- .. The Wellcome Trust FIRST RE’PORT covering the period 52 Queen Anne Street London W.r 'I THE WELLCOME TRUST i First Report covering the period I93 7-1956 l 1 LONDON 52 QUEEN ANNE STREET, W. I 1957 CONTENTS THEWELLCOME TRUSTEES, 1956 . .I THEWELLCOME TRUST REPORT (covering the years 1937- 1956): I. General Survey: Origin and Activities . 9 The late Sir Henry S. Wellcome . 10 The Wellcome Trust . 17 Special Bequests . 23 Completion of Sir Heny Wellcome’s Archaeological Made and Printed in Great Britain by Enterprf ses . 26 William Clowes and Sons Limited General Plansfor the Support of Rescarch , . 31 London and Beccles Medals andPrizes . 32 The Wellcome Trust Research Laborarurics, Thcssalodki . 33 Drying Human Blood Plasma and Serum . 38 Universi9 Chairs and Research Fellowships . 39 Grantsfor Building, Adaptdon, or Equipment of Research Laboratories . 43 Special Apparatus purchasedfor Indejlnite Loan . 44- Granufor Research Museums und Libraries . 45 Hfmry ofMedicine . 49 Travel Grants . 52 II. Classified List of Grants . .. 56 III. Policy . 68 Appendix : A. University of Edinburgh: Wellcome Medals and Prizes in the History of Medicine . 76 B. Association of Mriitary Surgeons of the United States of . America: Wellcome Medal and Prize awarded to Medical Officers of the Armed Forces of the United States of America or of the U.S. Public iicalth Service . 77 C. Royal African Society: Wellcome Medais for dîatinguishcd services to Africa . 80 D. Royal Anthropological Institute: Wellcome Medal and Prize for anthropological research . 81 E. Publications by Dr. Henry Foy with Dr. Athena Kondi and otherssince 1938 . Ez F. Publications subsidized by the Wellcome Trust. 85 3 t THE WELLCOME TRUSTEES, 1956 SIR HENRYHALLETT DALE, o.M., G.B.E., M.D., F.R.c.P., F.R.S. (Chairmdn) LANCELOTCLAUDE BULLOCK MARTIN PRICE, P.C.A. THE RT. HON.LORD PIERCY,C.B.E. BRIGADIERJOHN SM~THKNOX BOYD, O.B.E., M.D., D.P.H., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. Secretary J. E. K. CLARKE,F.C.A. Scientijjc Secretary F. H. K. GREEN, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P. THEWill of Sir Henry Wellcome appointed five original trustees, and expressed the wish that the number of the trustees should not at any time be more and should not long remain less than five. The testator further expressed the desire “that as fir as possible at all times two of my Trustees shall be men who have had experience and be well qualified in medicine and the allied I sciences and that two shall be men of wide practical business experience one or both of whom should be of high standin and ability in the practice of the law and with exceptiod experience and qualifications in the conduct and management of large and important estates”. Of the five who were named in ’ the Will for appointment as the first trustees, Mr. George Henry Hudson Lyall, M.B.E., and Mr. Bullock had the requisite standing in the practice of the law, both bein partners in a well-known firm of Solicitors and the testator’s fegal advisers; Mr. Martin Price was a Chartered Accountant; and Sir Henry Dale and Professor T. R. Elliott, C.B.E., DAO., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., were nominated for their special experience of research in “medicine and the allied sciences”. The late Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, K.B.E., C.B., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S., was the first to be named by the Will in this latter capacity; but he had died before the testator, and the Will named Professor Elliott for appointment in the event of such a medical vacancy. 5 it will be seen that three of these five original trustees, Sir appointments and re-appointments to trusteeship subject to the Henry Dale, Mr. Bullock and Mr. Price, are still acting. consent of the Attorney-General and the approvai of a High Mr. Hudson Lyall, as the trustee named first in the Will, Court Judge. automatically became the first Chairman of the trustees and he Apart from the minor delay in his formal appointment, continued in that position until his death in May 1938. He was mentioned above, Professor Elliott served on the Trust Erom largely concerned with the actions immediately required at the its inception in 1936 until October 1955, when he decided testator’s death, to provide for the needs of various charitable not to accept further re-appointment. His fellow trustees projects which the testator had left in being. A good beginning recorded on his retirement their grateful recognition of the had also been made, under his Chairmanship, with the compli- invaluable service which Professor Elliott had consistently cated valuations and negotiations required to settle the value of given to the work of the Trust during these first nineteen the Estate for the assessment of Estate Duty. These, however, years of its existence. They recalled that for a large part of had not nearly reached finality at the time of his death, and a this period the work of the Trust had been subject to a large part of the ultimately successful negotiations were carried series of abnormal conditions, including those due to the out for the trustees by Mr. Martin Price and Mr. J. E. K. Clarke. winding up of the testator’s affiirs, to the payment of a very The Trust had, indeed, been less than a year in existence when heavy Estate Duty, and to difficulties and demands created by the Mr. Lyall, to the great regret of his new colleagues, began already war and by the re-organization which followed it. These had to suffer from the early effects of what proved to be a fatal required the trustees to face many unusual problems and to make illness. During this short period of his Chairmanship he had many anxious decisions, and had greatly delayed their oppor- won the full confidence of his fellow trustees, who had learned tunities for developing a widespread programme of assistance for to admire his ability, his character and his devotion to the research and scholarship in medicine and the allied sciences, interests of the Trust, which he had continued to serve in spite in accordance with the main provisions of their Trust. During of the increasing physical distress which the advance of his illness the whole of this difficult period, Professor Elliott’s collaboration entailed. After his death Sir Henry Dale became thé Chairman in the work of the Trust had been of inestimable value to his in due order of appointment, and he still occupies that position. colleagues, who had learned to rely with confidence upon his Although Sir Henry Dale and Professor Elliott were named as courage and wisdom in all their corporate decisions. His direct trustees by the Will, their acceptance of appointment was post- and personal experience of the needs and the possibilities of poned for some months by the necessity of obtaining an Order medical research had also had a special value for the guidance of of the High Court which exempted them, and others in similar the tvtees, in making allotments from such fùnds as had been positions, from compliance with certain conditions in the Will already at their disposal, and in Iaying plans for a fuller exercise which were not properly applicable to the medical holders of of the charitable functions of their Trust. It was a matter of such other appointments as theirs, whether in a University or in special regret to them, indeed, that Professor Elliott had found the Public Service. it necessary to retire, at a time when the scale of the resources Shortly after Mr. Hudson Lyall’s death, the trustees also took which should normally be available to the Trust had begun to be note of the fact that the Will did not prescribe any method by more clearly foreseen, so that their charitable policy could be which the remaining trustees could fill a vacancy in their number, framed and developed with a greater confidence. They have gave them no authority for remunerating a new trustee for his greatly missed Professor Elliott’s experience and wisdom from services, and failed to provide for the eventual retirement of a all their counsels and his spirit of friendly comradeship from trustee. They decided that thse various matters ought to be their meetings. legally defined and settled by authority; and accordingly, in May At the time of Mr. Hudson Lyall’s death, in 1938, the Trust 1939, they applied for and obtained an Order of the High Court was still engaged with the special duties of its initial period; and dealing with the several points in question, and making new before the end of the following year the war had begun, making 6 .7 new and abnormal demands. The conditions did not for some THE WELLCOME TRUST years appear to be suitable for the tilling of the vacant trusteeship ; and indeed, the legal conditions for a new appointment had yet FIRST REPORT. to be defined. When it was decided, in 1945, that the time had come to fill the vacancy, the remaining trustees thought it suitable that the successor to Mr. Lyall should again be one I. General Survey: Origin and Activities “with exceptional experience and qualifications in the conduct present century, which has seen the establishment of and management of la e and important estates” ; and they were THE research organizations by the governments of many countries, fortunate in finding xat Lord Piercy was willing to accept appointment. And when, more recently, Professor Elliott’s has also seen a great increase in the number of charitable place became vacant, the trustees were again fortunate in finding Trusts and Foundations devoted wholly or partly to the that Brigadier J.