Tbe Honse Tbat Hitler Built
Tbe Honse tbat Hitler Built By the Same Author ffiSTORY OF AUSTRAUAN LAND SETTLEMENT POPULATION PROBLEMS OF THE PACIFIC mSTORY OF FRENCH COLONIAL POLICY THE SQUATTING AGE IN AUSTRALIA ffiSTORY OF MODERN EUROPE, ETC. The House that Hitler Built
by Stephen H. Roberts M.A., D.Sc. (Econ.), Litt.D. Challis Professor of MoJern History, University of Sydney
SECO:SD EDmON
.J!ethuen Publishers London 36 Essex Street, lr".C.3 First Published October 21st 1931 Second Edition 1931
PRINTED IN CIU?.AT BRITAIN PREFACE
This book is written primarily for the man-in-the-street who wishes to have some idea of the German experiment. It may best be ~xplained by a personal note. Most of my work for the last twenty years has been concerned with contemporary history, and I spent most of the study-leave which ihe University of Sydney granted me (November 1935 to March 1937) in Germany and neighbouring countries. My main aim was to sum up the New Germany without any prejudice (except that my general approach was that of a democratic individualist), and to contrast the state of affairs to-day with that which I knew in Germany at the end of the inflationary period, then at the height of the Weimar Re· public's temporary success, and lastly immediately prior to Hider's accession to power. I may have gained-or suffered from the detachment of view which is natural to one living in a distant Dominion. Owing to a fortunate conjunction of circumstances, I was afforded unusual facilities in Germany. The Nazi authorities did everything possible to aid my investigations, although they knew from the outset that my attitude was one of ob jective criticism. Indeed, they had even filed copies of all my articles and summaries of my wireless and other talks on Germany over a period of years. Despite this, no request of mine was too much for them, and the only refusal I en countered in the whole of Germany was in being denied access to their collection ofbanned literature. I wish, then, to acknowledge my indebtedness to them, even in cases where they knew that they could never convert me. I should also like to point out that, in every case, the judgements are my own. None of the scores of officials who helped me must in any way be blamed for the conclusions I have drawn. To a man, they did their duty as officials of vi The House that Hitler Built the Party and the State. I wish to be quite clear on this point. di · · · di ·d als b Under the con 'nons I cannot mennon m Vl u , ut should like to thank the many officers of the Foreign Office, the Ribbentrop Bureau, the Labour Front, the Labour Service . Headquarters, the Reichsbank, the Reichskredit$esellscltaft, the Ministry of Finance, the department of Public Works, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Propaganda, the Finance Ministry, the Ministry of Labour, and many other departments. I am particularly indebted to scores of Party officials, especially to those who arranged that I should meet such persons as Hider~ Hess, and Schacht, and those who invited me to the Nuremberg Party Rally in September 1936. A special mention must be given to the officials who made available to me the resources ofParty Headquarters in Munich. I also owe much to private industrialists and business leaders for their frank discussions, although naturally I can be no more specific than this under existing circumstances. I must also pay tribute to the ordinary people of Germany who made my investigations such a great pleasure. Although we motored many thousands of miles through every German province but one, and although we showed what must often have been a disconcerting persistence in trying to £nd out what tinker and worker, professor and farmer thought, we met not the slightest discourtesy and found everywhere a striking eagerness for friendship with Great Britain. Explanatory mention must be made of the use of S.A. and S.S. throughout this book. The term S.A. is used for Sturmabteilung, and is synonymous with Storm Troopers or Brownshirts or the Brown Army (the original private militia of Hider) ; S.S., on the other hand, is an abbreviation of Schutzsttiffel, the smaller body of praetorian guards, often referred to as Black Guards. !n ~ting this book, I have tried to give an account of Hide~ s ~t four years of fOwer and to throw light on this by mennorung my own expenences in Germany. Wherever neces sary,. I have gone back to the origins of certain movements, but m general have made no attempt to cover the period between 1921 and 1933, because many adequate surveys of Preface vii this formative period exist. The presentation has often been interpretative rather than factual, although in places (as when dealing with Party organization) I have gone into great detail because the facts are not easily accessible to the kind of people for whom this book is written. I claim no finality or com pleteness. I have merely tried to put on record one observer's idea of ~derite Germany as it existed after four years of power. The faults of omission in attempting to sum up most aspects of so vast a subject in a hundred thousand words are everywhere obvious ; and I can but apologize for them in advance. It will be obvious, too, that many sections (especi ally those on economics and foreign policy) are not written for the expert, but, as I explained earlier, this book is directed towards a wider public. I put it forward hesitatingly as a general survey and interpretation. A few dates are necessary. My last personal contact with Germany was in the early days of January 1937, and I have not seen this book since the manuscript left my hands on June 1st, 1937. Lastly, I must express an especial obligation to the Senate and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sydney for granting me facilities to undertake this work. s. H. ROBERTS Sydney University, June 1st, 1937. CONTENTS
PART I. ORIGINS
CIUPTIUI F•G! ' I. THE RIDDLE OF mTLER 3 I. Hitler's Origins 2. The Man Hitler 3· Hitler's Mode of Living
n. mrLER'S LIEUTENANTS 24 I. G0ri11g and Goebbels 2. The Patient Followers-Hess and Frick
m. THE NATURE OF THE MOVEMENT 33 r. The Party in Embryo 2. The Background of the Movement 3· Why Hitler Succeeded
IV. THE PmLOSOPHY OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM 45 r. The First Stages ofWeltanschauung 2. Alfred Rosenberg 3. The Racial Basis 4· Blood and Soil 5. The Community and the Indil'idual
PART II. FOUR YEARS OF POWER
I. THE TECHNIQUE OF REVOLUTION (1933-7) 6I I. The Conquest of a Nation, 1933 2. The Fall of tl~e Provitues 3· The Voict of the Plebis.citts X The House that Hitler Built
CHAPrii:R PAGE n. THE GROWTH OF PARTY ORGANIZATION 72 I. The Underlying Principle 2. The Evolution of the Party Structure 3· The Party Organization when in Power 4· Check and Counter-check witltin the Party s. The Party and the Form of the State 6. The Party and the Civil Services 7· The Problem of Local Administration
m. THE ECLIPSE OF THE BROWNSHIRTS 104 I. Browt'IShirts versus the Army 2. The Twilight of the Brownshirts 3· The Night of the Long Knives
IV. THE ARMY AND ITS RELATIONS WITH HITLERISM 120 I. Hitler and the Army 2. The Rebirth of the Army 3· Goring and the Air Force 4· The New Navy
v. THE SYSTEM IN EXCELSIS: A NUREMBERG PARTY RALLY 135
PART III. THE ECONOMICS OF HITLERISM
I. AUTARKY AND M.ABKETS I4S I. The Doctrine of Self-st!lJiciency 2. The Problem of Foreign Trade 3· The Quest for Markets: The Schacht Offensive n. FINANCIAL JUGGLERY ISS I. A Multiple-geared Cu,.;,ency 2. Meeting the Bill
III. THE INTERNAL BOOM : HITLERISM AND INDUSTRY I6S I. The Position of Industry 2. The Position of Labour Contents X1
CHAPTER PAGE IV. THE FIGHT FOR RAW MATERIALS AND SUBSTITUTES 173
v. SCHACHT VERSUS THE EXTREMISTS 181
VI. THE AGRICULTURAL FIASCO 189 I. 71~e rise of Walter Da"l 2. 71~e Food Estate 3· The Results of tl~e Drive for Agricr1lture
PART IV. THE BALANCE SHEET OF HITLERISM
SECTION I. WHAT THE OV.1.00KER SEES
I. THE YOUTH MOVEME.a."'T: THE FIGHT FOR THE FIRST EIGHTEEN YEARS 201
n. THE LABOUR SERVICE : THE FIGHT FOR THE YOUNG MEN 2II
m. THE LABOUR FRONT : THE FIGHT FOR THE WORKERS 218 I. The IuJustrial Sections 2. Organized Travel Movements
IV. WOMEN AND POPULATION : THE FIGHT FOR THE RACE 229
v. PtJBUC WORKS AND THE GREAT ROADS : THE FIGHT FOR EMPLOYMENT A.."'D PROGRESS 235 1. Public Works 2. 71~e Motor Roads
SECTION II. WHAT THE 0:-..'LOOKER DOES 't-.'OT SEE
VI. THE DRIVE FOR A C01.L\i0N ML"'TALITY : HOW A NATION IS HYPNOTIZED I. Culture 2. The Press 3· Ed1«:atior1 xii The House that Hitler Built
CUAPTitR PAGE VII. THE PRESENT PLACE OF THE JEWS 2)8
vm. SWASTIKA VERSUS CROSS 268
IX. LAJl AS A POLmCAL INSTRUMENT 282
PART V. HITLERISM AND THE WORLD
I. GENERAL FOREIGN POUCY 293 x. Cot!ftict of Policies in the Willzelmstrasse 2. The Actual Events
n. THE SOVIET BOGY IN THEORY AND FACT 307
m. THE LOST GERMANS 313
IV. THE SOUTHERN DANGER ZONES 318 I. Austria 2. Czechoslovakia : ' Three and a Half Million Lost Germatzs ' 3· Czechoslovakia: ' The Bolshevik dagger at our throat'
V. THE BALTIC PRESSURE-POINTS 332 I. Danzig atul the Polish Co"idor 2. Memel and Lithuania 3· The Enigma of Poland and the Baltic States 4- Germany's Second Hope in the Baltic-Pitt land
VI. GERMANY AND WESTERN EUROPE I. The Obstacle of France 2. 11~e Rome-Berlin Axis
vn. THE COLONIAL QUESTION 346
vm. CONCLUSION 359 INDEX 365 INDEX
Activists, the, 32 7 Nazis, the, and, 318 ff. Africa, 351 opinion of an Austrian on his East. 345 own country, 321-2 South, 152 n., 16o Austrian Social Democrats, 319 South-West, 351-2, 353-4, 355 Autarky, Germany and, 145 ff. Agriculture, Food Estate, the, and, 193-5 Baden,69,92,9~97 in Germany, 189 ff. Balkan States, the, trade between industry and, 189 ff. Germany and, 152-3 Air Defence League, the German, Balt, 33 129, 130 Baltic States, the, 339-41 Air Force, the German, 128-32 Fascism in, 340, 341 strength of, 131 Germany and, 341 Alsace-Lorraine, 313, 314 Barlow Palace, 75--6 Alvensleben, von, III Barter, device of, used by Germany, Amann, Max, 6, 74, 78, 83, 247 151 ff. Press, the, and, 247 Bauriedl, Andreas, 135 Angriff, Der, 27, 249 . Bauxite, 179 Anhalt. 92, 211 Bavaria, 69, 91, 94, 97, 202, 208, Antimony, 179 216, 280, 319 Architecture, modem German, 235 Bavarians, the, 141 Arcos, Count, 40 Beck, Colonel, 339-40 Armaments, German, 123, 137,167, Beck, General, 12 5 168, 196, 298, 299 Be!gium, 31~ 317 Armies, the, of Europe, 127-8 Bell, Dr., 88 Army, the German, 122 ff., 13 8 Benes, President. Czechoslovakia Hitler and, 361 and, 326--7 manoeuvres of 1936, 126 Benzine, 177 man-power of, 127 Berchtesgaden, chalet of Hitler at, relations with Hitlerism of, 120 ff. 17 Russia and, 3I I Berkenkamp, Albert, So Arndt, Ernst. 270 Berlin, 68, So, 103, 171, 198, 225, Aryans, the, 52, 247, 248, 259 351 Jews the, and, 262 ff. Goebbels and, 75 Asbestos, 179 Jews,the,in,2)8,259 Australia, 351, 353, 354 People's Theatre, the, 226 trade between Germany and, 3oth]une, 193~ II3 I6o, 176 Berliner Illustrierte Zeihmg, the, 259 Austria, 29, 300, 315, 316, 318-23 Berliner Tageblatt, the, 248, 259 The House that Hitler Built Bethmann-Hollweg, 293 Army, the, and, 124 · Beulwitz, von, death of, II4 at the Nuremberg Party Rallies, Bismarck, 91, 93 136, 139, 14o-1 on Bohemia, 330 beginnings of, no · Black Guards, the, 35, 63, 87, 88, Black Guards, the and, 104 ff. 104-5, I2I, 140, 192, 269, Hider and, IOS ff. 276, 313 uniforms of, 104. 105 Brownshins, the, and, 104 ff. (See also Sturmabteilung} · (See also Schr~tzstaffel.) Brock, Arthur Moeller van den, ' Black Hundred ', the, 86, S7 socialism and, 46-8 Blomberg, von, 79, 109, II], 123 The Tlu'rd Reidt, 46-8 on the ScharniJorst, 133 · Weltanscl1auung and, 46-8 Blood and Soil, philosophy of, so, Bruckner, Wilhelm, 17, 21-2, 53, SI, S3-6, 75. 193. 198, 216, 79 261, 269, 279 ' Night of the Long Knives,' the, Blunck. Hans, German literature and, II2 £f.
and. 243-s BrUning, Chancellor, 36, 40, 4I 1 Bohemia. 327, 331. \ 190, 202 Bismarck on, 330 Bl'WlSwick, 92 Bohle, Ernst, So, IOO n. Buch, Major Walter, 74. 75, 7S, 82, Bohlen, Krupp von, I68 86--7, 88, 91, 95 Bolshevism,29,5I, 304.305,310,343 director of the Usch1a, 82-3 Hider and, 9 30th June, 1934, and, II2, II3 Bormann, Albert, So Bulgaria, IS3 Bormann, Marrin, 75, 78 Buna (synthetic robber), 173 Borsen-Zeitung, the, 252 Bose, von, 113 Bouhler, Philip, 74. 78-9 Cameroons, the, 352-3, 3SS history, personal, of, 79 Catholicism, Hitlerism and, 269, Brack, Victor, So 270, 277, 279-80. Braun, Otto, 6S ' Cell G ' (' the Cell'), 87, 88 Brazil, 151. 'Central Political Commission', Bredow, Colonel von, II4 the, 76 Bremen, 69, 92, 94 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 20, Breslau., 26o 49.$3 . Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 309 Chromium, 179 British, the, German colonies, and, Church, the, in Germany, 268-81, 356-7, 358 359 British Dominion$, the, 350 letter of the Confessional clergy trade berween Germany and, r6o to Hider, 277 See also Australia Cloths, artificial, made in Germany, British Empire, the, German trade 173-6 · and, 152 Coal, 173. 176. 177. 179 raw materials and, 173 pulverized, 178 Broadcasting in Germany, 252-4 Colonies, the, Germany and, 346-58 Brownshirts, the, 42, 6s, 66, 1s. arguments against returning to 88, 99· 104 ff., 121, 20], Germany the pre-war, 356-7 1.71, 282-3 prodUctS from, 353, 35S Index Communists and Communism, 28, Eckart, Dietrich, 18, 20, 33, 34, s1. 62, 64, 6s, 66, 136, 203, 35. 46, 48, 50 26o, 343 Education in Germany, 244, 254:..7 Conscription, II9 Eichendorff, von, on German youth Copper, 179 209 Cotton, 179 Employment in Germany, 169-70, Croneis, Theo, 81 236,237,238 Culture, in Germany, 241 ff. England, 29, 133, 353 Currency, control of, in Germany, Germany and, 298 ISS £f. (See also Great Britain.) Currency, 159 Ernst, Karl, 53, III, II7 Czechoslovakia, 250, 296, 299, 306, death of, II4 310, 3I3, 315, 316, 317, 318, Hitler and, II7 322, 324 ff., 339, 340, 355 n. Epp, General Ritter von, 69, 78, Bohemia and, 330 89, 94. 96, 352 invasion, possible, of, 331 Bavaria and, 94 Moravian gateway, the, and, colonies, the, and, 347, 348-9, 330, 331 352 Czechs, the, 324 £f. Esser, Hermann, 35 Esthonia, 315, 337, 338, 34I Eupen, 313, 314 Daluege, Victor, 63 Europe, 296, 297, 298, 304, 307, Danzeisen, Emil, 86 324, 329, 330, 345. 350 Danzig, 313, 315, 317, 332-4, 339 air forces of, 131-2 Nazis, the, in, 333-4 armies of, 127-8 politics in, 333 central, 29, 312, 316, 339, 340, Darre, Dr. Walter, 45, 53, 56, 75, 345 78, 84, 100, 136, 262, 348 eastern, 309, 310, JII, 339, 340, agriculture in Germany and, 342. 344 189 ff. German trade and, 152 history, personal, of, 189-92 Hitler, and, 306 peasants, the, and, 19J Evangelicals, the, 279 race and, 191, 192 Hitlerism, and, 272-5, 277, 278, Schacht, and, 185, 187 279 theories of, 192 writings of, 191, 192 Fats, Germany's shortage of Denmark, 315, 317 essential, 353 Demburg, 354 Faulhaber, Cardinal, 280, 320 Deutsche, Der, 249 Feder, Gottfried, 33-4, 46, 74, I35• Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, 33 185, 191, 358 Deutscht Zeit1mg, the, 248-9 Fiehler, Karl, 78 Dictatorship, 159, 208, 308 Finland, 34o-1 Diekhoff, 100 Finns, the, 340 Dietrich, Otto, 78, 83 Fischer, Dr., 158, 177 Dollfuss, 319, 321 Fischer, Hugo, 83 murder of, 319, 320 Five Year Plan (~ussia), 310, JII Drexler, Anton, 33, 34 Flax, 179 Duesterberg, Colonel, 65 Fock, Gorch, 134 The House that Hitler Built Food Estate. the, 193-s. 196, 197 autoaacy formed in (1934), 70 FoodstuffS. Germany and, I96-8 banking system o£ 166 Four Year Pl~ the. 2.5, 26, 62, BolsheVism and, 304. 307 f£. 138, 148, 1511 154. 100, 176, budgets in, 161, 162 187.349.362 cattle in, I96-7 · GOring in charge o£ 96 Centre Party, the. 62., 64 France. I31, 133, 153, 250, 297, 298, chemists, her, and artificial 2991 ]00, ]011 302, 303, 3o6, })roducts, 173 ff. . 310, 314. 329, 342-4. 350, churCh. the. in, jo-1,268-81, 359 357 Civil Services, the. and the army o£ 127, 12.8 Party, 98-I01. Bolshevism and, 305 clothes made of synthetic devaluation of the franc in, 159 materials in, 174 German colonies and, 352-3 colonies, the. and, 346-58 Hider and, 342-4 concentration camps, 170 n. Hider on, 242-3 conscription in, 121, 1.2.3 ff., 296, Poland and, 339 2.99 Franco, General, 345 constraint, element o£ in, 172 . Franconia, 92, 201, 263 courts for political offences in, 282 Frank, Dr. Hans, 78, 84. IOO, 287, credit in, r6s-6 289 currency, ISS ff. Law Leader, 289 Aski device, the, and, 175-8, on the tacial basis of nations, 51 16o Frauenfeld, 319 inflation o£ 159, 181 Frederick the -Great, Hider and. mark. the, values o£ I 56 ff. 21, 40 Czechoslovakia and, 32.4 ff. Frick. Dr. Wilhelm, 14. 31-2, 79, daily life. cost o£ in, 17o-I
96, 97 1 103, 263, 269 debts o£ 159 n., 162 clergy, the, and, 274 • departmentalization ' in, under education and, 255 the Nazis, 72-3 German provinces and, 68-9 eastern Imperialism o£ 309, 339 personality o£ 31-2 economic problem o£ 145 ff. women and. 229 education, results of their system, Fronde, the, 243 2.44. 254--7 Fuel. substitute, 178 effects of theW ar on, 36-7, 297-8 election of 1934. 65-6 Gasolene, I77 employers and employees in, Gaue (tribal districts), 92 if. .Uo-3 Gdynia. 333-4 employment in, 169-';o Gehrt. death o£ II4 (See also Employment.) German Faith Movement, 270 f£. ~rts o£ 149 fE, 153 n., 163 Germany, 8, 36-7, I03, 234. et fats and, I9(i, 197, 198 • passim £nancial affairs 0~ I6I .f£, admin:istrat:ion, local. in. 102-3 xss-s. 2.37-8 agriculture in, 189 ff. Finland and. 34o-I air force, the, 128-32 Food Production Estate in, 193-5 army, the. I20-8 foodstuffi in, 196-7, 198 (See also Army.) foreign debt o£ IS9 n.
370 11ze House that Hitler B11ilt Germans, the, 54, 208, 364 on the end justifying the means, Air force, the, and, 132 362 attitude of, towards the financial on the German Press, 249 situation in Germany, 163-4 on the League of Nations, 296 censorship and, 250 on women, 229 character and characteristics of, opinions of, 243, 244 41, 42-3 Press, the, and, 247, 25I-2, 268 condition after the war of, 35-6 foreign press and, 252, Hitler and, 41-4 propaganda and, 28 in the lost provinces, 315-17 speeches of, 28-9, 309 individualism and, 43 Gombos, 340 in South-West Africa, 351-2 Goring, Captain Hermann, 8, IO, Lost Germans, the, 324 ff. 17, 24-6, 52, 61, 6l-3, 64, National Socialism and, 57 79, 88, 94, 96, 106, III, II], physical standard of, 233-4 I4o; 151, 187, 192, 197, 125, Youth Movement, the, and, 246-7, 285, 287, 294, 340, 208-10 352 German Maidens', the, 140, 202, air force, the, and, 128-32 205 army, the, and, 128 German Press, 329 Brownshirts the, and, no, III German Workers' Party, 33, 34-35 Catholics, the, and, 280 Gestapo, the, 88, 91, II] colonies, the, and, 347-8, 349-50 Gobineau, 20 Four Year Plan and, 96 Aryanism of, 52 Goebbels and Hitler and, 26 Goebbels, Dr.. Paul, r6, 17, 20, history of, 24-5 27-Jo, 45. 46, 49. 52, 6+. 65, Hitler and, 29-30 74-5, 77, 78, 90, 100, 101, militarism of, 122 108, 109, 189, I92, 262, 26], on Hitler, 17 288, 294. ]07, 309. 3I8, 352 on June 30th, 1934. 112-13 and Hitler, 8, 13, 14 on law, 290 Austria and, 318, 323 personality of, 25-6 brain, the, behind Hitler, I2I policy of, 63 broadcasting, German, and, 252-4 Prussia and, 67, 68, 107 Chamber of Culture and, 241 ff Rohm and, IIO colonies, the, and, 350 speeches of, 63, 349-50 contempt for humanity of, 27 Gorlitzer, Arthur, I09 Erwachende Berlin Das, 28 Great Britain. 299, 300, 301, 303, GOring and, 26 304, 306, 342. 343. 350, 353 Hitler and, 29-30 aeroplanes of, I3I literature, German, and, 244. 245 air force, I32 bonfire of undesirable, 245 army of, 127 mind of, 28 Germans and, 120 newspaper of, 249 Naval Agreement with Germany, 'Night of the Long Knives', 300 the, and, II2 ff. questionnaire to Germany of, on foreign policy and the sword, 303-4 121-2 trade betWeen Germany and, on individual liberties, 289 IOO Inaex 371 Greece, trade between Germany on the German ideals for women, and, 152, 153 231 Grimm, Hans, 348 personality of, 3C>-I Grimm, Walter, 82, 83 secretary to Hitler, 30 Grimm, Willy, 78 speeches of, 30, 115 Grimme, Hugo, 129 Hesse, 68, 92, 94. 202 Gross, Walter, 8o Heydebreck, Peter von, II3 Gruben, Kurt, 202 Heydrich, Reinhard. 89-90 Giinther, Professor Hans, Aryanism Hildebrant, Freidrich, 94 and, 52 Hied, Colonel Konstantin, 2II-IZ, GQttingen, 26o 269 Greiser, Dr., 333, 334 • Hierl Plan', the, 212, 217 Griine Post, the, 249 Hilfskasse, the, 75 Giirtner, Dr., Minister of Justice, Hilgenfeldt, Erich, 85 84, 28j Hin.unler, Heinrich, 26, 63, 75, 78, 88-9, 91, 105, II4 n., 140, Habicht, Theo, 319, 323 269 Hamburg,71,92,94, 171,258 June 30th. 1934. and, II4 HanfStaeng~ 17 personality of, 89-90 Hanke, Kar~ 83 political police, the, and, 88, 89 Hmover, 92,202 S.S., the, and, 89 Harrer, Karl. 33, 34 successor, possible, to Hitler, 90 Haver, Wilhelm, 276 Hindenburg, President von, 6r, 67, German Faith Movement the, Igo, 325 and, 276 fllllkel,Hans,22j,242,243 Hayn. Hans, no, 113 Hirschfeld, Magnus, 259 Health. care of, in Germany, 233, History in Germany, 255 234 Frick, Dr., on, 255 Heiden, Konrad, 4-5 Hitler, Adolf, 29, 34 n., 40, 41, 52, Hdnes, Edmund, rog, no, III, 54-5, 56, 74. 76, 79, 99, 105, Il]-18 121, 159, 187,255,JJ4,3I8et Hitler and. n8 passim. murder of, xu Evet1ts of l1is p11blic a11d private life: Held, Dr., 69 achievements, greatest, of, 132 Helldorf, Count, 198 addresses on race given in 1933 Hemp, 179 by, 136 Henlein, Konrad. 324. 325-6, 327 administrative plans for Germany Nazism and, 325 of, 95-6 Hess, Rudolf, Deputy uader, 17, agriculture in Germany and, r 89 ff. JC>-1, 53, 74. 76, 78, 79, 90, 195 ff. 286 army, the, and, 120 ff., 361 departments and staff of, 8o-r at the third Party Rally (1927), Mcin K.zmpf and. 30, 359 135-6 on June 30th. 1934. 112. at the fifth, 136 comments of, on this night, at the sixth, 137 109, us, u6 at the eighth Party Rally (1936), on law, 286, 287 138 on the colonies, 348 autobiography of, 4, 12 Tlte House tl1at Hitler Built Hitler, Austria and, 318 ff. localism and, 96 bourgeoisie, the, and, 43-4 Meiu Kampf, 12, 46, 12.1, 244, 252 Brownshim, the, and, 105 ff., 266-7, 316, 342, 343, 347, 109-19 359 campaigns, new, of, 138 mother of, 3 chancellorship, the, and, 61 ff. motor roads and, 236-7 children and, 208 motor road workers and, 238 colonies, the, and, 347 ff. mystery of his rise to power, conscription and, 121, 123 39-40 . Danzig and, 334 myth, the, built up around the descent and family of, 3 German people and around, dilemma of, 362 23,41-2 East Prussia and, 332 newspaper of, 250 eastern Europe and, 3II, 312 'Night of the Long Knives', election of 1934 and, 66 and, 112 ff. employment and, 169-70 pan-Germanism of, 314 Ernst, Karl, and, II7 Peace Plan, the, and, 303-4 father of, 3 pictures of, in Munich in 1936, 'Fight against Water', the, and, IOn. 216 plebiscites, the, and, 7o-1 £nancial situation in Germany police forces the, and, 88 and, 162, 237 political signi£.cance of the events France and, 342-4 of 30th June, 1934, and, Frederick the Great the model of, u8-19 21,40 population and, 231-3 foreign policy of 293 ff., 305 provinces, the, and, 67 German rivers, seizing of, by, Prussia and, 94 302 purges and, 86 Germany and, 36 ff. qualities required in others by, 207 Germany divided into districts Regents, the, and, 95 by, 92-3 Reichstag, the, and, 62 Goring and Goebbels and, 29-30 religion and, 269 ff. Gruber, Kurt, and, 202 Rhineland, the, and, 301-2 Hindenburg and, 61 Rohm and, u6-r7 in Munich, 5 Roman Catholicism and, 279-80 in the War, 5-'7 rooms of, at the Brown House, in Vienna, 4-5 20,21 industrialists, the, and, 167-8 Russia and, JII-12 Jews, the, and, 258, 260, 261, Schirach, von, and, 202, 203 265-6 school life of, 4 June 30th, 1934. and, !)-IO, 107, secret of the rise of, 43 109-19 self-sufficiency of Germany and, Junkers, the, and, 61-2 176 I:abour Front leader, 220 speeches of, 9, 13, 14-15, r6, letter from the Christian 21, 37-8, 67, 95, Io6, roB, Churches to, 277 US, IZ8, 138, 142, 228-9, Ley, Dr. Robert and, 82 282, 297, 305, Jo6, JIO, 332, Lithuania and, 337-8 350, 350 n. Index 373 Hider, Streicher and, 265 tastes of, 18 staff and departments of, 79-80 Wagnerian music and, 21 subordinates of, 77 Wagnerianism of, 9, IO unemployment of, 72 Itleas and observations : upbringing of, 3-4 aims, three, of 62 Versailles, Treaty of and, 120, blood and soil, and, 193, 198 121, 122, 123, )Q0-1, 305 ideas of, 4. 5, 7, 13, 62, 71, 75, votes gained at the 1934 election II5, 362 by, 66 on class warfare, 218 war and, 361-3 on the colonies, 347, 357-8 Weltanschauung and, 45 on the duty of German women, wireless the, and, 253 229-30,229 n., 230 n. women and, 19-20 on France, 342-3 Women's Labour Service and, on ' the honour of a nation', 305 23o-1 on the Labour Service, 215 youth of, 4-5 on the land, 54 Youth Movement, the, and, 209f£ on law, 282, 283 Personality: on the ' Night of the Long associ.ationalism of, 14-15 Knives', n4-15 behaviour at public functions of. 8 on ownership of a house by the at the Olympic Games in German worker, 171 Berlin, 18-19 on the Party and the State, 98 in interviews, 21 on recovering lost provinces, 121 character and personality of, 4. on religion, 270, 271 7-17,44 on speed, 239 decisions, making of, 13-14 opinions ofother people on, 22 emotionalism of, 17 race, philosophy of. and its friendships of, 102 significance, 50££, 231, 314, ' hates ' of, 4. 308, 342-4 316 honesty and sincerity of, 12 unemployment, theory regarding, legality complex of, 14 72-3 loyalty of, 6, 29, 49, 84 Hitler Maidens, 140 manner of daily life of, 17 f£ Hider Youth (Hitler Jugeml), 74. mentality of. 12., 270 84, 98, II6, 135, 136, 137, militarism of, 121 140, J70, 201 ££,275, 348, 351 neuroticism of, 3 Hiderism, 27, 35, 39, 40, 45 persecution mania of, II-12 Hiderism, autarky and, 145 ff. psychoanalysts' opinions of, I I evolution of, and 30th June, 1934. reading and attitude towards II8-I9 learning of, 2o-21 race and, 50 f£ resentment complex of, 3-4 religion and, 57-8 romanticism, and dreaming of, van den Bruck and, 46-8 7 ff., 10, II (See also National Socialism; seclusion and lack of personal Nazis.) contacts of, 21-2 Hofer, Andreas, 322 self-delusion of, u, 16 Hoffman, death of, 114 speeches, mannerisms used in, 13, Hoffi:nan, Hider's photographer, s. 14-15, 16 21 2B 374 The House that Hitler Built Holsti. Foreign Minister of Finland, Kerre, Hans, Minister for Church 340 Affairs. 274-5. 278-9 Hossenfdder, Joachim. 270 Kerrl Minister ofJustice in Prussi.a, German Faith Movement and, 282 27o-1 Killinger, von, IIO Hugenberg, Dr., Nationalist Party Klausener, Dr., III, II3 o£: 64.65 Klink, Frau Scholtz. 229 Hungary, 315, 317 Klintzsch, Lieutenant, 42 Knop, Walter, 82 Industry, German, 186-'], 232 Koch, 113 agriculture and 189 Kolbenheyer, Edwin, 243 Hitlerism and, 165-72 Kraft Corps, the, 141 Labour Front, the, and, 219, 220 Kraft durch Fre~uk (strength through lrdand, 16o joy), 224-8, 234 Iron, 179 holidays and, 224-5 Italy, 29, 300, 301, 302, 3o6, 315, theatres and, 225-Nuremberg Laws', the, and, • strength through joy • depart 262 £f. ment, 224 politics and, 26o Labour Service Corps. the, 139-40 Rosenberg and, 49 211-17 Judenkenner, the, 264 aims of: 212, 213 Jugoslavia. See Yugoslavia. camps o£ 137, 200, 2.11 .ff., 2.28 Jung, II3, 328 · daily life in, 213-14 Junke~, the, 169, 189, 190, 193, ideas governing. 2.U 198, 36o motor roads, the, and, 238 estates o£: 189, 198 work done by, 216 Hitler and, 61-2 Women's Labour Service, 23o-1 Jungvolk, the, 202 Lanital, 175-6 Jute, 179 Latvia, 315, 337. J38, 341 Jo~ts, German, 247, 248 Law in Nazi Germany, 281 ff. Pe:nal Code, the new, 283, 284. Kahr, von, III 285, 288 Kaufinann, Kar~ 94 Nazis, the, on, 285 Keppler, W.tlhdm., 79, 187 punishments tmder new Pe:nal Kerr, Alfred, 259 Code, 2.86-8 Imlex 375 Leadenh.ip in Germany, 206-7, 215, Marxism, National Socialism and. 242 140 League ofNations, the, 70, 299, 301, .Masaryk:, 32 5, 327 303, 310, 329 Materials, raw, 145--6, 173, 173-80 Danzig and. 33 2, 333 Germany and: see under Ger Germans of Czechoslovakia and. many. 325 nations, the, and. 173 Germany and. 296, 297, 302 Maurice. .Emil, 35 Memel and. 33 5 Mayer, Dr. Kurt, 8o leirgen, Alfied. So Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 92, 94 Lester, Sean. 333 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 92, 94 Lettow-Vorbeck:, von, 346 Memel, 313, 315, 317, 335 ff. Leun.a. In, 178 races in, 335--6 Ley, Dr. Robert. 53, 76, 78, 82, 92, Meyer, Alfred. 94-5 I8j, 262 Mohrenschild. von, death o£ II4 Labour and. 81-2 Molybdenum, 179 ~hour Anny, the, and. 81-2 Morger:post, the, 259 Labour Front, the, and. 218 £f. Morozowicz, von, 65 newspaper of: 249 Motor--cars. German, petrol used Nuremberg Party Rally, the, for, 1n and. 136, 137 Motor roads. See Roads. on the German employer and Miiller, 68 employee, 219 .Miiller, Ludwig, 271-l on the trade unions, 218 Reich Church, the, and. 271 ff. religion and. 275 Munich, 17, ss. 86, 171, 2)3, 265, Lippe, 92, 94 289 Lithuania. ]OJ, 337. 341 Brown House, the, 31, 7~80, 81, Memel and. 33 5 £f. 82 Little :Entente, the, 297, 329, 330 Feldhermhalle, 313 Litvinov, 310 • House of German Art', 81 Loc.a.rno, Treaty of: 301 National Socialist headquarters Lons, Hermann, 54 at, 73. 74. 77 Lubeck. 69. 92, 94 putsciJ, 20, 24, 48, II6, ]08 Ludendorff. 275 ]OthJune, 1934. II] Lusebrink:, .Engen, 82-3 .Murr, W.tlb.elm, 94- Literature in Nazi Germany, 243-7 Mussol.i.ni, Hitler and. 344. 345 con.fiscated. 245--6 .Mutsehmann, .Martin, 94 Lutheranism, 269, 270 Myth, the, of Hitler and the Lutze, Victor, 78, 139, 140 German people, 23, 41-2 Luxemburg. 31 s
~~edy, 313, 314 National Socialism and the Party Mmila.I79 of: IO, 27, 40, 45 ff., 57, 75, M.mnerheim, Baron, 340 102, 193, ft passim M..uTenbach, Otto, 82 1\"ational soo.tlist Workers' Union, 74 .Marriages, German, 233 Naticnalsczialistische Betriebszellen 1Il..l1l'i.1ge-loans, 232 organisaticn (N.S.B.O.), 76, M.uxism, 47 84 The House that Hitler Built Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Party Headquarters, 17, 76 Arbeiterpartei (N.S.D.A.P. ), Party organization o£ 10, 40 ff. 35 philosophy o£; so ff. Navy, the German, 132-4 blood and soil, 53-56 Navy League. the German, 134 reverting to that of savage Nazi Relief Fund, 170 societies, 58 Nazis, the, political structure o£ 72-3, 74-'7. • Blood Banner', the, and, 135 . 86 Brown House, the, headquarters programme o£ 34. 35, 41, 46, atMunicho£ 73, 74,75-6,77 123, et passim. Central Directorate, the, o£ 78-9 race and, 50 ff. checks in the Party, 86-91 rallies, the, and, 137, see also Churches, the, and, 268 f£ Nuremberg Rally. courts o£ 282, 283 Rosenberg's philosophy and, 5o-I creed o£ 214 Schacht, Dr., and, 181, 187 culture and, 242 Spengler and, 48 n. Danzig, 333-4 State, the, and the Party, 77, 83, departments and staff o£ 73, 78 ff., 91 ff., 283 236 State, the, and, 76, 77-8 education and, 254-'7 theory on law of; 282, 289 ideology, 46 training for Party leadership in, evaluation of German, 359 £f. 84-5 in Austria., 3I 8 f£ Volk, Jas, and, 50, 51, 53, 56 £f., in Czechoslovakia, 325 ff. 296 in 1925,74 women and, 229 in 1926, 74 . workers, the, and, 76 in 1928, 74-5 See National Socialism; in 1930,75 Weltanschauung. in 1931,76 Neutrality Treaty, the, 309-10 in 1932,76 New Guinea, 353, 354. 355, 356 in 1933 and 1934. 62 ff. New Zealand, 100, 353, 354 in the Baltic States, 34o-1 Newspapers, German, 259 labour service camps and, 2II £f. the Nazis and, 248-252 lands, lost, and, 3I 3 £f. Nicke~ 179 laws passed by : see under Ger- Niemoller, Dr. Martin, 273 £f. many. Nordics, the, 52 leaders o£ 52-3 Norkus, Herbert, 203 Left Win$, 185 f£ Nuremberg, 142 library o~ 74 Nuremberg Rally, the, 15, 126, 131, moderates, the, 181 £f. 135 ff., 229, 264, 308, 309. Nazi shrine in Munich o£ 313 312 Nazi State, the final form o£ 97 in 1927, 135-6 newspapers owned by, 250 in 1929,136 01,1 Nazidom. 300 in 1933. 136 on posts held by the Jews, 200 in 1934. 137. 348 on the lost Germans, 316 in 1935. 45. 13']-8, 262, 269 on the Penal Code, 285 in 1936, 29, 46, 138-42, Ijl, 187, Party Congress, the, and, 135 f£ 3l8 Index 377 Oberfohren, Dr., 65 Race, so££ Oberste Reichsleitung (O.R.), 78 German, modem, concepcion of, members of, 78--9 270,276 Oexle, Gustav, 81 Nazis, the, ideas on, so££ Oldenburg, 92, 94, 216 Radziwill, 340 Ostpreussische Zeittmg, the, 249 Rapallo, Treaty of, 309 Rathenau, Walter, 191 Reich Chamber of Culture, 241-3 Pagarusm in Nazi Germany, 275-7 seven chambers of, 241, 242 Reichsrat, the, 67 Pan-Germarusm, 52, 313-17 Reichsmndfimkgesellschafi, the, 252-4 Papacy, the, Hitler and, 280 Reichstag, the, 66, 69-70 . Papen, Franz, von, 64, 67-8, 108, fire in (1934), 66 183, 280 Hitler and, 62 Catholic secretaries of, III, IIJ Reichswart, the, 276 Hitler and, 61-2 Reiner, Rolf, no, II3 Parenthood in Germany, 232 Reinhardt, Dr. Fritz, 8I, 161 Party, the. See National Socialism; Reinhardt, ~ax. 226 Nazis Reith, Ambassador, 323 Peasants, the German, 53-4, 75, I94. Religion in Nazi Germany, 268-81 216 Hitler and, 269 ££ Petrol, 173, I76-8, 178 n. Renteln, Adrian von, 84 Poelzl, Klara, mother of Hitler, 3-4 Reventlow, Count Ernst zu, 276 Poland, 315, 317, no, 332, 337, Rhineland, the, 27, 71, 92, 171 179, 339-41, 355 n. 225, 239. 242, 276, 296, 337 Danzig and, 333-4 Germany reoccupies, 3oo-1, 302 Germany and, 297 Ribbentrop,Joachi.in von, IOO, 295- Poles, the, 339, 340 297, 350 Ribbentrop Bureau, the, So, 83, 100 Polish Corridor, the, 18, 315-6, 317 Richthofen, von, 132 332-4, 339 Riefenstahl, Leni, 231 Political Organization (P.O.), 76, 81 Riehl, on the German peasants, 53 Portugal, 347 Roads, motor, in Germany, 236-40 Posen, 313, 315 foreign policy and, 239-40 Potash, 173, 179 travel and speeds on, 239 Press, the German, 247-52, 309, 329 Rohm, Captain Ernst, 29, 32, 34, control and censorship of, 25o-2 77, 89, 98, 108, IIO, III, II8 Goebbels on, 251-2, 268 conspiracy of, III, II4 Propaganda in Germany, 27, 28, Hitler and, 13, 116-17 ss. 65, 83, 173, 208, 225--eutxbe ]13, 32.4 n., 327, 332 330. 3JI Slonks. the, 325 SuJeien Deutsche PtZTtei (S.D.P.), Soci:d I>emc.aaG, the, 6a. 64, {j] 325,326 SncPlism, Van den Bruck and, Switzerland, ]I6 ~- S« Jso National Socia1ist.. Soil, the cult of the, j.4.-6. S« also Tang:m:yib, 352. 353, 355 Blood and SoiL 'Ihnringia, 92, 94 South Afi:ica, Ij2 D.., IOO Th-ys5CD. Fritz, 167-8 South Ail'K'ric:a, German trade and, Todt_ Dr. Fritz, 8o, 85, IOO, 239 I)~ I5} moror roads and, 236 f[ Spain, 250, 344. 345. 36o Togolmd. 35Z. 353 German tt:YJe and, I 52 Trade, I48 Spengler, Osw;dd, 48 n.. Gennany awl foreign. q8 f[ Sport in Germany, 2.27-8 Trade unions, the German. 21:8, 22I s~.the.42 Ley, Dr., on the t:Wng-over of. Spn:ngtt, Jacob, 94 2I8 S~II3 Travd in Gennany, 224- f£ Salhdm, Io3 motor roads and. 239. 2.40 SaJin.3II movements in Gennany, =4- ff.. Stange. .F.ridi, 204- Trimcbh; von. 286 ~32I T ungsn-n, I79 s~ {Regam) in Gemun T urpenrine, 2I6 Sntts, 93-5 Tyro4 the. 31], 315 StrdheJmets, the, 65, 27I Stt:ogc:r, Herbert, 8I Su:r:i1iz:d:ion in Germanv, 321-2 Uettedtt, Dr., 8o Strm. Hcindricb, 8I • Ubi. II3 Strclsscr, Grego£, I7, 74. 75, "]6, 77, Ukr.Une. the. 9 89, 90. II7 U1manis, Karlis. 34-1 Hider ad_ U7 Unemployment in Gemlany, IOI, mnrder of: III, II 3 I65 £f., 2II, 235, 2]6, 237 Srempfie, III Hitler and. 72 Storm Troopers. the. 24. ] I, 57. Unifutms med in Germ.any, 104-5 6j, Io6, .202. Sa tJ_.., United SUttS, the, trade with Browmbins ; S~bmg. Germany and, Ij2 Sm:ic:~Jo-. Julius. 53, 92. 20z, 247 UschM, the, 75, 82, 87, 95 ~ the. and, 261, 26z, 26], 264, 265 Sm:sa Froof, the, JOO Vanadimn, I79 Sttesnmmn, ]6 Vcgcab1e oils, I79 Sau....W. "'uqf, dac: {SA.), 42. 63, Vc:aoUDcs. Treaty of: 40. 46, I20, 77, 79. 91, IO'J, IJO, IJ6, UI, I2.2, 128, IJO, 1]3, 137, IJ7, ~ 2]4. 5« Jso 293, 295, 296 £f., 305, 313, Browmhius ; Stonn Troop- nz. 335. 343. 346. 358 eD Gcrm21ly's losses under, 1:2.2 ~. nrr.~• .363. ~ 26s. 366 VIII:IIDa, 4-5· JI8, 319. 323 The House that Hitler Built Vistra. i74. 175 Woldemaras, dictator, 338, 341 Volk, Jas, .so, .sr, SJ, 56 ff., 296 Wollstta, 174. 175-176 VOlkische Wille, Der, 233 Women's Labour Service, 23o-I Volkisckr Beobachter, the, 35, 2.p., Women, German. 229-34 247.250 Goc:bbds on, 229 Vo~ische Zeitung, the, 248, 259 Hess on. 231 Hider on the duty of, 229-30, Wichtlcr, Director for Schools, Sr, 229 n. 85. 328, 329 Nazis, the, and 229 W agencr, Otto, 76 sport and, 227 W agncr, Baden and, 69, 92. Wood-fuel 178 Wagner, Adolf, 81 Wool, 173 ff. at the Nuremberg Party Rally Worker-s, German, KTaft Jurch in 1936, 139 FreuJe and, 224 ff. voice of; 139 Labour Front, the, and, 218 ff Wagner, Gerhard, 8o, 85 motor road workcn, 238 Wagner, Robert, 94 recreations and, 224 ff. W~er, Siegfried, 20 Wiirttcmberg, 91- 2, 94. 97 waldschm.idt, 129 War, Germany and, 361-3 Yugoslavi.l, 29(), 315, 317, 345 War, the Great, Hitler and, 5-'7 trade between Germany and, 152, Nazis. the, and, uo 153 Weidemann, Friedrich, 79 . Youth Movement, the, in Germany, · Weimar Republic, the, 36, 37, .p., 201 ff., 278, 352 67,2.02 literature and, 24 3 Weltanschauung, 45 ff., so-x, 256, Youth Movement of the Refor 269 mation, the, 273 Christianity and, 26g, 279 Wrsrphalia, 171, 216, 222 Wessel, Horst, 201, 288 Zollner, Dr., 279
Prillttd ill GntJI Brililitl b:1 Jl)m"" & S(}ll.l, Uti., !Anbr, F11J:.mixi, fJIItl 'RMJittg.