant the Medical Research Council, the Department of Physiology, €5,000 for equipment, including the provision of an Animal University of Cambridge, and the Department of House. Human Anatomy, University of Oxford; only the instrument for A grant of up to €5,000 has been made to the Rowett loan to the Medical Research Council has so fir been Research Institute, Aberdeen, to provide a special room delivered (October 1956); it has been installed in the which will enable the Institute to put into action a plant Department of Biophysics, University College, London. for the preparation on an intermediate scale of materials The trustees are also purchasing a Nuclear Magnetic for nutritional experiments on farm animals, the plant itself Resonance Spectrometer, costing some €1 5,000, of which, being provided by the Rockefeller Foundation. Of grants according to information given to the trustees, no example of major size, mention may be made of that of up to €60,000 has hitherto been available in a British University and only to the Strangeways Research Laboratory, near Cambridge, one in Europe; it is to be placed on indehite loan in the for the building and equipment of a new Department of new Laboratories of Organic Chemistry in the University of Biochemistry;of that of £80,000 to the University of London, Cambridge. Smaller grants for otherwise similar purposes to towards the cost of new Laboratories of Experimental several University Departments have accounted for a huther Surgery at the Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith ; total of over Q,OOO; so that more than £50,000 in all has of a grant of up to €35,000 to the University of Edinburgh, been so far granted for such special items of costly equipment. for the building of new houses for the experimental breeding of mice and rabbits at its Institute of Animal Genetics; of provision up to &60,000 to the University of Leeds, towards GRANTS FOR RESEARCH MUSEUMS the cost of new research laboratories for medical physics * AND LIBRARIES and urology; and of contingent provision of €50,000 to the University of Oxford, for a “Wellcome Research Unit”, Royal College of Surgcons of England: Wellcome Research Museums a component of the new research laboratories contem- as The earliest appeal to the trustees for a grant from what plated for its Department of Biochemistry. It will be seen the Will described as “The Research Museum and Library that the grants already authorized under this general heading Fund”, came from the Royal College of Surgeons of England, . amount to a total of well over ~300,000;and, already as whose building in Lincoln’s Inn Fields, including its historic mentioned, a number of others are under consideration. Hunterian Museum, had suffered severely in an air-raid in May 1941. The College had included, in its plans for rebuilding and extension, the provision of new research SPECIAL APPARATUS museums. These were to occupy, on three upper storeys of PURCHASED FOR INDEFINITE LOAN a new wing, floor areas corresponding, in each case, approximately to that of the new Great Hall of the College, Apart from the provision for research involving new planned on the ground level of the same new wing. The building, mention may be made of a number of grants trustees, having considered the appeal, decided in 1945 to which the trustees have made to enable research departments make a grant of €80,000 to provide for the building of these to acquire special items of costly apparatus. These include, three new museum floors. This offer was made, and accep- so Ear, grants amounting in all to over €33,000 for three ted by the College, at a time when only a provisional estimate 44 45 could be considered, no useful prediction being possible then any useful relation to the conditions of 1950. The trustees, with regard to the future changes in the costs of materials and however, were impressed by the important service which labour. Already by 1951, as the completion of the building would be rendered to medical research by a scheme which work came in sight, new estimates based upon actual costs would enable the accommodation for thii leading medical showed that a sum of at least &IOO,OOO would be required; library to be greatly increased. New estimates, based on a and an additional grant of &20,000 was accordingly made, contemporary survey of quantities and prices, showed that, with a knowledge that provision for the internal fittings of as in the earlier case of the museums for the Royal College of the museums, for professional fees and, possibly, for needs Surgeons, a sum of £80,000 would be required to justify the yet unforeseen, might yet have to be made from some source, Royal Society of Medicine in embarking upon this enterprise; Most recently, and at a date, indeed, after the period properly and a grant of this amount'was offered by the trustees and covered by this Report, a further grant of €35,000 has been accepted by the Society in 1950. In this case again, the sum made by the trustees to cover all such outstanding items, actually required to complete the new building and recon- making a final total of &I 35,000 for the building and equip- struction proved to be substantially in excess of that originally ment of these three new research museums, known as the granted. General costs continued, of course, to rise during Wellcome Research Museum of Anatomy and Physiology and the progress of the work, and there were special requirements the Wellcome Research Museums of General and Special of the local authority to be met, necessitating a new steel Pathology, respectively. A Memorial Stone, for the new wing structure extending through the building from the ground, which includes these museums, was laid by Her Majesty the to take the weight of the new fourth floor; and all this had Queen on the 5th May 1953, and the mueums themselves to be undertaken with a minimal interruption of the normal were formally opened for use on the 23rd November 1955. use of the building' by the Fellows. In addition, later modifications of design had enabled the second floor to be Royal Society of Medicine: Wellcome Research Library made more completely available for the new Wellcome In 1950, during the tenure by their Chairman, Sir Henry Research Library than the original plans would have allowed. Dale, of the Presidential Chair of the Royal Society of Altogether, under such various headings, the Society found Medicine, the trustees were made aware of the need, long itself faced with successive additions to the estimated costs, recognized by that Society and then becoming urgent, for a necessitating further appeals to the trustees, which brought major extension of the accommodation for its great and the total granted for this purpose to more than &I 25,ooo. The inevitably growing library.' A plan had long existed for new Wellcome Research Library was opened by the Right meeting this need in the only practicable way, namely, by Hon. Lord Woolton, C.H., P.C., acting on.behalf of the adding a new, fourth floor to the Society's existing three- Lord President of the Council, on the 4th December 1953. storey building, so that, by a transfer of the accommodation provided for other purposes, the whole of the second floor WeZZcome Associateships of the Royal Society of Medicine could be vacated, and so reconstructed internally as to make This arrangement, instituted in 1952, may appropriately it available for a new library, over the main, first-floor be mentioned here, since its origin had a certain connexion iibrary, and with an equal floor area. Plans for an addition with the ccmpletion of the Wellcome Research Library in and reconstruction on these lines had been accepted by the the Royal Society of Medicine. It appeared desirable to the Council of the Society as early as I 944 ; but the estimates of trustees that the additional facilities thus afforded for the the cost which had been obtained at that date had no longer housing and use of the Society's library, together with other 46 47 privileges of its Fellowship, should be made available to a selected group of medical research workers and advanced students, at a stage of their careers when none but a few This smh, but very attractively designed Museuh was would be able to afford these advantages by subscription. formally opened by Sir Henry Dale on the 4th April 1956. The trustees accordingly offered the Society a grant of Among the earlier grants made by the trustees to assist SI ,500 per annum for five years for this purpose. The medical research libraries may be mentioned that to the Society accepted the offer and decided to use the grant for Walter and Eliza Hall Research Institute, Melbourne, in the creation of 3 00 such Wellcome Associateships tenable 1946, which was used mainly to purchase books for the at any one time; so that, if the average tenure of an Asso- establishment of a Wellcome Library of Epidemiological ciateship was two years, an average of I 50 new ones should be Research, and a grant made during the second World War available for award in each year. In response to a suggestion to the Canterbury Medical Library, Christchurch, New. made by the trustees in offering the grant, it was further Zealand, for the purchase of scientific periodicals. A decided to give a certain priority, in making the awards, to research library recently assisted by the trustees with a grant medical postgraduates from overseas, visiting Britain for to purchase specialized books and periodicals is that of the limited periods of research. The Society appointed a special Department of Pharmacology at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Committee to award these Associateships, which appear to Medical College, London. have met a need, to judge from the numbers of suitable applications. When the Society later raised its normal Fellowship subscription from 7 to IO guineas per annum, HISTORY OF MEDICINE the trustees agreed to raise their annual grant for the Wellcome Associateships from €1,500 to £2, I 00 per Sir Henry Wellcome, who had himself devoted so annum. At the same time they made a separate grant of much of his resources and his interest to the collections to £I,OOO per annum for five years for the benefit of the be housed in his own Museum and Library of the History of library, to enable arrears of binding and repairs to be Medicine, gave directions in his Will to the trustees for undertaken. the continued promotion of knowledge in that field. in Other Grants.fir Research Museums and Libraries accordance with this part of their mandate, the trustees recently offered a capital grant of Qo,ooo to the Royal In addition to the grants to the Royal College of Surgeons College of Physicians of London, to provide the salary and of England, the trustees have provided funds for the estab- expenses of a whole-time Archivist in the Library. .Tomeet lishment of research museums at the Royal College of a more immediate need of the College, however, it has since Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and at the institute of been agreed that, instead of the capital grant being payable Orthopaedics, University of London; in the one case .a immediately, the income from an equivalent sum should be grant of up to ~30,000has been made towards the cost of made available by the trustees annually, for up to five years, including a Wellcome Research Museum of Obstetrics and to provide expert collaboration in the preparation of a Gynaecology (with two special research rooms) in the new History of the College. In connexion with the rebuilding building of the College in Regent’s Park; in the other, programme for the College, the trustees have hrther agreed grants totalling £5,300 were made for the adaptation and to contribute £6,000 towards the cost of proposed extensions equipment of rooms in the Institute’s building in Great to the Library, so as to increase the facilities for research in 48 4 49 the history of medicine. Meanwhile, as a special contribu- collecting the scientific writings of Paul Ehrlich, which had tion to the Harvey Tercentenary commemoration in June been rather widely scattered through various medical publi- 1957, they have undertaken to present the College with a cations and, in a few important cases, had not hitherto been new edition, in colour and with a sound-track, of the film published at all, but had remained in manuscript or type- dealing with Harvey’s researches on the circulation of the script. Miss Martha Marquardt, Ehrlich’s devoted secretary blood, which was made originally by the late Sir Thomas during the last thirteen years of his scientific activity, who Lewis with Sir Henry Dale in 1928. had been living as an exile in Paris, had come to London at Other grants in aid of libraries with special significancefor Sir Almroth Wright’s invitation, bringing with her a number the history of medicine have been those to the Royal Faculty of documents which would provide an important nucleus for a of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, for the cost of collected edition of Ehrlich’s works. These had contributed repairing and cataloguing books in its library published before largely to the foundations of several of the main departments 1850, and to the Heberden Society for the acquisition and of modem medical knowledge, research and practice, in- binding of books for its library dealing with the history of cluding haematology, immunology, chemotherapy, and those the rheumatic diseases, principles of biological measurement which have been Reference to the classified list of awards on p. 66 will show needed for the safe and effective use of many of the newer that, apart from such grants to institutions and societies, the potent remedies. As soon as conditions allowed, Miss trustees have on numerous occasions given financial assistance Marquardt, with the support of the trustees, revisited what to scholars engaged in the preparation of editions of ancient had once been Ehrlich’s Institute in Frankfurt a/M, to medical documents, or of reviews of medical beliefs and collect a number of additional documents. A large series practices in certain periods, for eventual publication. In of press-copy books, containing facsimiles of Ehrlich’s daily certain cases they have also taken steps to make such con- jottings, over many years, of ideas for research and of tributions to medical history generally available, by grants directions for experiments sent to his assistants and col- made to publishers in the form of guarantees against loss. laborators, were generously lent by Ehrlich’s daughters and Among the provisions made by the trustees under this same their families, now in the U.S.A. These were made general heading may be mentioned their undertaking to available to Miss Marquardt, and during the latter years provide, as required, a sum up to £20,000 to finance the of her life, till her death at an advanced age in 1956, the printing and publication of the successive volumes of a trustees shared with the Wright-Fleming institute in complete catalogue, which has been now for some years in providing for her personal support while she was engaged continuous preparation, of the books and pamphlets in the in the systematic deciphering and transcription of this Wellcome Historical Medical Library, from the earliest dates assembly of notes-many of them likely otherwise to have down to 1850. remained permanently illegible-and of letters, lectures, In this connexion it seems appropriate also to mention a etc., of which some proved to be important additions to the more recent action by the trustees, which they have regarded collection of Ehrlich’s scientific writings. Before the as a contribution to that history of medicine which, in due collection could be completed and a publisher induced to course, will come to deal with the tremendous advances in undertake its publication, with a guarantee against loss of medical knowledge during the twentieth century. Soon up to ~5,000,provided by the trustees, it was necessary to after the end of the war in Europe in 1945, the trustees enlist the editorial co-operation of somebody who had an learned that a unique opportunity had become available for adequate scientific knowledge of the mge of subjects 50 51 involved, who had German as his native language and English ships for a year’s study or research overseas, it was difficult, by adoption and long familiarity, and who was prepared and too often impossible, for an established research worker to devote time and effort to ensuring completeness of the to find a source of travelling and subsistence expenses to text in essential respects, and to the more formal work of enable him to make a short visit to another country in editing and correction during the passage of the whole connexion with his investigations; oversimplifying, one collection through the press. Dr. F. Himmelweit, Director might say that it was easier to obtain money to go abroad of the Department of Virus Research in the Wright-Fleming for a year than for three weeks. Opportunities for short institute, generously undertook this heavy and responsible visits overseas were, indeed, available for employees of duty, and has continued to discharge it not only with Government and other research organizations travelling in admirable efficiency, but with a devoted and growing the course of their official duties; but, apart from the system enthusiasm. The trustees’ Chairman, Sir Henry Dale, who, of Fulbright Grants, instituted by the U.S. Government after many years earlier, had himself been for a time a research the war to assist cultural interchange between the United pupil of Ehrlich, retained also a supervisory editorial States and the United Kingdom or other European countries, responsibility for the whole plan, and contributed an there was a regrettable lack of similar facilities for inde- introductory survey. A number of the more important items pendent research workers in the Universities; even the in the collection are being published in English translation, as admirable Fulbright scheme was rarely applicable in the well as in the original German. The first of the four volumes, case of a visit which had to be undertaken at short notice. after regrettable delay by a printing accident, was published in Apart from this lack of adequate provision for the expenses the autumn of 1956,too late, alas, for Miss Marquardt to have of short visits, the trustees realized further that it had not seen this first fruition of her many years of devoted labour. infrequently happened that a promising young worker, who had been offered a research appointment in another country for a year or more, had been unable to take it up for lack TRAVEL GRANTS of means to defray the expenses involved in making the journey. This again was a gap in the available provision for assisting research within their fields of interest which the trustees felt that they could usefully fill. The Wellcome Research Travel Grants, which were inaugurated by the trustees in September 1955 to meet these. different needs, are thus of two kinds-viz. short-tci.m uwurds, providing travelling expenses, with subsistence allowances where necessary (but not stipends), to enable established research workers to make approved visits to other countries, ranging from a few days to not more than nine months, while they continue to receive their normal emoluments ; and long-term awards, providing travelling and certain incidental expenses only, for approved workers who are going abroad to take up research fellowship or other temporary research appointments for a year or more. 53 The primary objects of the short-term awards are to the awards, although made within that period, were not due enable research workers on problems of human and animal to take effect until the ensuing year. All but ten of the medicine, and in the related fields of experimental science, short-term grants have included some provision for subsis- to travel to other countries so as to acquire new research tence as well as for travelling, the two others having been techniques, to discuss their investigations with colleagues made in respect of travelling expenses alone. The two having similar interests, or to undertake researches of ‘‘long-term’’ awards, providing travelling expenses only, have limited duration for which exceptional facilities are available been made to workers who had been offered temporary salaried in the country to be visited; a secondary object is to enable research appointmentsin the U.S.A. and Canada, respectively. research workers to attend scientific meetings abroad, As was to be expected, the great majority of the short-term dealing with the special subjects of their investigations. awards have been made to candidates from the United Where such meetings are to consist of small groups of Kingdom planning to visit research centres on the American experts, assembled to exchange technical information or to continent. Visits to various European centres, however, compare results, the trustees are prepared, in suitable cases, have also been subsidized, and in two cases visits to Africa to provide both travelling and subsistence expenses; they (Durban and Kampala). Because of international exchange are less favourably inclined, however, towards requests for difficulties it was originally expected that eligibility for financial aid to those attending large and more general these awards would need to be limited to candidates fiom international congresses, and the help which they have countries within the Sterling area. Applications from good given to some such visits has usually been limited to the candidates in other countries soon, however, began to be provision of part of the cost. received, and the trustees were glad to find that it was It should be emphasized that eligibility for Wellcome possible to assist these applicants, provided that they wished Research Travel Grants, of either the short-term or the to travel to or from the United Kingdom. In the first year long-term kind, is confined to workers who are themselves of the arrangement grants have accordingly been made to actively engaged in research. Attendance at meetings of one applicant from the United States, one from Italy, one a professional rather than a strictly scientific interest, and from Holland and one from Western Germany, and the visits made essentially for the purposes of undergraduate or number of applications h*om candidates outside the United postgraduate education, cannot be subsidized; these objects Kingdom shows signs of increasing. do not come within the terms of the Trust. It is one of the conditions governing the Wellcome For the cost of the Wellcome Research Travel Grants I Research Travel Grants that the holder is expected to awarded during the first year of the arrangement, the submit a report to the trustees at the end of his visit abroad. trustees initially allocated the sum of f 10,000;this was The trustees have been gratified to note the high scientific subsequently increased to ~12,000to meet the expanding quality of the reports so far submitted by résearch workers demand by good candidates. A list of the successful whom they have been able to assist with such grants. The applicants during the twelve-month period ended on the reports have confirmed the trustees’ expectation that the 31st August 1956 is given on pp. 62-64,together with their l Wellcome Research Travel Grants would make a valuable broad subjects of research, the countries and purposes of I contribution to the promotion of research within fields of their visits and the nature of the aid provided. It will be interest proper to the Trust; and they have accordingly seen that the total number of these grants awarded in the decided to increase the financial provision for these awards first twelve months was 46; in several instances, however, to fI5,000 in the second year. 54 55 -- THE provision made by the trustees for Medical and Veterinary stude&hips in pharkacy (1;45->1j- . . . . Q,607 Research from the inception of their work until the 3xst (vi) Christian Medical College, Vellore, S. India: grant to aid pilot study of medical methods suitable for usa in remote August 1956 has amounted to £739,788, including a total of II II rural areas (‘953) ...... €893 ~300,000,which has been allocated in respect of building (vii) Royal Society of Medicine : grants for Wellcome Auociote- and other projects not yet effective. For Medical Research ships scheme (1952-) ...... L6,750 (viii) University Birmingham : provision fnr scholarships in ,4!useums and Libraries the trustees have made grants totalling of microbiology and organic chemistry (up to ~I,O~Op.a. £313,883. In addition, they have allocated X64,053 to for five years: no claim to date) . . . . nil assist research in the History of Medicine. They have spent (ix) Medlcal Research Council: contribution to cost of field some 48,33 5 upon the completion of Sir Henry Wellcome’s research on Trachoma (1955-) €5,000 p.a. for five years . L5,ooo

Archeological enterprises, and upon the publication of the find- Total: €1 10,875 ings of these and of a related independent study. The sum I of 4,iog has been used to provide Wellcome Medals and I (2) fùseorcb Choirs: Prizes. The total benefactions of the Trust to the end of (i) Wellcome Research Chair of Clinical Tropical Medicine, the period covered by this Report (including funds committed London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the though not yet expended) have thus amounted to £I, I 70, I 64. Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, N.W.1: endow- In the itemized lists below the realized expenditure to the ment (1945) ...... €M,OOO 1 (ii) Wellcome Research Chair of Pharmacology, School of 3xst August 1956 is given for completed projects and Pharmacy, University of London: endowment (1946) . €74,292 some awards of fixed annual value. In the remaining cases, (iii) Wellcome Research Chair of Anaesthesia, McGill University, which include most of the benefactions made towards the Montreal: $15,000 (capital grant): $25,000 per annum for five years (maintenance) (1956) . . . . €50,000 end of the period, the gross maximum value of the grant (iv) Wellcome Associate Research Professorship of Anaesthesio- or other provision made by the trustees under the particular IOU, university of Pennsylvania: $69,000 spread over five heading is stated. The talues of individual personal grants, I,! years (1956) ...... €24,798 research fellowships and travel grants are not specified, only 1 Total : E193,090 the total expenditure under the respective headings being l recorded. (3) Grantsfor Bui/ding, Adoptarion and Equipment I$ Rucarch hhrotoria: I. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY RESEARCH i (i) University of Oxford: Department of Pharmacology (“Wellcome Room”) (1944-46) . . . €1,700 (I) Special Arrangements (Expenditure to 3 1/8/56): . (ii) University of Leeds: Department of Pharmacology we^^- (i) The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Thessaloniki, come Research Laboratories of Pharmacology”) (I 953-) including salaries of Dr. H. Foy and Dr. Athena Kondi, and upto €10,000 expenditure connected with their various field studies (iii) Chelsea Polytechnic, London: Animal house (and speed (I938-)...... €&618 equipment) for physiological and biochemical research (ii) Medical Research Council: Gnnb for Senim Drying Unit (I953-). . . . . up to €5,000 (1940-45) ...... f20,OOO (iv) Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge: New bio- (iii) Veterinary Educational Trust (now Animal Health Trust): chemical wing (building and equipment) (19s5-) pants for provision of Wellcome Veterinary Research Up to t60,ooo FelloWShipS (I 943-) ...... EI 8,9 3 0 (v) Postgraduate Medical School of London: Part-cost of (iv) Pharmaceutical Society of London: grants for provision of Laboratories for Experimental Research in Surgery (1956) Wellcome Research Fellowships in Pharmacy (1947) . €10,067 Upto €80,000 56 I 57 (vi) University of St. Andrews: Gatty Marine Laboratory (vi) Professor J. D. Bernai, Precession X-ray I 956 : (“Wellcome Laboratories of Pharmacology”) (xgjd) F.R.S. (on behalf of Dr. Camera up to 61 ,000 Up to 615,000 Rosalind E. Franklin and (vii) University of Edinburgh: institute of Animal Genetics (Re- Dr. A. Klug), Crystallo- building of breeding houses for mice and rabbits) (x956-) graphy Laboratory, up to €35,000 Birkbeck College, London. (viii) University of Leeds: Research Laboratories for work in (vii) Professor J. Pryde, D.Sc., “Spinco” Preparative 1956: 62,688 Medical Physics and Urology (1956-) . . . Up to €60,000 (on behalf of Dr. Dodgson, Ultra-centrifuge and (ix) University of Oxford: For “Wellcome Research Unit” Dr. Spencer and others), accessories in proposed new kboratories for Department of Bio- Department of Biochemistry, chemistry (1956-) . . . . . Up to €50,000 University College of South (x) Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen: Special room for Wales and Monmouthshire, preparing matcrials for nutritional experiments in large Cardiff. animals ...... up to ~5,000 Total: £s2,21s Tod : €3 2 I ,700

(5) PuronuJ Grunts und Rcseorcb FeJiowsbips or SchoJursbfpr uwurded directly JJY the Trustees (other thunfor reseurcb fnthe Hhry$Medicine): (4) SpccfuJ Equipment Purcbusedfor Loon: (i) Dr. Otto Loewi (pu Society for the Protection of Science and Learn- Dutc und ing) (1938): Physiology. Applicunt und Appuratus Amount .f (ii) Dr. Hugh Ennor (from Australia, for work at Oxford) (1946-48): Place .f Work Grunt Biochemistry. (I) Medical Research Council Electron Microscope (iii) Dr. J. W. Legge (from Australia, for workat Cambridge) (1946-48): (for use by Dr. H. E. Biochemistry. Huxley, Department of (iv) Dr. Car1 Robinow (Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge) Biophysics, University (I 946-47): Bacterial Cytology. College London). (v) Mr. W. A. Rawlinson (from Australia, for work at Univenity College (ii) Professor Sir Bryan Electron Microscope 1955: €1 1,281 Hospital Medical School, London) (I 946-48) : Biochemistry. Matthews, F.R.S., and (vi) Dr. Lee Hsin-lung (H. L. Lee) (from China, for work in U.K.) Professor A. L. Hodgkin, (I 946-48) : Pharmacy. F.R.S., Physiological (vii) Dr. G. C. Ainsworth (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Laboratory, University Medicine) (I 947-48) : Medical Mycology. of Cambridge. (viii) Miss P. M. Stockdale (Assistant to Dr. C. C. Ainsworth) (1949): (iii) Professor Sir Wilfred Le Electron Microscope 1955: Medical Mycology. Gros Clark, F.R.S. (on and acccssoriu up to €I 2,000 (ix) Mr. Huang Hsin-Min (from China, working at Cambridge) (1947-49): behalf of Dr. R. Barer and Organic Chemistry. Dr. A. G. M. Weddell), (x) Dr. Adrien Albert (from Australia, working in London) (1947-48): Department of Human Medical Chemistry, Anatomy, University (xi) Dr. S. F. MacDonald (from Toronto, for work at Cambridge) (1948- of Oxford 52): Insect Chemistry. (iv) Professor Sir Alexander Nuclear Magnetic 1955: (xii) Mr. P. Chang (from China, working at Cambridge: pid through Todd, F.R.S., Department Resonance Spectrometer Up to LI5,000 British Council) (I 948-49): Opic Chemistry. of Chemistry, Universi9 (xiii) Dr. R. D. Batt (from New Zealand, working at Oxfod) (195X-52): of Cambridge. Biochemistry. . (v) Dr. W. M. Davidson, Binocular Microscope I 956 : EZI 6 (xiv) Mr. A. Vanterpool (from Canada, working at Cambridge) (1953-54): Department of Pathology, Organic Chemistry. King’s College Hospital, (xv) Mr. M. Butler (Assistant to Dr. J. Wilkinson, Univenity College, London, Exeter) (1953-54): Plant virology. 58 59 (xvi) Mr. A. K. Armitage (Oxford) (1953-56): Pharmacology, Ycor Name From To ptupwc (xvii) Mr. P. A. Robertson (Institute of Ophthalmology, University of 1946 Dr. (now Australia U.K. To work at Oxford with London) (I 954) : Pharmacology. Professor) Rwarch Fellowship from (xviii) Mr. C. Curtain (from Australia, for work at Oxford) (1954): Bio- Hugh Eiinor Trust (see above). chemistry. 1946 Dr. J. W. Legge Australia U.K. To work at Cambridge with (xix) Dr. D. M. Wylie (King's College, Strand, London) (1959-55): Rueuch Fellowship from Pharmacology. Trust (see above). To collect documents relating (xx) Dr. P. M. Bhargava (from India, for work at National Institute for 1946 MkM. U.K. Western Marquardt Germany to Paul Ehrlich's life and Medid Research, London) Biochemistry. (1956): (Frankfurt) work (see p. 51). (.xi) Mr. M. S. Mounib (from Egypt, working at Rowett Research Institute, 1946 Dr. W. A. Australia U.K. To work at University Aberdeen) (I956): Animal physiology. Rawlinson College Hospital Medical School, London with Re- Total: search Fellowship from Trust t18,815 (see above). 1946 Mr. LeeHsln- China U.K. To work in laboratories of lung (H. L. Lee) Pharmaceutical Society, London with Research (6) Grantsfor Research Expenses (other thonfor research in the History ofMedicine): Scholarship from Trust (see Realized Expenditure. above). (1) People's League of Health (London) (1944) Statistical 1947 Dr. R. Robinow U.K. Denmark To attend International Con- analysis under Dr. W. J. Martin, of data on blood pressures gress of Microbiology. in pregnancy. Up to Ci00 non-recurrent . . . €100 1947 Dr. W. A. Australia Sweden and To visit research centres. (ii) Professor J. P. Hill (University College, London), Ilrwlinson (working Denmark (1945- in U.K. 46) Embryology. Up to E500 per annum for two years . JI,OOO sec (iii) Dr. W. van Heyningen (University of Oxford) E. (1947) ' above) immunology. Up to LI 50 non-recurrent . . . gr 50 1947 Dr. J. W. Legge Australia France To visit research centres. (working in U.K. see above) 1948 Dr. S. F. Canada U.K. To work at Gmbridgc with MacDonald Research Fellowship from Trust (see above). 1950 MISS M. U.K. Holland To attend International Con- E883 Rowbottom gress on the History of Science and Medicine. 1953 Dr. D. A. H. U.K. Switzerland To work for yur with recurrent . . . , . . . . f6,ooo Taylor Professor T. Reichstein at Bule. Total : £I I ,022 1954 Professor K. F. Australia U.K. To collect material for biblio- Russell graphy of British Anatomy. 1955 Professor F. Israel U.K. For research consultations Bergmann with Dr. W. Feldberg and (7) Trawl Grants: others. (a) Miscdlaneous 1955 Dr. (now U.K. Canada Visits in relation to appoint- Professor) J. G. ment as Wellcome Rd Year Nome From To Purpose Robron Professor of Anaathcsh at 1945 Dr. E. W. Todd U.K. U.S.A. To work in Hospital of the McGill University, Montreal. Rockefeller Institute, New - York, for z years (Grant paid through Medical Research Total: £7,699 Council). - 60 61 Special Bfock Grants Name Subfa From To Purpowg Aid t'fslt pmldal 1954 international Congress of Mental Health: Contribution to Australia Discussions T.(pon) assist British delegates to attend meeting in Toronto Li50 Profusor D. Physiology U.K. . . Whitteridge I 954 international Society for Clinical Pathology: contribution Dr. R. J. P. Williams Enzyme U.K. U.S.A. Research T. &S. to fund for exchange visits . , . . . it500 chemistry 1956 Cambridge University Expedition to the High Andu: Dr. D. L. Mollin Haematology U.K. Western Symposium T. &S. contribution to expenses ...... t5oo 1956 Oxford University Expedition to Socotra: contribution to Dr. J. V. Dacie Haematology U.K. expenses . . . . . , . . L200 Dr. J. Nauh Castro- Holland entuoiogy Dr. C. Sanger Anaesthesia U.K. and Tmt- ment of Cancer (h) IYcJlcomc Rexorcb Trorcl Grants (I 955-): Professor E. J. King Biochemistry U.K. p.-Travelling expenses; S.-Subsistence) Dr. 1. D. P. Wootton Biochemistry U.K. h'omc Sublcn From To Purpose OJ Afd t'isft pmfdd Dr. Marie E. Cortes Animal U.K. Mr. Ln P. Todd Surgery U.K. Canada Research and T. &S. pathology & U.S.A. discussions Dr. Sheilr Sherlock Medicine U.K. Dr. S. L. Siienvood Elcctro- U.K. Fnncc Conference T. &S. Dr. J. del Castilio Neuro- U.K. encephalo- physiology * Dr. J. L. Stafford Pathology U.K. Professor ti. E. U.K. U.S.A. Conference T. Street Culture Dr. P. Mantegaza Pharmacology Italy U.K. Research T. &S. Mn. I. Simon-Reus Radiology U.K. Professor L. C. History of U.S.A. U.K. Research T. &S. techniq;a (pon) MacKinney Medicine Mr. K. McLly Otology U.K. Western To study T. &S. Professor J. N. Blochemistry U.K. U.S.A. Conferences T. &S. Gemmy techniques Davidson & Holland Dr. H. N. Munro Biochemistry U.K. U.S.A. Conference T. &S. Dr. P. A. Jewell Veterinary U.K. Sweden Research T. &S. Dr. P. Gleev Neuro- U.K. U.S.A. Conference and T. & S. physiology physiology Research Dr. D. A. K. Black Medicine U.K. U.S.A. Research and T. &S. Dr. E. A. Wright Philo- U.K. U.S.A. Intemationai T. &S. discussions pathology Congress and Dr. D. W. James Tissue U.K. Switzer- Research and T. &S. discussions Culture luid dbcuuions Dr. A. Finun Dr. K. Walton Pathology U.K. U.S.A. Researchand T. Dr. R. V. Coxon Neuro- U.K. Denmark Symposium T. &S. Dr. C. E. Lumsden chemistry Dr. D. Milne Medicine U.K. Dr. G. B. West M. Sir Howard Florey. I Pathology U.K. Canada Discussions T. Miss O. d'Abreu Anaesthesia U.K. F.R.S. & U.S.A. Mr. K. D. J. Vowles Surgery U.K. U.S.A. Research T. &S. Dr. G. P. Lcwis Physiology U.K. Belgium International & S. T. Mr. A. J. Gunning Surgery U.K. U.S.A. To study T. &S. Congrus techniques Dr. F. Jacoby Tissue U.K. U.S.A. Conferences and T. &S. Culture discussions Dr. W. E. T. Vogt Physiology Western Dr. D. R. iaurence Medicine U.K. South Research T. &S. Africa Dr. G. A. Mcck Elcctron U.K. U.S.A. Tostudy T. &S. microscopy technique9 Dr. F. O. MacGllum Virology U.K. Denmark International T. &S. congress 62 Nomc Subject From To Purpose OJ Afd (il) Institute of Orthopaedics, University of London: for adapta- Yfsft pmfded Dr. 1. A. Gallow*ay Animal U.K. U.S.A. Symposium and T. & S. Museum or Orthopaedics” (1954-55) ....Lz,ooo I diseases discussions (parr) (virology) Dr. J. D. S. Medicine U.K. U.S.A. Research T. Hammond ...... ~30,000

Total: £11,410 Total: ~167,000

(8) Granü and Guaranrelc fn aid of Pubffcatfon (other than of work ln the Hfnory of Afedfcfneand fn Archacoloay): fortwo yean (1954-56) Year Applicant Purpore Grant ...... I 1949 Dr. C. J. Hackett Towards costs of publication of €3110 book on Yaws. 1951 Professor C. H. Gray Towards costs of publication of 4150 (on behalf of Society lournaf of Endocrinoloay. of Endocrinology) 1952 Dr. H. Foy Towards cost of publishing paper L70 on ‘Anaemias of Africans’ in Tranr. A. Soc. rrop. hied. Hyg. 1953 îhe Company of Towards cost of publishing L534 (to date) Total: -€500 Biologhts Journal ofEmbryofo~and (B) LXBRARIU Experimentof hiorpholoay . (Guarantee up to L2,ooo against (I) GranüJur Bufldfng or the Adaptarion uJPrdsu loss.) (1) Royal Society of Medicine, London: for construction (and Lz,ooo per annum for 5 yean f8,ooo (to date) equipment) of “Wellcome Research Library” (2950-55) . Li ~5,350 to assist scientific publications (ii) Royal College of Physicians, London: provision for extension in mcdical field. 1955 British Museum Contribution to cost of repro- L2,178 ducing John White drawings in coloured collotype, for publication. (Z) Grantsfor the Purchase OfBooh, 2956 British Council lllusttations to Neuro-otological €zoo etc. Nimber of Brirfrh AWfral (i) Canterbury Medical Library, Christchurch, New Zealand Bulfnfn. (1942-45) ...... 61,303 (ii) Walter and Eliza Hall Research Institute, Melbourne, Total: €11,512 (“Wellcome Library of Epidemiological Research”) (194.1-

II. MEDICAL RESEARCH MUSEUMS AND Medical College, London (1956) ..... LIBRARIES (v) London House (1956)...... a00 (vi) Liverpool Region Cardiac Centre (1956) ... €400 (A) MUSEUMS (I) GranuJor Buffdfngor the Adapratfon OfPremfsec Tod: 4,133 I (i) Royal College of Surgeons, London: for construction (and equipment) of “Wellcome Research Museums of Anatomy and Physiology and of Genenl and Special Pathology” (1945-55) ...... Li35,OOO annum for 5 years) ...... €5,000 ‘I 64 .. -- (tioo per annum for 5 years) .- . . . . €2,500 (Melbourne): Anatomybefore itloo. Surgeon Commander History of medical suvice in Gnnts. I J. J. Keevil, D.S.O.: the Navy. Total: £7,600 Dr. W. H. S. Jones: Studies of Roman popular Grant. medicine. Dr. Richard A. Hunter: Studies in the history of Grant for research III. GRANTS FOR RESEARCH IN THE psychiatry in Britain. expe~. HISTORY OF MEDICINE Professor L. C. Studies of mediaeval medical Travel pt(q.v). MacKinney (North miniatures. Yeur Nume Subject Award Carolina, U.S.A.): 1939 Dr. Richard Walzer: Edition of Golen on Alcdfcal Part-time personal Dr. Walter T. V. Completion of work on Grants. LperJence (Arabic text with grant and grant Pagel : philosophical medicine in the English translation). towards cost of sixteenth and seventeenth publication. centuries. 1944 Professor Charles Singer Edition of Vesalius' Tobuiue Grants for research Dr. Joseph Needham: Assistance in preparing the Grants. and Dr. C. Rabin: AnorumJcuc Su, with commen- expenses and medical volume of hâs Scfenœ my; publfshed as A Prelude to honorarium to and Civflizution in China. Aiodern Science, 1946. Dr. Rabin. Royal College of Provision for endowment of L40,ooo 1947 Professor Charles Edition of Vesalius' On the Grants for research Physicians of London: post of Archivist (income to Singer : Human Bruin (hbrica expenses. be made available for up to Book VII) ; edition published yean to provide expert 1951. . assistance in preparing History 1947 Professor Charles Edition of Gulen on Anoiomfcul Grants for research of the College; see p. 49). Singer: i'rcncduns (Translation of the expenses Royal College of Grant for cost of new edition €1,500 surviving books, with Physicians of London: of Harvey film (see p. 50). Introduction and Notes) ; University College Contribution to cost of €I,ODD published 1956. Hospital, London: preparation of history of the 1947 Professor J. H. G. Edition of Anglo-Saxon Grants for research Hospital by Dr. Charles Singer. Grattan and Professor medical text iucnunga expenses. Charles Singer: (Translation with commentary); published as Anglo-Suxon Mugic Total (exclusive of Travel grants): £64,053 und Medicine, iflunrurcd pcfoffy from the semi-pugun text 'LUCflUflgO'. 1952. 1950 Dr. Charles Cameron Preparation for press of the Honorarium to IV. ARCHAEOLOGY (see pp. 26-31) and Dr. E. Ashworth late Dr. Cecil Wall's Hinory Dr. Cameron and Underwood : cf ihe Society ofAputhecuries I$ grants for (I) jebel Muyu, Sudun: London. expenses. Expenses of completing the work and publishing the findings tK8,K48 1951 Miss Susan Carrington: Preparation of critical edition Part-time personal (2) Grant for publication of The Fun# Kfngdom of Sennur (O.G.S. of the CfrurgfuMugno of the grant. Crawford) , ...... Er ,i07 thirteenth century surgeon (3) Wellcome-Murnon Archeulogfcul Expedftfunro the Near EUS: Bruno Longoburgo. Expenses of completing the work and publishing the findings L29,080 1951-Sir Henry Dale and Preparation and publication Stipend and I 956 Dr. F. Himmelweit : of CoflecrcdPuperr OfPuul expenses of Ehrlich; Vol. I published Miu M. Marquardt To&: 48,335 1956. as assistant, and guarantee of cost of publication. 1914 Dr. Juliana M. S. Hill Research, in Florence, on Travel grant (q.v). V. WELLCOME MEDALS AND PRIZES (Durham) : medical aspects of the work of (see p. 32 and Appendices A-D) the Re~issancescholar 4,105 Politian and other writus of Totid: his period. - 66 67 I III. Policy THE account of the activities of the Trust which has been given in the preceding pages will have made it clear that, in niaking grants in accordance with the terms of their Trust, the policy of the trustees has hitherto been one of oppor- tunism. They have, in general, aimed at giving support to enterprises of which the merits were endorsed by the best available scientific opinion, but which, for one reason or another, had not so far received the support which they needed. The trustees believe that they can most useiùlly perform their function by developing their programme essentially on opportunist lines. Thus, while continuing to give some preference to subjects, such as tropical medicine, pharmacology, pharmacy, therapeutics and veterinary medicine, in which Sir Henry Wellcome had himself shown a lively interest, they will endeavour, both in these and in other fields, to identi$ and fill important gaps in the existing facilities for promoting and assisting research, rather than merely to duplicate the activities of other grant-making bodies. The successful pursuit of an opportunist policy must depend, of course, upon a just appreciation not only of the gaps needing to be filled, but also of the quality and potential utility of any arrangements proposed for filling them; and the trustees count themselves fortunate in being able to supplement their own information under these headings, and that presented to them by applicants for support, by obtaining confidential advice from other bodies and individuals with long experience of research work in the respective fields. In extending their programme of medical and veterinary research in the United Kingdom in accordance with this policy, the trustees will work in close touch with the. Medical and Agricultural Research Councils, and they are glad to acknowledge the very valuable advice and help which they have already received from those bodies, as well as from many individual scientists whom they have consulted directly as confidential referees. In matters of 68 each application according to their assessment of its merits such awards, either on a non-recurrent basis or annually and of the need. In the cases of workers within the United for a stated period, where good reasons can be presented Kingdom the trustees normally take the view that it is more for their doing so. appropriate for applications for personal grants or fellowships to be addressed to one of the Research Councils in the first Loans of Research Equipment instance, and that the Trust should be asked to give support Mention has been made of the electron microscope only where the Research Council, though sympathetic, is purchased by the trustees for loan to the Medical Research unable to do so. Council, and of those on order for the Physiological The Wellcome Pharmaceutical Research Fellowships Laboratory, Cambridge, and the Department of Human (p. 40), the Wellcome Veterinary Research Fellowships Anatomy, Oxford, respectively; these and other loans of (p..40), and the Wellcome Research Travel Grants are in specially purchased permanent apparatus are listed on a different category; in each of these cases the trustees were pp. 58-59. able to make good a deficiency in the available facilities for The trustees will be prepared, in suitable circumstances, research or research training. Moreover, the trustees’ to consider further applications for funds to buy major support for die Wellcome Pharmaceutical Research Fellow- items of special research equipment; they will usually make ships and the Wellcome Veterinary Research Fellowships it a condition that such equipment will be the Trust’s is provided in the form of annual block grants to the property, lent to the institution in question for so long as Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain and the Animal it may be needed for an approved research programme. Health Trust, respectively, the awards being made by special The institution seeking the loan will normally be expected committees of those bodies, upon which the trustees are to provide the costs of insurance and maintenance. represented. In a different category, again, are grants or research Grantsfor Building fellowships for studies in the history of medicine, for the In view of the serious difficulties lately encountered by Trust is exceptional among the charitable bodies supporting various Universities and research institutions in raising the research in having a specific mandate to aid research in that necessary capital for building or rebuilding research labora- subject (see p. I 8). Here again, however, the trustees have tories, the trustees have been glad, on several occasions in preferred to deal with applications individually according to the past year, to offer substantial contributions towards the the particular need, rather than to establish a regular system cost of buildings needed for medical or veterinary research of awards. (see pp. 43-44) and they will be willing to consider further Apart from definite training in research methods and proposals for such assistance from institutions whose research techniques, the terms of their Trust do not allow the activities lie within their field. It should be emphasized trustees to award grants or scholarships to assist under- again, however, that the trustees have no mandate to graduate or postgraduate education in any subject. assist undergraduate education, or even postgraduate education as such, nor are they empowered by their Trust GrannJor Research Expenses to provide facilities essentially for medical treatment; the The considerations set out above as relating to personal purposes of any building towards the cost of which they grants and research fellowships apply also to grants for contribute must be definitely connected with research. research expenses; the trustees are prepared to make Where offers of contributions to building costs are accepted, 70 71 the trustees expect that the balance of such costs will be institutions, for grants for the purchase of books and provided by the institution itself, or, with the trustees’ back-runs of scientific periodicals to form the nucleus of approval, from other sources. It seems proper to explain, medical research libraries; a list of the awards of this nature in this connexion, that the trustees have not found it already made will be found on p. 65. The trustees have desirable, in all cases, to refuse applications for grants in also, on occasion, made grants for the repair of valuable aid of building enterprises for which there has been, at books in existing libraries, known to be widely used by least in theory, a prospect of eventual support from some medical research workers or to have special interest in public source. In more than one such case they have been relation to the history of medicine. driven to the conclusion that the scientific demands of the situation could be met adequately only by more definite and Grants in Aid of Publication immediate action O€ a kind which could, at the time, be The trustees are keenly alive to the severe economic taken only by a charitable body such as their Trust. The difficulties attending scientific publication at the present grants which the trustees have offered for building projects time, especially those associated with the high costs of have never had the object merely of relieving public funds, printing and of the satisfactory reproduction of illustrations. but rather of ensuring prompt support for a scientifically To ease this situation in regard to publications falling within urgent development. The offer, moreover, has always been their field, they have made an annual grant of €2,000 to the made after full consultation with the public authority Royal Society for five years (p. 64), to supplement the concerned. Society’s Government Grant for Scientific Publications. In In order that applications for capital grants of £20,000 or exceptional cases the trustees may be willing to consider more may be dealt with competitively, on a basis of relative providing direct grants or guarantees in aid of publication, priorities, the trustees have decided that they can give as they have done on certain occasions in the past. initial consideration to such proposals only half-yearly, at their meetings in January and July. Travel Grants Grantsfor Research Museums and Libraries The system of Wellcome Research Travel Grants, introduced in 1955, has been described on pp.52-5s. Sir Henry Wellcome’s Will provided specifically for The trustees believe this system to be valuable and they grants for the establishment of medical research museums intend to continue and, if necessary, expand it. and libraries, bearing in some form the name of the testator; and, in fact, the two largest capital grants hitherto sanctioned International Scope of the Trust’s Activities by the trustees have been made to the Royal College of Since the offices of the Trust and the headquarters of the Surgeons of London, for the cost of building and equipping Wellcome Foundation Ltd., the source of its income, are in Wellcome Research Museums of Anatomy, Physiology and London, it is natural that the large majority of the Trust’s Pathology at the College, and to the Royal Society of benefactions to date have been made within the United Medicine, to add a new storey to the Society’s existing Kingdom. The trustees have it constantly in mind, how- building and thus to liberate the original second floor for ever, that their Charity, being based upon the operations of adaptation and equipment as a Wellcome Research Library. a world-wide manufacturing and trading organization, and Apart from such provision for buildings, the trustees are itself being subject legally to no territorial limitations, willing to consider requests, made on behalf of suitable should not be administered and disbursed in an insular way. 72 6 73 i From the first they have been glad, in appropriate cases, to scientific and cultural achievements of the Carlsberg make grants in countries of the British Commonwealth Foundation for the people of Denmark. The proceediigs overseas, and they hope to be able to increase the number culminated in a banquet, which was honoured by the and range of such benefactions in the future as opportunity presence of H.R.H. Prince Axe1 of Denmark and the Danish offers. It also is a source of great satisfaction to them Prime Minister. As a practical manifestation of their that they have recently been able to extend their activities community of ideals, the Directors of the Carlsberg Founda- outside the Sterling area by establishing research posts tion and the Wellcome Trustees have now decided to in- in Canada and in the United States, the country of Sir stitute a system of Carlsberg-Wellcome Research Fellow- Henry Wellcome’s birth. Mention has already been made ships, with the object of encouraging friendly co-operation, of the preliminary steps which have been taken, with on an exchange basis, between Danish and British research a view to giving effect to his bequest for the benefit of workers in any branch of the natural sciences which has a Garden City, Minnesota, where he spent his early youth. bearing upon human and animal medicine. It is hoped to The number and extent of the Trust’s benefactions in the make the first awards under this scheme in 1957. dollar countries must, for the time being, be restricted Wherever the Wellcome Trustees use the funds at their by the Exchange situation, but it is gratibing to be able to disposal it will continue to be their aim to fill important record this promising start towards an eventual further gaps in the available resources for the support of research expansion of the geographical scope of the Trust’s activities. within their field, and to work in friendly association with It will be recalled, in this connexion, that the Wellcome other grant-making bodies, charitable or governmental, in a Research Travel Grants are themselves available to suitable manner complementary rather than competitive. Thus, candidates from countries outside the British Common- while giving some priority of consideration to subjects in wealth, provided that these candidates intend to travel to which Sir Henry Wellcome had manifested a special interest, the United Kingdom or other countries in the Sterling area; and to newer subjects which they can regard as naturally a few such awards to candidates from the United States and l associated with or developing from these, they will also from various European countries have already been made. endeavour, in a more general range, to use their resources At the beginning of this Report (p. 9) brief reference to promote investigations for which the provision from was made to the analogy in constitution between the Carls- other quarters is less than adequûte. They believe that it is berg Foundation, in Denmark, and the Wellcome Trust. by such a policy that they can most effectively assist the Representatives of the two bodies, and of the enterprises growth of scientific knowledge in the many different areas from which they respectively derive their resources, have, of research activity which Sir Henry Wellcome had the had a pleasant exchange of visits, the first of these gatherings foresight to define. being in London in 1955, when the Danish visitors dined with the Wellcome Trustees and the Directors of the Well- come Foundation Ltd., in the Hall of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries. In September 1956 the Directors of the Carlsberg Foundation and the Management of the Carlsberg Breweries entertained the Wellcome Trustees and the Directors of the Wellcome Foundation Ltd., in Copenhagen, to a demonstration, during two days, of some of the many

74 7s APPENDIX B APPENDIX A ASSOCIATION OF MILITARY SURGEONS UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA WELLCOMEMEDALS AND PRIZES THE SIR HENRYWELLCOME MEDAL AND PRIZE IN THE HISTORYOF MEDICINE ! AWARDED TO Instituted iy Sir Henry Wellcome in I 9 1 i MEDICALOFFICERS OF THE ARMEDFORCES OF THE THEawards are made by the Faculty of Medicine, University of I UNITEDSTATES OF AMERICA Edinburgh, in respect of an essay on some subject connected with the OR OF THE U.S. PUBLICHEALTH SERVICE history of medicine which is chosen the Faculty. The following is I Instituted 6y Sir Henry Wellcome in 19x6 by I a list of the medallists and prize-winners since 1936: THEMedal and Prize are awarded by the Council of the Associition 1936 Title: ‘The History of our Knowledge regarding the Functions of the of the Military Surgeons of the United States of America, Washington Kidneys’. D.C., For an Essay, or a report on original research, dealing with Awarded gold medal : Hush Miller. military applications of medicine. Awarded silver medal : Alasdair McKeIvie. The following is a list of the Prize Winners, together with Honour- 1937 Title: ‘The History of the Development of our Knowledge regarding able Mentions and the titles of the work for which the awards were the Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System’. Awarded gold medal: John Waterston, B.A. made, from the date of the formation of the Wellcome Trust until the present time. 1938 Title: ‘The History of Asthma’. Awarded gold medal: Hubert Winston Smith. 1936 Subject: ‘The ‘Importance of Co-ordinating the Military and Naval Awarded silver medal: Hermanur Lambertus de Waal, M.B., Ch.B. Medical Services with the Civilian Medical Profession’. 1939 Title: ‘The History and Development of our Knowledge relating to Prize awarded to: Captain Ha7G. Armstrong, MC, U.S. Army. Anaemia’. Prize essay published: The Military Surgeon, Vol. 80, p. 171. Awarded gold medal : Hermanus Lambertus de Waal, M.D. Honourable Mention: Major-General Charles R. Reynolds, Surgeon Awarded silver medal: Sarah Henrietta Graham, M.B., Ch.B. General, U.S. Army. 1940-1 946 Awards Suspended. Essay not published. Title: ‘Folk-lo& and Domestic Remedies in relation to Modem ,937 Subject: ‘The Contribution of the World War to the Advancement of Medicine’. Medicine’. No Awurd. Prize awarded to: Major Isaac J. Frisch, MC, 111. NG. Title: ‘The Influence of ieyden upon the Rise of the Edinburgh Honourable Mention: Major Joseph R. Damall, MC, U.S. Army. Medical School’. Prize asay published: The Militoy Surgeon, Vol. 83, P. 19. Awarded Medal: Samuel Polsky, B.A., LL.B. 1938 Research. Title: ‘The Early History of Paediatrics in Britain’. Prize awarded to: Major Frank B. Wakeman, MC, U.S. Amy, for hir Awarded Medal: Haldane Philp Tait, M.D. I Study: ‘A Specific Somatic Polysaccharide as the Essential Immunfring Title: ‘Hippocrates in the Light of Modem Medicine’. Antigen of the Typhoid Bacillus’. Nu Entries Received. published: The Militurp Surgron, Vol. 84, p. 3 I 8. Title: ‘Claude Bernard and his views on Medical Research’. Honourable Mention: Captain Joseph Felsen, Med. Ra., U.S. Army, Awarded Medal: George Dick Forwell, M.B., Ch.B. I for his study: ‘Newer Concepts of Bacillary Dysentery’. Title: ‘Epidemic Disease in Gneco-Roman Times’. I ,939 Subject : ‘The Importance of Adquate Records ofthe Sick and Wounded Awarded Medal : John James McKesack. in the Military Services in Time of War, and the Best Methods for Title: ‘The History of Nutrition and OF Nutritional Disorders’. Obtaining Them‘. h’u Entries Reccivcd. Prize awarded to: Colonel Albert G. Love, MC, U.S. Amy. Title: ‘Medical Education For Women-its Origin and Evolution’. Honourable Mention : Lieutenant Colonel George F. Ldl, MC, h’o Awurd. U.S. Army. Title: ‘The Early History of Endocrinology’. Subject: ‘The Medid and Sanitary Care of the Civilian PopalrtIon Awarded Medal: Eric William Horton, B.Sc., M.B., Ch.B. Necessitated by Attacks from Hostile Alrcnft’. Prize awarded to: Captain Lucius W. Johnson, MC, U.S. Navy. 77 1941 Research. Honourable Mention: Lieutenant Colonel Lewis S. Pilcher, MC, ALE, Prize awarded to: Lieutenant Albert R. Behnke, Jr., MC, U.S. Navy, for his study: ‘Wounds of the Colon and Rectum’. for his study: ‘Investigations Concerned with Problems of High 1949 Research. Altitude Flying and Deep Diving: Application of Certain Findings Prize awarded to Lieutenant Elliott Samuel Hurwitt, MC, USNR, Pertaining to Physical Fitness to the General Military Service’. for his study: ‘A Blood Vessel Bank under Military Conditions’. Honourable Mention: Lieutenant Colonel Albert S. Dabney, MC, U.S. Honourable Mention: Commander H. Leonard Joncs, Jr., MC, USN, Army, for his essay: ‘The US. Army’s Medical Department Equipment I for his study: ‘Experiencca with Amebiash in the Highly Endemic Laboratory: Its Research and Contributions to Field Service’. Area of Tsingtao, China’. :y41 Subject: ‘Measures of Preventive Medicine Recommended by the 1950 Research. Federal Medical Services, to Insure the Maximum improvement of the Prize awarded to: Major Hennan I. Chinn, MSC, USAF, Res., for his Sekctee of 1961 over Him of 1941’. study: ‘Motion Sickness in the Military Service’. Prize awarded to: Lieutenant Commander Arthur P. Black, MC, Honourable Mention: Captain John H. Korb, MC, USN, for bin study: USNR. ‘Infected Pilonidal Cysts. A Simplified Method of Treatment’. ’ Honourable Mention: Lieutenant Colonel Henry Plcasants, Jr., Med. 1951 Research. Res., U.S. Army. Prize awarded to: Lieutenant Colonel Robert B. Lewis, USAF, MC, 1943 Subject: ‘Bums incident to War. Measures for their Prevention and r for his study: ‘Local Cold Injury-Frostbite’. for Treatment’. Honourable Mention: Colonel James H. Forsee, MC, US. Amy, for Prize awarded to: Captain Louis H. Roddis, MC, U.S. Navy. his study: ‘New Era in Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Tubedosis Honourablc Mention: Lieutenant Commander S. G. Berkow, MC, for Military Personnel’. USNR. 1951 Research. i9~Research. Prize awarded to: Colonel Ryle A. Radke, MC, U.S. Army, for bis Prize awarded to: Commander Alvin F. Coburn, MCV, USNR, for study: ‘The Military Significance of Amebiasis’. his stur!y : ‘The Control of Srrepromccus hunolyrlnis’. Honourable Mention: Colonel James H. Forsee, MC, U.S. Army, for Honourablc Mention: Commander Roger A. Nolan, MC, USN, Ret., his study: ‘Recent Military Advances in Thoracic Surgery’. for his study: ‘Military Medicine-Preventive Devices’. 1953 Research. I 945 Research. Prize awarded to: Major Wallis Landes Craddock, MC, USAR, for bis Prize awarded to: Captain Joseph Seaton Barr, MC, USNR; Captain study: ‘An Evaluation of the Pulmonary Features of Systemic Funp Ruper Harold Draeger, MC, USN ; Commander Wm. Warren Sager, MC, Diseases’. USNR.,for their study: ‘Solid Blast Personnel Injury. A Clinical Study’. Honourable Mention: Colonel Warner F. Bowers, MC, U.S. Amy, Honourablc Mention : Lieutenant Colonel Phillips Thygeson, MC, for his study: ‘The Inguinal Hernia Problem Viewed from the Stand- AUS, for his study: ‘Etiology and Treatment of Blepharitis. A Study point of Recurrent Cases’. in Military Personnel’. I 954 Research. I 946 Research. Prize awarded to: Captain Christopher C. Shaw, MC, USN, for bis Prtze awarded to: Major Chaim J. Wildman, MC, AUS, for his study: study: ‘The Clinical Syndrome of Acute Rcnal Insufficiency’. ‘Active Immunization Against Malaria’. Honourable Mention: Major Roland B. Midiell, USAFR (MSC),for his Honourable Mention: Dr. Arthur Ecker for his study: ‘Early Nerve study: ‘Rapid Microbiologic Methodology in Military Medicine’. Suture’. 1955 Research. 1947 Research. Prize awarded to: Colonel Warner F. Bowen, MC, U.S. Amy, for his Prize awarded to: Major Marshall R. Urist, MC, AUS, for his study: study: ‘Surgical Treatment in Abdominal Trauma: A Comparironof ‘The Management of Bjttle-Incurred Compound Fractures in the Results in War and Peace’. Region of the Hip Joint’. Honourable Mention: James M. A. Weiss, M.D., M.P.H., for hin Honourable Mention: Senior Surgeon Hildrus A. Poindexter, USPHS study: ‘The Role of the Psychotherapist in Military Training Cuiten’. (R), for his study: ‘Laboratory Evaluation of the Protective Power of 1956 Research. Smallpox Vaccine of Three Different Manufacturers’. Prize awarded to: Colonel Eugene C. Jacobs, MC, U.S. Army, for bis I 94.8 Research. study : ‘TubercuIosis: Yet an Unconquered Disuse’. Prize awarded to: Lieutenant Commander Eugene P. Cronkite, MC, Honourable Mention : Lieutenant Colonel Joseph V. Conroy, MC, U.S. Navy, and Lieutenant (jg) Wm. H. Chapman, MSC, U.S. Navy, U.S. Amy, for his study: ‘Acute lleitis with Ulceration and Perfondon for their study: ‘A Critical Analysis of the Syndrome of Acute Total due to Paratyphoid Fever: Report of Eighty-five Ches’. Body Radiation Illness’.

78 79 APPENDIX C APPENDIX D ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL 1.NSTITUTE ROYAL AFRICAN SOCIETY WELLCOMEMEDAL AND PRIZE WELLCOMEMEDALS Instituted by Sfr Henry WùJcomc in 193I DISTINGUISHEDSERVICES TO AFRICA FOR i FOR “original research, submitted in typescript or published form, Instituted bu Sir Henry Wellcome fn 1920 on the application of anthropological methods in the study of problems THEawards are made by the Council of the Royal African Society on arising from contact of native peoples with each other, or with higher the recommendation of a Committee consisting of the Chairman of the cidizations”. Society, a representative of the Wellcome Trustees and three members Awarded by the Royal Anthropological Institute on the recommenàa- nominated respectively by the Chairman of the Royal African Society, tion of a Committee consisting of the President of the institute, ùie the Royal Empire Society and the International African Institute. Director of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and three memben nominated respectively by the Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Recipients of Medals rince I 936 Institute, the Royal Empire Society, and the Royal African Society-. Gold Aleda1 1936 (presented 1937) H.M. King Leopold II of Belgium. List of Recipfents and Tftlcr ofprize EssovJ 1939 (presented 1948) Count Lippens. ‘936-1955 1948 The Rt. Hon. Lord Halley. 1936 Charles Kingsley Meek: ‘Law and authority in J Nigerian tribe: a Bronze Medal and chequefor f50 study in Indirect Rule’. 19~2(presented 1913) Dr. Albert Schweitzer. I937 Meyer Fortes: ‘Marriage law among the TaIlensi’. 195s Dr. Adrien Adman. Donald Fergusson Thomson : ‘The Aborigines of Arnhem Lnd and the The Edgar 1938 1956 Hon. Dr. H. Brookes. problem of adminbtntion’. 1939 Cyril Daryll Forde: ‘Government in Umor: a study of social change and problems of Indirect Rule in a Nigerian village community’. 1940 Audrey Isobel Richards: ‘Bemba marriage md present economic conditions’. Verrier Elwin: ‘Lops of nerve: a comparative study of the result of the contact of peoples in the aboriginal areas of Bastar State and the Central Provinces of India’. No award. No award. Herbert lan Priestly Hogbin: ‘Native councils and native courts in the Solomon islands’. 8945 Herman Max Gluckman: ‘The seven-year research plan of the Rho&- Livingatone Institute’. Siegfried Frederick Stephen Nadel :‘Land tenure on the Eritrean plateau’. No award. William Vemon Brelsford: ‘Fishermen of the Bangweulu Swamp: a study of the fishing activities of the Unga tribe’. 1949 No award. ‘950 John Arundel Bames: ‘Marriage in a changing society: a contribution to the study of structural change among the Fort Jarneson Ngoni’. No award. No award. Michael Garfield Smith: ‘Secondary marriage In Northern Nigeria’. No award. William Robert Gedda: ‘Land Dayaks of Sarawak’. 80 81

I APPENDIX E From Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Medical Diridon .f U.N.R. R.A., and Macedonia Malaria Centre PUBLICATIONS BY DR. HENRY FOY With DAMKW,C., MITCHELL,V., REITER, K., DEPANIAN,M., and PITCHFORD, WITH DR. ATHENA KONDI AND OTHERS R. J. ‘Haemoglobin and protein levels and spleen indices in N. Greca. SINCE 1938 I Their relation to diet’, Brfr. mcd. I., 1946, 2,486-489. From the Wellcome Trust Research Loboratories, Therccilonilil (Salonika) With KONDI, A. ‘Spectrographic analysis of pigments in serum and urine From Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Thessalonilil (Salonika) of blackwater fever’, Tram. R. Soc, trop, Mcd. Hyg., 1938, 32,045. With KONDI, A., and MURRAY,J. F. ‘The syndrome of leukaruemia. Report With FAIRLEY,N. H., BROMFIELD,R. J., and KONDI, A. Nutritional of a case’, I. Path. Bact., 1946, 58, I 57-166. macrocytic anaemia in Macedonia, A preliminary report’, Tram. R. -‘Blackwater fever and the intravascular hemolyses’, Proc. 4th inremut. Soc. rrop. Mcd. Hyg., 1938, 32, 132-173, Gong. trop. Med. MaZarfu, Washington, 1948, vol. I, 793-801. (Dhion, pp I 73-1 82.) With KONDI, A., DAMKAS,C., DEPANIAN,M., LEPCOPOULOU,T., BACH,L. G., With KONDI, A. A note on intracorpuscular methaemoglobin in plasmochin DAX, R., PITCHPORD,J., SHIELE,P., and LANGTON,M. ‘Malaria and toxicity’, Ann. trop. Med. ParasftoZ., 1938, 32, 249-256. blackwater fever in Macedonia and Thrace in relation to DDT’, Ann. With KONDI, A. ‘Spleen puncture findings in blackwater fever’, Tram. trop. Med. Parasit., 1948, 42, 153-172. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1938, 32, 347-354. i’ With KONDI, A. ‘Response of nutritional macrocytic anaemia to anahaemin’, From Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Nairobi Lancet, 1939, ii, 360-363. With KONDI, A. ‘A weof miscarriage following blackwater fever’, Tram. With KONDI, A., HARGREAVES,A., and LOWRY,J. ‘Anwniz, of Africans in R. Soc. trap. Mcd. Hyg., 1941, 34, !43-346. Kenya’, Trans. R. Soc. trop. Mcd. Hyg., 1950, 43, 635-648. With KONDI, A., and MOUMJIDIS,A. Transfusion of blackwater fever blood With KONDI, A., and HARGREAVES,A. ‘The megaioblaatic anacmiad, Lancer, into a normal individual during haemolytic crisis’, Trum. R. Soc. trop. 1950,i, I 172-1173. Ntd. Qg., I9419 35, 119-123. With KONDI, A. ‘The correlation between blackwater fever, malaria, quinine and atebrin’, Ann. trop. Mcd. Parasit., 1950,4.(r 309-3x8. With KONDI, A., and BRASS,W. ‘Sickle-cell diseare of Africans in Kenya’, From Wdlwme Trust Research Laboratories, South Aîfcan Institute for E. Al. med. I., 1951, 28, 1-5. Medical Research, Johannesburg With KONDI, A., and HARGREAVES,A. ‘The response of megalobias? With LEWIS,E. G. ‘Blood transfusion in blackwater fever and haemolytic macrocytic anaemia to crystalline penicillin G’, Brft. med. I., 1951,J, anaemias following sulphonamide therapy’, S. Al. Dfg. War Mcd., 1941, 3 80-3 83. 1, 137-143. With KONDI, A., and HARGREAVES,A. ‘Response of megalobhic d With ALTMANN, A., and KONPI, A. ‘Thirst at seaaea water enemas’ of pregnancy to crystalline penicillin G’, Brft. med. I., 1951, i, I ro8-I I IO. (preliminary report), S. Afr. mcd. I., 1942, 16, I 13-1 15. With KONDI, A., and ALEXANDRIDES,C. ’Sickle-cell trait and sickie-ccll With ALTMANN,A., BARNES,H. D., and KONDI, A. ‘Anuria with special anaemia’, Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1951, 729-740. reference to renal failure in blackwater fever, incompatible transfusions, With KONDI, A. ‘Sickle-cell anaemia in Africans’, Lancet, 1951, ii, 451-452. and crush injuries’, Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1942, 36, r97-238. With KONDI, A. ‘Pernicious anaemia and macrocytic anaemia in Uganda’, With KONDI, A. ‘Lyso-lecithin fragility in blackwater fever and haemolytic Lancet, 1952, i, 416-417. jaundice’, Tranr. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1943, 37, 1-18. With KONDI, A., and HARGREAVES,A. ‘Response of the megaiobiastic With KONDI,A. ‘Ehrlich’s megaloblasts associated with low mean corpdar anaunias of pregnancy to animal protein factor’, Brft. mcd. I., 1952, 4 volume and red cell diameter’, ioncet, 1943, ii, 505-506. 852-853. With GLUCKMAN,I., and KONDI, A. ‘Pigment metabolism and renal fllure With KONDI, A., HARGREAVES,A., and LOWRY, J. ‘Response of mcgdo- in acute sulphonamide haemolysis resembling blackwater fever’, ïrom. blastic anaemia in Africans to oral crystalline penicillin G’, Lancet, 1952 R. Soc. rrop. Mcd. Hyg., 1944, 37, 303-3x9. i, 1221-1225. With KONDI, A., REBELLO,A., and SOSURO,A. ‘Sudval of transfused red With KONDI,A., REBELLO,A., and MARTINS,F. ‘The distribution of sickle- cells in blackwater fever circulation and of blackwater red cells in normal cell trait and the incidence of sickle-cell anaemia in the negro tribes of cidation’ (preliminary report), Tram. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1945, Portuguese East Africa’, E. Ai. mcd. I., 1952, 29, 247-251. 38, 17i-286. l With KONDI, A. ‘Sickle-cell trait in Africans’, Brit. mat. I., 1952, ii, 41-42. With KONDI, A., and HARGREAVES,A. ‘Anaemiu of Africans’, Tmm. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 1952, 46, 327-358. 82 83 With KONDI, A. ‘Effect of daraprim on the gametocyta of Pfurmodium fulcipururn’, Tram R. Soc. trop. Med. ffyg., 1912, 46, 370. APPENDIX F With KONDI, A. ’Sickle-cell anaemia in Africa’, Brit. mcd. I., 1952, ii, PUBLICATIONS SUBSIDIZED BY THE I 9p-997. WELLCOME TRUST - Anaemias of the tropics and sub-tropics’, FljÏh international Congru .f Tropical Abdicine, Istanbul, 1953. ArchowJogicaJ With KONDI,A. ‘A case of true red-cell aplsstic anaemia successfully treated Lachfrh I (Tefi cd-Duwcfr), ‘The Lachish Letters’, by Harry Toraper, with riboflavin’, J. Path. BUCL, 1953, 65, 559-564. Lankester Harding, Alkin Lewis, and j. L. Starkey; pp. 223, plates, With KONDI, A. haematinic action of penicillin in megaloblastic ‘The maps, illus. Oxford University Press, 1938. 50~.net. anaemia and its rclatiotuhip to BI, metabolism and the intestinal flora’, rochish II (Tell cd-Duweir), ‘The Fosse Temple’, by Olga Tufnell, chules H. Truns. R. Soc. trop. Med. ffyg., 1954, 48, 17-35 (Discussion, pp. 36-41). Inge, and Lankester Harding; pp. 104, col. front., 73 piatet (some in ‘Primary red-cell aplasia’, Brit. med. 1953, 1449. With KONDI, A. I., i, colour). Oxford University Press, 1940. 50s. net. significance of the intestinal flora in the megaloblastic With KONDI,A. ’The Lachish 111 (Tefl Cd-Duwcir), ‘The Iron Age’, by Olga Tufnell, with contributioat anaemias’, Rfursunti Commun. Sixth Cong. internat. Microbiol., Rome, 1953, by Margaret A. Murray, and David Diringer; t vols., pp. 437, pp. 8, 3, 24-25. 130 plates, Oxford University Press, 1953. L8 8s. net. With KONDI, A. ‘Treatment of megaloblastic anaemias. Relation of The Weffcame Excavutions In the Sudan, Vols. I and II, ‘Jebel Mop’, by Fmk penicillin to vitamin B,,’, Lancet, 1953, ii, 1280-1185. Addison, with a chapter by A. D. Lacaille; pp. 276, pp. viii, I16 With KONDI, A., TIMMS,G. L., BRASS,W., and BUSHRA,F. ‘The variability plates, col. front. Oxford University Press, 1949. f6 6s. net. of sickle-cell rates in the tribes of Kenya and the southern Sudan’, The Weflcome Excarotfons in the Sudun, Vol. III, ‘Abu Ceili’, by O. G. S. Brit. mcd. I., 1954, i, 294-297. Crawford, and Frank Addison; and ‘Saqadi and Dar Mek’, by With MOORE,R. A., and BRASS, ‘Sickling and mdaria’, mcd. El Frank W. Brit, I., Addison; pp. 182, 87 plates. Oxford University Press, 1951. 50s. 1954, ii, 630-631. net. With KONDI,A., and SARMA, B. ‘Anaemia in the tropics’, Erft. mcd. I., 1955, The Stone Age in Scatfund, by A. D. Lacaille; pp. xxii, 345, 140 illus. oxford ii, 376-377. University Press, 1954. 55s. net. With KONDI,A., and MANSON-BAHR,P. E. C. ‘Penicillin in megaloblastic The Ancient Inbubirunü .f jcbcJ Mya (Sudan), by Ramkrishna Mukherjec, anaemias of Africans. Effects on serum-vitamin BI, levels and absorption C. Radhakrishna Rao, and J. C. Trevor. With appendices by Frank of radioactive vitamin Bit), Lancet, 1955, ii, 693-699. Addison and the authors; pp. xi, 123, 3 plates. Cambridge University. With BRASS,W., MOORE,R. A., TIMMÇ,C. L., KONDI, A., and OLUOCH,T. Press, 1955. 40r. net. ‘Two surveys to investigate the relation of sickle-cell trait and malaria’, IN PRESS Brit. med.]., 1955, ii, 1116-1119. Locbisb IV (Tell cd-Duwdr), ‘The Bronze Age’, by Olga Tufnell, with contri- With BRASS,W., and KONDI,A. ‘Sickling and malaria’, Brit. mcd. I., 1956, butions by D. F. W. Baden-Powell, Dorothca M. A. Bate, jvwkv &rnj, ii, 28g-igo. David Diringer, Madeleine Giles, Ham Helbaek, B. S. J. klin, With KONDI, A. ‘Nutritional and intestinal factors and iron losses in the Margaret A. Mumy, Barbara Parker, Mith Pod, F. C, Thompn, genesis of tropical anaemias’, Lancer, 1956, i, 423-424. Eric Todd, John Waechter; 2 vols., pp. 337, pp. 7, 96 plates. Owford With KONDI, A. ‘Anaemias in Africans’, Cent. Afr. J. Med., 1956,2, 254-257. University Press, I 957. With KONDI, A. ‘Genesis of tropical anaemias’, Luncct, 1956, ii, 95-96. Medicol Galen on Medicul Experience. First Edition of the Arabic version, 4th Eng1ish translation and nota by R. Walzer; pp. xi, 164. Oxford University Press. 12s. 6d. A PrcJudc to Modern Science, being a discussion of the History, SOUIEQ and circumstances of the Tubulue Anatomicae Su of Vculius; pp. [XI]-1, 58, 6 plates. Cambridge Universi9 Press, 1946. 63s. net. The Derclopment .f Inhakation Anaenhufa, with special referuice to tbe YQ“ 1846-1900, by Barbara M. Duncum. Oxford University Press, 1947. 35s. net. AngbSuxon Mugic and Medicine, illustrated specidly from the scmi-pp text ‘Lacnunga’. By j. H. C. Gram, and Charlu Singer; pp. xi4 234, 6 plates, illus. Oxford University Press, 1952. 30s. net. 85 t'ualius on the Human Brafn. Introduction, translation of text, etc., by Charlu Singer; pp. xxvi, 151, platu. Oxford University Press, 19~1. 211. net. Catalogue of Inninabula in the Welfcome HistarIca1 Medical Library, by F. N. L. Poynter; pp. xvi, 160, 12 plates. Oxford University Press, 1954, 50s. net. Gafcn on Anaromical Proceduru. Translation with introduction and notes by Charlu Singer; pp. xxvi, 189, 16 illus. Oxford University Press, 1956. 37r. 6d. net. The Collected Papers ofPaul Ehrlich in 4 volumes, including a complete biblio- graphy. Compilcd and edited by F. Hlmrnelweit, with the assistance of Martha Marquardt. Under the editorial direction of Sir Henry Dale. Volume I : Histolog, Biochemistry and Pathology ; pp. viii, 653. Frontispiece portrait and 6 plates. Pergamon Press, 1956. Er2 os. net.