National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior
Natural Resource Program Center
An Evaluation of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Kings Mountain National Military Park Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories
Natural Resource Report NPS/CUPN/NRR—2009/165
ON THE COVER
Clockwise beginning top left: American beaver (Castor Canadensis) in Kings Creek area, eastern painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) from KIMO, researchers conducting fish inventory at KIMO, and an eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) captured on South Fire Road.
An Evaluation of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Kings Mountain National Military Park Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories
Natural Resource Report NPS/CUPN/NRR—2009/165
Bill Moore Ecologist/Data Manager Cumberland Piedmont Network National Park Service P.O. Box 8 Mammoth Cave, KY 42259
November 2009
U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado
The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.
The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability.
All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.
Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service.
This report is available from the Cumberland Piedmont Network Inventory and Monitoring website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/CUPN) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM).
Please cite this publication as:
Moore, B. J. 2009. An evaluation of biological inventory data collected at Kings Mountain National Military Park: Vertebrate and vascular plant inventories. Natural Resource Report NPS/CUPN/NRR—2009/165. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.
NPS 335/100651, November 2009
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Contents Page
Tables...... iv
Abstract...... v
Introduction...... 1
Methods...... 1
Results...... 2
Discussion...... 9
Future Inventory Efforts ...... 10
Monitoring ...... 12
Management...... 13
Summary...... 15
Literature Cited ...... 17
Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary...... 19
Appendix B. Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List...... 23
Appendix C. Kings Mountain National Military Park species-area comparisons with other Cumberland Piedmont Network parks...... 51
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Tables Page Table 1. Count of organisms by Park Status categories on KIMO’s Local List...... 3
Table 2. Count of documented organisms by Abundance categories on KIMO’s Local List ...... 3
Table 3. Count of Non-native organisms on KIMO’s Local List...... 4
Table 4. Non-native plants, occurring on KIMO, with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) containing high ...... 5
Table 5. Organisms on KIMO’s local list which are state listed, federally listed, and/or possesses a state rank of S1 or S2...... 6
Table 6. Number of organisms designated as Present in Park or Probably Present in Cumberland Piedmont Network Parks ...... 10
Table 7. Summary of findings/recommendations assembled by CUPN staff for KIMO, based on staff knowledge and a review of recent inventory reports and other NPSpecies data...... 16
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Abstract
An important function of the National Park Service (NPS) is protecting and maintaining the biological diversity found within parks. In an effort to assist parks in documenting vascular plants and vertebrates, the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program (I&M) provided funding and technical assistance through its 32 I&M Networks. Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) is within the Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN). In cooperation with KIMO, CUPN compiled existing information on vertebrates and vascular plants (i.e., species lists with related attribute and spatial data) and initiated additional field investigations in an effort to document 90% of the species of vertebrates (amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles) and vascular plants believed to occur on KIMO. All data were entered and certified in NPSpecies, the NPS master database for documenting the occurrence and status of species.
Based on the number of organisms categorized as Present in Park (i.e., documented) and Probably Present (high confidence of occurrence in park but undocumented), 85% of KIMO’s vertebrates and vascular plants are documented. While this is slightly lower than the I&M goal, it is apparent that substantial gains have been made in documenting vertebrates and vascular plants on KIMO. At the same time, it is anticipated that additional survey efforts will result in an increase in the number of organisms documented on KIMO. Some opportunities are noted within this report. Inventory results are also briefly discussed within the context of long-term monitoring and management.
The Dwarf-flower heartleaf (Hexastylis naniflora) is the only organism on KIMO’s local list that is currently federally listed. However, its status on the park is Unconfirmed, meaning there are no known records of it’s occurrence within KIMO. The Georgia Aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum) is currently classified as a candidate for federal listing. KIMO has fewer non- native vascular plants (60) and high ranking invasives (8) than any other CUPN park. Still, aggressive non-natives are arguably the biggest single threat to the overall ecological health of the park.
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Introduction
As part of the National Park Service’s (NPS) effort to “improve park management through greater reliance on A natural resource inventory is scientific knowledge,” a primary role of the Inventory and an extensive point-in-time effort Monitoring (I&M) Program is to collect, organize, and to determine location or condition make available natural resource data and to contribute to the of a resource, including the presence, class, distribution, and Service’s institutional knowledge by facilitating the status of plants, animals, and transformation of data into information through analysis, abiotic components such as water, synthesis, and modeling. In pursuit of that endeavor, the soils, landforms, and climate. I&M Program’s Cumberland Piedmont Network (CUPN) Monitoring differs from recently completed multiple efforts to inventory the inventory in adding the vertebrate species and vascular plants at Kings Mountain dimension of time, and the National Military Park (KIMO). These efforts included general purpose of monitoring is cataloging all existing data, followed up by additional field to detect changes or trends in a investigations. The primary goal of these efforts was to resource. document 90% of the vertebrate and vascular plant species occurring in the park. This report provides a summary of results. Results are also briefly discussed within the context of future inventory efforts, long-term monitoring, and management.
Methods
Prior to the initiation of any field investigation, an effort was made to assemble extant data on species occurrence at KIMO. This included searches of reference databases and vouchers, as well as a site visit to the park (Nichols et al. 2000). Based on the limited findings, inventories for vertebrate and vascular plant groups at KIMO were determined to be incomplete or lacking. As such, inventories of birds (Rogers 2006), fish (Scott 2006), mammals (Fields 2005; Loeb 2007), amphibians and reptiles (Reed and Gibbons 2005), and vascular plants (White and Govus 2005) were conducted on the park.
NPSpecies is the National Park Service's master Recent inventory reports for KIMO are database for documenting the occurrence and status of available on the CUPN Intranet website species in more than 270 national park units containing http://www1.nrintra.nps.gov/im/units/CUPN/ significant natural resources. Data gathered from the initial reviews at KIMO and recent inventories were organized and entered in NPSpecies. Organism names were linked to the available evidence (reference, observation and/or voucher), quality checked, and made ready for a review by individuals with expertise in the various taxa groups. The purpose of these reviews was to assign a park status (e.g., Present in Park, Probably Present, False Report, etc.) and complete a series of checklist fields for each organism (i.e., abundance, residency, nativity and cultivation). Upon completion of this step, data were considered certified and uploaded to a master, online version of NPSpecies (https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start), which is currently restricted to NPS users and contractors. In an effort to improve user functionality, the Natural Resource Program Center is working on an initiative to integrate and streamline information management tools for natural resources within the NPS. This initiative is referred to as IRMA (Integration of Resource Management Applications), and NPSpecies is the first large application to be converted. A
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prototype portal for IRMA is now accessible at http://nrinfo.nps.gov/Home.mvc. From this portal NPS users can navigate to the I&M tab and search, view, or download park certified species lists. Although very bare-bones in scope and content, this prototype represents a framework for future steps. The portal is available to NPS only, and records flagged as "sensitive" are not posted. The full compliment of data will be accessible to parks in a streamlined and more user friendly environment in the near future, with protections in place for records flagged as sensitive.
Results
Searches for past data and completion of recent inventory efforts resulted in a total of 20 references, 678 vouchers, and 1,240 In some instances, taxa on observations entered in NPSpecies for KIMO. These totals KIMO’s local list have include 499 vouchers and 1,232 observations for vascular plants only been identified to the and vertebrate organisms. The remaining vouchers and species level, such as the observations are supporting evidence for 155 fungi, which have white-tailed deer also been entered into NPSpecies for KIMO. However, fungi (Odocoileus virginianus). (i.e., lichens) were not included in the most recent certification While in other instances, process, and are not included in the results in this report. they have been identified to the subspecies or variety Individuals involved in the certification of a park’s data level, such as the annual primarily placed organisms in one of three Park Status ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. categories. In instances where reviewers had extremely high paniculata). Therefore, the confidence that an organism existed in the park due to recent term organism (as opposed verifiable evidence (i.e., recent report, voucher, and/or to species) is generically observation) then that organism was classified as Present in Park. used throughout this report In instances where current verifiable evidence was lacking, but to refer to unique taxa at reviewers had extremely high confidence that an organism the species level or below. occurred in the park, then it was categorized as Probably Present. In instances where an organism name existed in NPSpecies, but current verifiable evidence was lacking, and a reviewer did not have a high level of confidence that it occurred on the park, then it was categorized as Unconfirmed. Detailed definitions of these and the remaining Park Status categories can be found in Appendix A.
Based on a review of the assembled evidence, 911 vertebrate and vascular plant organisms were categorized as Present in Park or Probably Present (Table 1). An additional 549 organisms were categorized as Unconfirmed. In addition to the categories of Present in Park, Probably Present, and Unconfirmed, one organism was classified as a False Report. Kennemore (1995) reported finding Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. Polypodioides. However, he undoubtedly meant Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana (NatureServe, Erin Jones, pers.comm.)
Currently, 53% (776) of the 1,461 organisms on KIMO’s Local List are documented. However this percentage is misleading in that the total count of 1,461 includes ALL organism names
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Table 1. Count of vascular plants and vertebrate organisms on KIMO’s Local List by Park Status categories (Total=1,461). (NPSpecies 10/28/2008).
Park Status1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Total Plant Present in Park 120 19 20 17 25 575 776 Probably 2 8 5 9 111 135 Present Unconfirmed 86 20 24 9 11 399 549 False Report 1 1 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Park Status categories.
including those categorized as Unconfirmed. Those in the Unconfirmed category are based on weak or no evidence, giving minimal indication of their occurrence on the park. Thus, when the list is pared down to those organisms with a Park Status of Present in Park or Probably Present (i.e., those organisms known or believed to be in the park), the percentage of documented organisms rises to 85%. This percentage is very near the I&M goal of documenting 90% of the organisms occurring on the park.
Of the 776 organisms documented, reviewers assigned a general abundance category (e.g., common, rare, etc.) to 632 (81%) (Table 2). Reviewers believed additional information was needed before an abundance category could be assigned to the remaining 144 (19%) organisms. As can be seen in Table 2, the primary groups where abundance information is lacking are amphibians and reptiles. Some relative information was available for amphibian and reptile abundance in Reed and Gibbons (2005). However, this information did not cross walk easily with the abundance categories in NPSpecies.
Residency values (e.g., breeder, migrant, resident, etc.) were assigned for all documented vertebrates with the exception of 69 birds, 19 fish and four bats. The failure to assign a residency value for the birds and bats was due to the fact that it was unclear if these organisms bred on the park or were migrants.
KIMO’s local list includes 181 non-native organisms (12% of total). Sixty-four of these organisms are currently known to occur in the park (i.e., Present in Park) and an additional 16 are considered to be Probably Present (Table 3). As expected, the majority of these non-native organisms are vascular plants. Table 2. Count of documented organisms by Abundance categories on KIMO (NPSpecies 10/28/2008). Abundance Vascular Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Plant Total Abundant 4 3 13 20 Common 6 1 6 55 68 Uncommon 58 5 233 296 Rare 46 15 5 177 243 Occasional 4 1 5 Unknown 2 4 17 25 96 144 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Abundance categories.
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Table 3. Count of Non-native organisms on KIMO’s Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008).
Taxa Group Present in Probably Unconfirmed Park Present Bird 3 - 1 Fish 1 - - Mammal - - 4 Vascular Plant 60 16 96 Total 64 16 101
1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Park Status categories.
Two additional organisms, the coyote (Canis latrans) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), were assigned a nativity of Unknown. This is due to the fact that there is currently some uncertainty amongst the scientific community as to whether these species are native to the region.
NatureServe, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and NPS, developed a protocol to rank the impact of non-native invasive vascular plants (Morse et al. 2004). Through a series of standardized questions, non-native species are evaluated and assigned an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) based on impact to native species and natural biodiversity. I-Ranks are categorized as high, medium, low, or insignificant. Eight of the non-native vascular plants on KIMO’s local list received an overall I-Rank score that included “High” (Table 4). All are known to occur in the park (i.e., Present in Park)
A total of 39 organisms on KIMO’s local list currently meet at least one of the following criteria:
• State Listed by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources per the South Carolina Nongame and Endangered Species Conservation Act. This statute applies to animals only. There is no equivalent state statute for plants in South Carolina (SC Department of Natural Resources, Julie Holling, pers. comm.). • Federally listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service per the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. • Ranked as Critically Imperiled (G1) or Imperiled (G2) at the global level by NatureServe and its network of member programs. • Ranked as Critically Imperiled (S1) or Imperiled (S2) at the state level by NatureServe and its network of member programs.
These include two amphibians, one reptile, two fish, three birds, three mammals, and twenty- eight vascular plants (Table 5). Seventeen of these organisms have been documented in the park (i.e., Present in Park) and an additional five are considered Probably Present. The remaining organisms are categorized as Unconfirmed, meaning verifiable evidence is lacking and they may or may not occur within park boundaries. .
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Table 4. Non-native plants, occurring on KIMO, with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) containing High (NPSpecies 10/28/2008).
Preferred Overall Ecological Management Common Name Species I-Rank Impact1 Difficulty2 Comments Chinese yam Dioscorea High/Low Medium/ Medium/ Alters community structure and composition by overtopping oppositifolia Low Insignificant existing vegetation layers and shading species below. English ivy Hedera helix High/ Medium Medium/Low English ivy is shown to negatively affect forest biodiversity. It Medium is also a popular landscaping plant. There is no guaranteed method for keeping it out of natural areas or removing it once it has established. common cat's-ear Hypochaeris High/Low High/Low Unknown Common cat’s-ear is widespread across the U.S. It occurs radicata mainly on disturbed sites. Chinese privet Ligustrum High/ Medium Low Chinese privet alters community structure and composition sinense Medium by creating a dense shrub layer that shades plant species in lower layers. European privet Ligustrum High/ High/Low High/Medium Extremely aggressive and escapes from cultivation. It forms
5 vulgare Medium dense thickets that crowd native vegetation. Chinese Lonicera High/ Medium High/Medium Chinese honeysuckle can have extremely negative honeysuckle japonica Medium consequences for forest communities and forest structure. Few effective control methods known. Japanese Microstegium High/ Medium High/Medium Established in most eastern states, Japanese stiltgrass is stiltgrass vimineum Medium slow to invade undisturbed vegetation but spreads quickly and forms dense monocultures in disturbed areas. buckhorn plantain Plantago High/Low High/Low High/Low Buckhorn plantain rapidly colonizes open areas and forms lanceolata dense swards that crowd out native vegetation and prevent establishment of native species. Seeds may remain viable in the soil for 10 years. 1 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses organism’s negative impacts on native plant and animal populations and communities. 2 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses difficulty of control.
Table 5. Organisms on KIMO’s local list which are state listed, federally listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2.
State Rounded Rounded Protection State Global Federal Short-term Common Name Scientific Name Park Status1 Status2 Rank3 Rank4 Status5 Trend6 Amphibians Green Salamander Aneides aeneus Unconfirmed S1 G3 D = Declining Pine Barrens Treefrog Hyla andersonii Unconfirmed ST - 1976 S2 G4 E = Stable Reptiles Milksnake Lampropeltis triangulum Unconfirmed S2 G5 E = Stable Fishes Carolina Darter Etheostoma collis Present in Park ST - 1976 SNR G3 U = Unknown Fantail Darter Etheostoma flabellare Present in Park S1 G5 Birds Blackburnian Present in Warbler Dendroica fusca Park S2 G5 Haliaeetus EF = Stable to 6 Bald Eagle leucocephalus Present in Park SE - 1976 S2 G5 increasing Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii Unconfirmed ST - 1984 S1 G5 D = Declining Mammals Rafinesque's Big- Corynorhinus DE = Declining eared Bat rafinesquii Unconfirmed SE - 1976 S2 G3 to stable Southeastern SC - 2002-07- DE = Declining Myotis Myotis austroriparius Unconfirmed 01 S1 G3 to stable Swamp Rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus Unconfirmed S2 G5 Vascular Plants Probably Soft Groovebur Agrimonia pubescens Present S1 G5 Nodding Onion Allium cernuum Unconfirmed S2 G5 Smooth Indigobush Amorpha glabra Unconfirmed S2 G4 Bradley's Spleenwort Asplenium bradleyi Unconfirmed S1 G4 D = Declining Wild Hyacinth Camassia scilloides Unconfirmed S2 G4 Meadow Sedge Carex granularis Present in Park S2 G5 Mullein Foxglove Dasistoma macrophylla Unconfirmed S1 G4
Table 5. Organisms on KIMO’s local list which are state listed, federally listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued).
State Rounded Rounded Protection State Global Federal Short-term Common Name Scientific Name Park Status1 Status2 Rank3 Rank4 Status5 Trend6 Probably Creeping Spikerush Eleocharis palustris Present S1 G5 Black Huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata Present in Park S1 G5 Smooth Sunflower Helianthus laevigatus Present in Park S2 G4 E = Stable Dwarf-flower Listed Heartleaf Hexastylis naniflora Unconfirmed S3 G3 threatened Ashy Hydrangea Hydrangea cinerea Present in Park S1 G4 Pale Jewel-weed Impatiens pallida Present in Park S1 G5 Small-head Gayfeather Liatris microcephala Unconfirmed S1 G3 Menispermum Canada Moonseed canadense Present in Park S2 G5 Slender Naiad Najas flexilis Unconfirmed S1 G5
7 Southern Adder's- Ophioglossum tongue vulgatum Present in Park S2 G5 One-flowered Broomrape Orobanche uniflora Present in Park S2 G5 Grove Meadow Probably Grass Poa alsodes Present S1 G4 Sun-facing Coneflower Rudbeckia heliopsidis Present in Park S1 G2 D = Declining Small Skullcap Scutellaria parvula Unconfirmed S2 G4 Biltmore's Greenbrier Smilax biltmoreana Present in Park S2 G4 Symphyotrichum Georgia Aster georgianum Present in Park SNR G2 Candidate Soft-haired Thermopsis Thermopsis mollis Present in Park S1 G4 Torreyochloa pallida Probably Pale Manna Grass var. pallida Present S1† G5
Table 5. Organisms on KIMO’s local list which are state listed, federally listed, and/or possess a state rank of S1 or S2 (continued).
State Rounded Rounded Protection State Global Federal Short-term Common Name Scientific Name Park Status1 Status2 Rank3 Rank4 Status5 Trend6 Probably Florida Bladderwort Utricularia floridana Present S2 G4 Narrowleaf Vervain Verbena simplex Unconfirmed S1 G5 Eastern Xerophyllum Turkeybeard asphodeloides Present in Park S2 G4 E = Stable
† State rank for this variety refers to the species (i.e., Torreyochloa pallida). South Carolina does not rank the variety. 1 Refer to the Appendix for definitions of Park Status categories. 2 Data obtained from NatureServe (June 5, 2008). The official endangerment status or level of legal protection the state has assigned to this species. SC - 2002-07-01= Species of Concern: 2002 (no legal status); SE - 1976= State Endangered (animals): listed 1976; ST - 1976= State Threatened (animals): listed 1976; ST - 1984= State Threatened (animals): listed 1984. 3 Data obtained from NatureServe (June 5, 2008). The rounded NatureServe conservation status, developed by NatureServe and its network of member (state) programs, of a species from a state/province perspective, characterizing the relative imperilment of the species. S1=Critically Imperiled, S2=Imperiled, S3=Vulnerable, S4=Apparently Secure, S5=Secure, B=Breeding population, N=Non- 8 breeding population, SNR=State Conservation Status not yet assessed. Refer to
Discussion
At 3,945 acres, KIMO is one of the larger parks in CUPN. With 911 organisms currently categorized as Present in Park or Probably Present, it ranks in the middle (i.e., seven out of 14) amongst CUPN parks (Table 6). While a park’s size is certainly a factor in the diversity of organisms occurring on a park (i.e., larger size increases potential for a greater number of habitat types which increases potential for a greater number of organisms), it is certainly not the only factor. For instance, topography, historic land use, and adjacent land use are among many other factors that influence a park’s biological diversity. Another obvious factor or question is “How thorough or complete were recent field efforts at documenting organisms that exist on KIMO?”
Based on counts of the number of documented organisms (i.e. Present in Park) and those believed to be present (i.e., Probably Present), KIMO’s percentage currently stands at 85%. While this is slightly lower than the I&M goal of documenting 90% of the organisms occurring in the park, it is apparent that substantial gains have been made to provide the park with accurate and up to date species lists. For example, the work of Rogers (2005) and Scott (2006) are the only focused systematic efforts to inventory birds and fish respectively, on KIMO. Building off the work of Thomas (2002), Reed and Gibbons (2005) were able to focus their efforts toward finding previously undetected amphibians and reptiles. As a result, seven new organisms were documented, including six potential county records (Reed and Gibbons 2005). White and Govus (2005), believed 95-100% of the vascular flora of the park was documented. They based this conclusion on the previous work of Kennemore (1995), as well as their own efforts and knowledge of the park.
While these and other points could be made to support the thoroughness of recent inventory efforts, an obvious question remains as to why there are so many Unconfirmed organisms on KIMO’s Local List. Currently, more than one-third of KIMO’s Local List is categorized as Unconfirmed.
Considering the sheer number of vascular plants on KIMO’s Local List (74% of the total), it is not surprising vascular plants comprise the majority of Unconfirmed organisms. However, the only data source for nearly all of the Unconfirmed vascular plants, is county level distribution maps obtained from the Biota of North America Program (BONAP). This means that while verifiable evidence for the organism may be available for the county, there is no direct evidence for its occurrence on the park. While one cannot unequivocally assume these organisms do not occur on the park, the fact that two systematic inventories have been conducted by highly competent investigators, and these organisms were not detected during either effort certainly raises some doubt. In other words, considering the amount of effort already expended on the park, it is questionable whether additional inventory efforts would suddenly find many of these organisms. In all likelihood many could be removed from the KIMO’s Local List if it were determined that habitat is unavailable on the park.
Other categories with a high percentage of Unconfirmed records are birds (41%) and mammals (46%). Rogers (2005) noted that he was only able to document 64% of the birds on a list assembled by the park. However, he also believed this list was a bit unrealistic and if it were reduced to “those with a historic record of occurrence in the region and for which the park has
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appropriate habitat, our total amounts to 84.4% of species reasonably expected to occur” Although he did not explicitly note each bird that he would remove from the list, it was obvious that he was in favor of reducing the park’s potential list. The same could be said for mammals. Fields (2005) cautioned that not all of the 33 organisms known to occur within a 25 mile radius of the park should be expected to occur, due to a lack of habitat. This includes several species that prefer open fields, which is a habitat type that “is rare and patchy, at best” on KIMO according to Fields (2005).
Table 6. Number of organisms designated as Present in Park or Probably Present in Cumberland Piedmont Network Parks (NPSpecies 2008).1
Vascular Park Size Park Bird Fish Mammal Amphib. Reptile Plants TOTALS (ac.) ABLI 131 10 37 16 21 567 782 341 CARL 102 15 34 21 22 605 799 264 CHCH 175 19 46 23 22 966 1,251 8,178 COWP 96 7 19 23 32 554 731 842 CUGA 156 29 49 26 16 968 1,244 20,437 FODO 177 13 29 21 29 785 1,054 558 GUCO 76 14 19 19 27 413 568 220 KIMO 122 19 28 22 34 686 911 3,945 LIRI 147 40 33 28 28 994 1,270 13,691 MACA 167 79 48 28 33 1,269 1,624 52,809 NISI 149 22 22 21 39 440 693 988 RUCA 130 5 25 17 14 542 733 309 SHIL 186 51 43 26 28 809 1,143 3,969 STRI 152 46 27 13 21 633 892 709 1 Refer to Appendix C for a graphical representation of these data.
In short, while the percentage of Unconfirmed organisms for KIMO is currently high, this is not reason to assume that KIMO’s list of documented organisms is woefully incomplete. To the contrary, based on current evidence it is likely that many (most?) of these organisms do not occur on the park. I&M guidance states that if “reasonable efforts” to obtain current, verifiable evidence for those organisms in the Unconfirmed category are unsuccessful, then the Park Status should be changed to Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable.
Future Inventory Efforts
While acknowledging the accomplishments of recent inventory efforts, it is still anticipated that additional survey efforts will result in an increase in the number of organisms documented on KIMO. In addition to having a large number of Unconfirmed organisms on its Local List, KIMO also has several organisms currently classified as Probably Present, with the majority of these being vascular plants (111).
Most of the vascular plants categorized as Probably Present include Kennemore (1995) as the Park Status data source. Although they are linked to this reference, no observations or vouchers are included in NPSpecies resulting in their being categorized as Probably Present instead of Present in Park (certified by Erin Jones, NatureServe). If it is determined that vouchers for these
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organisms were not collected or have been lost, then a priority for follow-up inventory efforts should be to obtain current, verifiable evidence of these organisms on the park, preferably a voucher. While this could be an expensive endeavor as a stand alone project, one way to economize this effort might be to coordinate it with CUPN or other vegetation monitoring efforts scheduled to commence on KIMO in the near future.
Another prospective opportunity where additional organisms could potentially be documented on the park without significant outlay of resources by the network or park is fish. Scott (2006) concluded that the observed species richness from his effort (19 species) was 92% of the computed expected species richness value and that the effort was adequate to inventory the aquatic habitats supporting fishes on the park. However, the report included an additional 20 organisms that are known to occur in the upper Broad River drainage. While many of these may not occur on the park, Scott (2006) noted the fisheries section of South Carolina Department of Natural Resources has an interest in monitoring “reference” stream conditions throughout the state, and several KIMO sites are certainly candidates. Thus, opportunities may exist to develop a partnership with this agency that would provide the park with valuable monitoring data on its aquatic resources, as well as secondarily providing the possibility of documenting additional organisms in the park.
KIMO is fortunate in that two systematic efforts aimed at inventorying amphibians and reptiles (i.e., herpetofauna) have been conducted on the park in recent years (Thomas 2002; Reed and Gibbons 2005), resulting in a large number categorized as either Present in Park or Probably Present (Table 6). However, these counts include 14 amphibians and reptiles, one in four, that are classified as Probably Present. These are organisms, which Reed and Gibbons concluded, “. . . would reasonably be expected to be in the park based on habitat availability and overall species’ geographic range.”
Overall, amphibians and reptiles can be extremely difficult to inventory and can take years, even decades, to document the occurrence and/or distribution of some species (Gibbons 1997). Some of the organisms on KIMO’s Local List in the Probably Present (and Unconfirmed) category certainly fall in this difficult category such as southeastern crowned snake (Tantilla coronata) and northern scarlet snake (Cemophora coccinea). However, others typically are not that difficult to document, assuming environmental conditions are favorable. As such it is somewhat a mystery to this author as to why they were not confirmed assuming appropriate microhabitats are truly available. For example, KIMO staff have reported hearing spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer) on numerous occasions (Kings Mountain National Military Park, Chris Revels, pers. comm). While an additional full-scale inventory effort would not seem prudent or cost-effective, additional efforts to increase the percentage of documented organisms (i.e., Present in Park) on the Local List either by documentation of additional organisms or removing those where it is determined that habitat is not available, by knowledgable experts, is encouraged. CUPN has staff knowledgeable in techniques available for specific taxa and some limited assistance may be made available to the park in the future. In addition, Reed and Gibbons (2005), surveyed over 30 museums across the U.S., requesting specimen data from Cherokee and York counties. Data were not received from Savannah Science Museum (now managed by Georgia Southern University) or the South Carolina State Museum. The South Carolina State Museum does not reposit wet specimens (Cumberland Piedmont Network, Shepherd McAninch, pers. comm.).
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However, efforts should be made to contact the Savannah Science Museum to determine if additional specimens for these counties and KIMO specifically, are present.
Based on the park’s size, KIMO’s list of birds is relatively small when compared with other parks in CUPN. While there may be valid reasons for the low number, it certainly begs a closer look. Rogers (2005) includes a list of 35 species “reasonably expected to occur in KIMO”, but were not recorded in the course of the study. Fourteen of these are classified as migrants, the remainder as uncommon to very rare permanent or seasonal residents by Rogers (2005). Rogers (2005) did not conduct surveys during the month of June, during either year of the survey effort. June is a key month for survey efforts throughout much of the South. Surveys were also not conducted at the randomized vegetation plots established by NatureServe (White and Govus 2005), which would have increased the probability that all habitat types were sampled. This is not to imply that species were definitively missed during recent inventory efforts. However, it is recommended that this list be evaluated further by knowledgeable experts, to determine if additional focused surveys should be considered, based on park priorities.
Monitoring
The CUPN Vital Signs monitoring effort currently focuses on vegetation communities, water quality, caves, landscape dynamics, ozone, invasive plants, forest pests, and climate/weather. However, with the exception of efforts on Mammoth Cave National Park, no vertebrate species or groups are included on CUPN’s current list of highest priority vital signs. The stated reason for the initial low prioritization given to most vertebrates by individuals included in the vital sign ranking process was due largely to a lack of inventory data (Leibfreid et al. 2005). This limitation has been addressed in large measure by the completion of recent inventories. As a result, the question arises as to whether issues were raised during recent inventory efforts that point to a need for KIMO to consider monitoring vertebrates.
As already noted, Scott (2006) indicated the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources may have an interest in monitoring stream conditions at KIMO as part of its statewide efforts. Such an effort would certainly compliment CUPN’s current on-going water quality monitoring efforts, providing additional parameters for assessing trends in aquatic systems on KIMO. In addition, since it would be part of a statewide effort, there may be opportunity to evaluate the overall condition of KIMO’s streams in relation to other statewide systems (and thus effectiveness of KIMO’s management strategies). Thus, opportunities to develop this partnership should obviously be explored.
As already noted, the number of birds documented and Probably Present is relatively low on KIMO in comparison to other CUPN parks. In addition, Rogers (2005) indicated several species occurred in lower numbers or were less abundant than expected. While many populations of eastern migratory songbirds have shown steady declines in recent decades (Robbins et al. 1989; Franzreb and Rosenberg 1997), at least some of the less abundant species on KIMO appeared to be relatively common within the region (Rogers 2005). Assuming these species truly are less abundant on KIMO, this would point to a potential issue on KIMO and should receive further attention to determine if some level of monitoring is in fact warranted. While still in development, a small component of CUPN’s vegetation monitoring protocol could include birds.
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Due to their ties with both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and sensitivity to environmental stresses, amphibians are considered good indicators of general ecosystem health. Recent declines and disappearances of amphibians from many areas have also increased attention on the need to monitor amphibian populations. In 1997 the National Park Service listed amphibian declines as among its highest priority research and information needs (Dodd 2003).
Reed and Gibbons (2005), who surveyed all five of CUPN’s Piedmont parks, believed KIMO represented “the best bet among the five parks for persistence of herpetofaunal species that are most sensitive to habitat fragmentation.” This is somewhat supported by the fact that KIMO’s list of documented and Probably Present herpetofauna is large in comparison to other CUPN parks. Because amphibian declines are being reported in protected natural areas, some level of periodic qualitative monitoring (e.g., continued persistence, disease detection, etc), at minimum, should be considered as an early warning to potential declines. This effort could be coordinated with any follow-up efforts to increase the accuracy of KIMO’s Local List.
Management
Recent inventories have affirmed that KIMO supports a diverse array of vertebrates and vascular plants. Efforts have been made to consolidate and certify available data in NPSpecies for use by park planners, managers, and others. Completion of this effort is a significant step for most CUPN parks, as it is the first time verified and validated species lists can be generated. To increase the utility of these data, a remaining step is identification of management priority species, such as sensitive species, highly invasive exotics, or poached species. CUPN staff has conducted some initial reviews of KIMO’s data and are available to assist the park in accomplishing this task. In addition, plans are currently underway by the I&M Program to make all non-sensitive data available to the public in the near future. As such, KIMO and CUPN staff should also plan to evaluate the data for sensitive information to ensure that such data are not inadvertently released.
Management aimed at maintaining or increasing biological diversity is often a series of trade- offs. For instance, managing areas to maintain openings will benefit some species, while negatively impacting others. Development of management prescriptions on “Battlefield Parks” in increasingly urbanized landscapes adds some additional challenges. As elaborated by Reed and Gibbons (2005):
Active management of parks to return them to the historical conditions present at the time of the Revolutionary War . . . will have mixed conservation implications for herpetofaunal species. For example, we found comparatively few Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Six-lined racerunners) at the parks, likely due to an abundance of secondary growth and thus a relatively small amount of the open habitat upon which these lizards depend. Continuing a vigorous program of prescribed burns will likely benefit these lizards, as well as other open-habitat or edge-specialists such as Coluber constrictor (racer) and Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern fence lizard). However, such burning will likely have detrimental effects on forest-dependent species such as ambystomatid salamanders . . . , small
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woodland snakes . . . , and Terrapene carolina (box turtle). When planning future management activities and their effects of herpetofauna, NPS managers should thus consider the matrix of habitat types outside the park boundaries to determine if a particular management activity is likely to eliminate the last bits of a particular habitat type, thus possibly eliminating the reptiles and amphibians dependent on that habitat from an area much larger than the park itself.
Loeb (2007) also noted the landscape surrounding CUPN’s Piedmont parks has implications for bats, as development increases species richness may decline. The same could be said for other taxonomic groups. CUPN will be monitoring adjacent land use as part of its vital signs monitoring program to assist park managers in evaluating future management activities.
As noted by White and Govus (2005), KIMO’s natural resources “are a great asset to the park system.” This holds true in aquatic systems as well. Scott (2006) noted that about 8% of the park’s fish fauna is comprised of priority conservation species for South Carolina, “which is an excellent indicator of the ecological integrity of aquatic systems on KIMO.”
KIMO has fewer non-native vascular plants (60) and high ranking invasives (8) than any other CUPN park. Still, White and Govus (2005) considered aggressive non-natives as potentially the biggest single threat to the overall ecological health of the park. With many additional foreign invaders encroaching upon the region, early detection and control are the best defense. CUPN aims to assist KIMO in this endeavor by including early detection of invasive plants as a high priority vital sign scheduled for development and implementation. It is anticipated assistance in control efforts will continue to be provided by the Southeast Region’s Exotic Plant Management Team (EPMT).
According to White and Govus (2005), the rarest natural community identified in the park is the Piedmont Chestnut Oak – Blackjack Oak Woodland. This xeric, fire dependent community has a global rank of G2G3. A G2 rank means imperiled, while G3 means vulnerable. This “double rank” for the Piedmont Chestnut Oak – Blackjack Oak Woodland indicates a degree of uncertainty in the status of this community (i.e., currently uncertain as to whether it should be ranked as G2 or G3). Other natural communities were noted in this report due to their relatively small size on the park, in terms of acreage, but significant in regard to their contributions to the park’s overall diversity. These included the Piedmont Small Stream Sweetgum Forest, the Piedmont Seepage Wetland, and the Piedmont Mesic Basic Oak-Hickory Forest. Although not a natural community, the power line right of ways were also noted of deserving special management attention due to the presence of Georgia aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum), a federal candidate for listing, and other rare species. When complete, the vegetation map for KIMO should assist managers in identifying locations and extent of these communities. Utilizing the vegetation key in White and Govus (2005), the vegetation map (in progress), and upcoming vegetation monitoring data to be provided by CUPN, it is anticipated the park will have a substantial scientific base for formulating future planning and management actions for these and other vegetative communities.
The Dwarf-flower heartleaf (Hexastylis naniflora) is the only organism on KIMO’s local list that is currently federally listed. However, its status is currently Unconfirmed, meaning there are no
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known occurrences of this organism in the park. At the time of it’s listing, this rare low growing herbaceous plant was known only from an eight county area in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina and adjacent North Carolina, which included Cherokee County, South Carolina (54 FR 14964-14967).
The Georgia Aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum) is currently classified as a candidate for federal listing. This is a relict species of post oak savanna/prairie communities that existed across much of the southeast prior to widespread fire suppression and extirpation of large native grazing animals. Most remaining populations survive adjacent to roads, utility right-of-ways, and other openings where current land management mimics natural disturbance regimes (73 FR 75176-75244). Threats include woody succession due to fire suppression, development, highway expansion/improvement, and herbicide application. This species presence on the park was confirmed in 2001 (NPSpecies 2008). Chris Revels, KIMO Chief Ranger, most recently confirmed it in Fall 2008 (Chris Revels, pers. comm.).
Another management consideration raised in the inventory reports and data involve the park’s use of prescribed fire. While the benefits of prescribed fire are well documented, a conern has been raised at KIMO as to whether the timing of burns may somehow impact the abundance and diversity of birds nesting/feeding on the ground and/or in the understory (Rogers 2005). Fields (2005) hypothesized that burning late spring/early summer might have some marginal impact on small mammal populations and suggested some study may be warranted. A project to examine potential effects on avian species was initiated by Rogers, but never completed. As opportunities arise reinitiation of this or similar studies could assist park managers in addressing these questions.
Additional management issues and recommendations can be found in the various inventory reports for KIMO.
Summary
Following is a summary of the inventory, monitoring and management items discussed within this report (Table 7). As already noted, this list was developed by CUPN staff and is based on staff knowledge and reviews of recent inventory reports and other data contained in NPSpecies for KIMO. This list should not be viewed as all inclusive or in any way usurping park management’s own evaluations. It is CUPN’s hope that this review will facilitate greater use and understanding of data collected under the auspices of the I&M Program.
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Table 7. Summary of findings/recommendations assembled by CUPN staff for KIMO, based on staff knowledge and a review of recent inventory reports and other NPSpecies data.
Category Finding/Recommendation Inventory • Re-check KIMO’s voucher collections (other museums and herbaria?) to ensure that vouchers do not exist for the 111 vascular plants currently classified as Probably Present. If verifiable evidence is not available, seek opportunities to coordinate collection of these vouchers with upcoming vascular plant work. • With the aid of taxa experts and targeted field efforts (where appropriate), review the park’s list of Unconfirmed organisms with the goal of reducing the number of organisms in this Park Status category, where feasible. All groups should be addressed as opportunities arise. However, vascular plants, birds, fish, and mammals seem to have an inordinate number in this category. • With the aid of taxa experts and targeted field efforts (where appropriate), determine if appropriate microhabitats are available for herpetofauna currently in the Probably Present category. Where possible seek opportunities to partner with knowledgeable individuals to conduct short-term, targeted searches. • Contact the Savannah Science Museum (now managed by Georgia Southern University) to determine if relevant amphibian and reptile voucher information is available.
Monitoring • Investigate possibility of partnering with South Carolina Department of Natural Resources’ fisheries section to monitor stream conditions at KIMO sites. • Further evaluate potential causal factors contributing to low abundance of some birds. Based on outcome, evaluate need to conduct bird monitoring. This could be included as a component of CUPN’s vegetation monitoring efforts. • Seek opportunities to conduct periodic qualitative sampling of amphibian populations as an early warning to amphibian declines.
Management • Identify and flag organisms considered pest, management priority, and exploitation concern. • Identify and flag sensitive data records. • Prioritize early detection and control of invasive organisms. • With the aid of vegetation key, vegetation map (in progress), and other tools identify high priority vegetation communities. Utilize upcoming vegetation monitoring data in the development of management prescriptions. • Evaluate whether current prescribed burning schedule is impacting park’s avian species richness and abundance.
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Literature Cited
Dodd, C.K. 2003. Monitoring amphibians in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1258.
Fields, S. 2005. Non-volant mammals of Kings Mountain National Military Park.
Franzreb, K.E. and K.V. Rosenberg. 1997. Are forest songbirds declining? Status assessment from the southern Appalachians and northern forests. Transactions of the 62nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resoure Conference 62:264-279.
Gibbons, J. W. 1997. Discovering hidden biodiversity: Lessons from five decades of herpetological research. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on the Natural History of Lower Tennessee and Cumberland River Valleys. A. F. Scott, S. W. Hamilton, E. W. Chester and D. S. W. (Eds.). Clarksville, TN: 1-7.
Kennemore, D. E. 1995. Floristics of the Kings Mountain National Military Park and the Kings Mountain State Park.Thesis. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
Leibfreid, T.R., R.L. Woodman, and S.C. Thomas. 2005. Vital signs monitoring plan for the Cumberland Piedmont Network and Mammoth Cave National Park Prototype Monitoring Program: July 2005. National Park Service, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA. 125 pp. plus appendices.
Loeb, S. 2007. Bats of Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, Cowpens National Battlefield, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, Kings Mountain National Military Park, Ninety Six National Historic Site. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Clemson, SC.
Morse, L.E., J.M. Randall, N. Benton, R. Hiebert, and S. Lu. 2004. An invasive species assessment protocol: Evaluating non-native plants for their impact on biodiversity. Version 1. NatureServe, Arlington, VA.
Nichols, B., J.R. Jenkins, K. Langdon and T. Leibfreid. 2000. Study plan for vertebrate and vascular plant inventories in Cumberland Piedmont and Appalachian Highlands Networks. U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service.
NPSpecies - The National Park Service Biodiversity Database. 2008. Secure online version. https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start (last accessed 28 October 2008).
Reed, R.N. and Gibbons, J.W. 2005. Results of herpetofaunal surveys of five national park units in North and South Carolina.
Robbins, C.S., J.R. Sauer, R.S. Greenberg, and S. Droege. 1989. Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the neotropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86:7658-7662.
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Rogers, W. 2005. An avifaunal baseline analysis for Kings Mountain National Military Park.
Scott, M.C. 2006. Inventory of fishes in Kings Mountain National Military Park. SC Department of Natural Resources, Pendleton, SC.
Thomas, R. B. 2002. Herptofaunal inventory of the Kings Mountain National Military Park: Final report.
White, Jr. R.W. and T. Govus. 2005. Vascular plant inventory and plant community classification for Kings Mountain National Military Park. Durham, North Carolina: NatureServe.
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Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary
Park Status The current status of each species in Applicable only to organisms with the Local List each park. checkbox checked. The possible values reflect a combination of confidence, and availability and currency of verifiable evidence in NPSpecies. Present in Park Species' occurrence in park is Extremely high confidence that the species is documented and assumed to be extant. currently in the park. A current, verifiable reference, voucher or observation is included in NPSpecies. Probably Park is within species' range and Very high confidence that the organism is Present contains appropriate habitat. currently in the park. Verifiable evidence may Documented occurrences of the species exist in NPSpecies, but is not considered current in the adjoining region of the park give enough to elevate the status to Present in Park. reason to suspect that it probably Efforts should be made to obtain current, verifiable occurs within the park. The degree of evidence in NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status probability may vary within this to “Present in Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain category, including species that range current, verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then from common to rare. the Park Status should be changed to Unconfirmed, Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable. Unconfirmed Included for the park based on weak Any confidence from very low to high that the ("unconfirmed record") or no evidence, organism is currently in the park. Verifiable giving minimal indication of the evidence may exist in NPSpecies, but it is not species' occurrence in the park. considered sufficient enough to elevate the status to Probably Present, nor current enough to elevate the status to Present. Efforts should be made to obtain current, verifiable evidence in NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status to “Present in Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain current, verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park Status should be changed to Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable. Encroaching The species is not documented in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park, but is documented as being currently in the park, but extremely high adjacent to the park and has potential to confidence that the organism is currently adjacent occur in the park. to the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in NPSpecies documenting the occurrence in the park, but it is not current. Potential invasive organisms are good candidates for this Park Status designation, either before they enter a park or after they have been eliminated from a park. Historic Species' historical occurrence in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park is documented, but recent currently in the park. Verifiable evidence exists in investigations indicate that the species NPSpecies, but is not current. Extinct, extirpated is now probably absent. or eliminated species are candidates for a Historic Park Status designation. False Report Species previously reported to occur Extremely low confidence that the organism is within the park, but current evidence currently in the park. Evidence exists in indicates that the report was based on a NPSpecies, but it cannot be sufficiently verified. misidentification, a taxonomic concept no longer accepted, or some other similar problem of interpretation.
19 NPSpecies Data Dictionary (continued).
NA Not Applicable - Park-Status does not The NA value prevents null values from appearing apply to the scientific name for the in NPSpecies and applies to 2 primary situations: park. 1) An outdated scientific name that is not used in the locale of the park for an organism, but is in NPSpecies for a park because of the inclusion of vouchers, observations or names linked to references. Note that outdated names are reconciled in NPSpecies with the LOCAL CLASSIFICATION system.
2) Vouchers, observations or names linked to references have not been identified at the species level or lower, but are included in NPSpecies with the name of a higher taxonomic rank than the species level. The names of these higher level taxonomic ranks will disappear from NPSpecies if the evidence of the respective name are identified to the species level or lower, and are changed appropriately in NPSpecies. Abundance The current abundance of each Applicable only to organisms with the Local List organism in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance abundance with suitable habitat, and temporal/behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the abundance in the most suitable habitat of the organism, and at the time that the organism is engaged in it’s principle behavior in (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.), or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Abundance (and associated Residency) to separate out the temporal and behavioral aspects. The Data Source field for Abundance is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses abundance in more detail. Abundant Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, and counted in relatively large numbers. Plants: Large number of individuals; wide ecological amplitude or occurring in habitats covering a large portion of the park. Common Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, but not in large numbers. Plants: Large numbers of individuals predictably occurring in commonly encountered habitats but not those covering a large portion of the park.
20 NPSpecies Data Dictionary (continued).
Uncommon Animals: Likely to be seen monthly in appropriate season/habitat. May be locally common. Plants: Few to moderate numbers of individuals; occurring either sporadically in commonly encountered habitats or in uncommon habitats. Rare Animals: Present, but usually seen only a few times each year. Plants: Few individuals, usually restricted to small areas of rare habitat. Occasional Animals: Occurs in the park at least once every few years, but not necessarily every year. Plants: Not applicable. Unknown Abundance unknown.
NA Not Applicable – Abundance does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Residency Current residency classification for Applicable only to ANIMALS with the Local List each ANIMAL species in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance temporal and behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the residency of the organism at the time that the organism is engaged in its principle behavior (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.) in, or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Residency (and associated Abundance) to separate out the temporal and behavior aspects. The Data Source field for Residency is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses Residency in more detail. Breeder Population reproduces in the park. Resident A significant population is maintained in the park for more than two months each year, but it is not known to breed there. Migratory Migratory species that occurs in park approximately two months or less each year and does not breed there. Vagrant Park is outside of the species' usual range. Unknown Residency status in park is unknown. NA Not Applicable – Residency does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Nativity Nativity classification for each Applicable only to organisms with the Local List organism for each park. checkbox checked. If the park-status of an organism is not “Present in Park”, then nativity represents the nativity if the organism were eventually confirmed in the park.
21 NPSpecies Data Dictionary (continued).
Native The organism is native, or would be native, to the park (either endemic or indigenous). Non-Native The organism is not native, or would Cultivated organisms as defined under the not be native, to the park (neither Cultivation field are also considered non-native. endemic nor indigenous). Unknown Nativity is unknown relative to the park. NA Not Applicable Applies to names that do not represent organism names for the locale of the park. Cultivation Cultivation classification for each non- Applicable only to organisms with the Local List native organism in each park. checkbox checked, a Park Status of "Present" or "Probably Present" and a Nativity of Non-Native. Cultivation is intended to distinguish between non- native organisms that were introduced as part of a park’s mission, and non-native organisms that occur in the park naturally. Cultivation was not intended to apply to organisms that are cultivated for landscape purposes and have not persisted into the natural environment, for example plants in gardens or terrariums, or animals in enclosures. In general, NPSpecies was not intended to include controlled, “domestic” organisms. Cultivated A non-native species that is currently cultivated in the park. Persistent A non-native species that persists in the park (either reproducing or non- reproducing) from a previous cultivation in the park. Not Cultivated A non-native species that is not currently cultivated in the park. Unknown A non-native species for which the cultivation in the park is currently unknown. NA Not Applicable – Cultivation does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the non-native scientific name Status of Present or Probably Present and a in the park. Nativity of Non-native should have a Cultivation of NA.
22 Appendix B. Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008). Organisms sorted alphabetically by group (i.e., amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals, reptiles, and vascular plants) and Latin name.
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Amphibians Pseudacris feriarum upland chorus frog PIP Acris crepitans northern cricket frog PIP eastern mud Pseudotriton montanus salamander PIP Acris gryllus southern cricket frog U northern red Ambystoma maculatum spotted salamander PIP Pseudotriton ruber salamander PIP Ambystoma opacum marbled salamander PIP Rana catesbeiana bullfrog PIP Ambystoma talpoideum mole salamander U Rana clamitans green frog PIP Aneides aeneus green salamander U Rana palustris pickerel frog U Bufo americanus American toad PIP Rana sphenocephala southern leopard frog PIP Bufo fowleri Fowler's toad PIP Scaphiopus holbrookii eastern spadefoot PP Bufo terrestris southern toad U Birds
23 northern dusky Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk PIP Desmognathus fuscus salamander PIP southern two-lined Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk PIP Eurycea cirrigera salamander PIP Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper U three-lined Red-winged Eurycea guttolineata salamander PIP Agelaius phoeniceus Blackbird U eastern narrow- Aimophila aestivalis Bachman's Sparrow U Gastrophryne carolinensis mouthed toad PP Aix sponsa Wood Duck PIP Carolina spring Gyrinophilus porphyriticus salamander PIP Ammodramus henslowii Henslow's Sparrow U Hemidactylium scutatum four-toed salamander PP Ammodramus leconteii Le Conte's Sparrow U Nelson's Sharp-tailed Hyla andersonii pine barrens treefrog U Ammodramus nelsoni Sparrow U Hyla chrysoscelis Cope's gray treefrog PIP Grasshopper Hyla cinerea green treefrog U Ammodramus savannarum Sparrow U Hyla squirella squirrel treefrog U Anas platyrhynchos Mallard PIP Hyla versicolor gray treefrog U Anthus rubescens American Pipit U Notophthalmus viridescens red-spotted newt PP Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle U Ruby-throated Plethodon cylindraceus slimy salamander PIP Archilochus colubris Hummingbird PIP Pseudacris crucifer spring peeper PP Ardea alba Great Egret U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron PIP Catharus fuscescens Veery U Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone U Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush PIP Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl U Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush PIP Asio otus Long-eared Owl U Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush U Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse PIP Certhia americana Brown Creeper PIP Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing PIP Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher PIP Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern U Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift PIP Branta canadensis Canada Goose PIP Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover U Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl PIP Charadrius vociferus Killdeer PIP Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret U Chlidonias niger Black Tern U Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk PIP Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk PIP Red-shouldered Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier PIP Buteo lineatus Hawk PIP Cistothorus palustris Marsh Wren U Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk PIP Cistothorus platensis Sedge Wren U
24 Butorides virescens Green Heron PP Coccothraustes vespertinus Evening Grosbeak U Calidris alpina Dunlin U Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo PIP White-rumped Calidris fuscicollis Sandpiper U Coccyzus erythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo PIP Calidris himantopus Stilt Sandpiper U Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker PIP Calidris mauri Western Sandpiper U Colinus virginianus Northern Bobwhite PIP Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper U Columba livia Rock Pigeon PIP Eastern Wood- Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper U Contopus virens Pewee PIP Semipalmated Calidris pusilla Sandpiper U Coragyps atratus Black Vulture PIP Caprimulgus carolinensis Chuck-will's-widow PIP Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow PIP Caprimulgus vociferus Whip-poor-will PIP Coturnicops noveboracensis Yellow Rail U Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal PIP Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay PIP Black-throated Blue Carduelis pinus Pine Siskin U Dendroica caerulescens Warbler PIP Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch PIP Bay-breasted Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch PIP Dendroica castanea Warbler PIP Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch PIP Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler PIP Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Yellow-rumped Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle PIP Dendroica coronata Warbler PIP Helmitheros vermivorum Worm-eating Warbler PIP Dendroica discolor Prairie Warbler PIP Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow U Yellow-throated Dendroica dominica Warbler PIP Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush PIP Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler PIP Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat U Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler PIP Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole U Dendroica palmarum Palm Warbler PIP Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole U Chestnut-sided Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern U Dendroica pensylvanica Warbler PIP Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco PIP Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler PIP Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike U Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler PIP Larus argentatus Herring Gull U Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler PIP Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull PP Dendroica tigrina Cape May Warbler PIP Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull U Black-throated Green Laterallus jamaicensis Black Rail U Dendroica virens Warbler PIP 25 Short-billed Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink U Limnodromus griseus Dowitcher U Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker PIP Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's Warbler U Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird PIP Megascops asio Eastern Screech-Owl PIP Yellow-bellied Red-bellied Empidonax flaviventris Flycatcher U Melanerpes carolinus Woodpecker PIP Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher U Red-headed Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher U Melanerpes erythrocephalus Woodpecker PIP Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher PIP Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey PIP Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark U Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow U Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird U Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's Sparrow U Falco columbarius Merlin U Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow PIP Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon U Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird PIP Black-and-white Falco sparverius American Kestrel U Mniotilta varia Warbler PIP Fulica americana American Coot U Brown-headed Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe PIP Molothrus ater Cowbird PIP Common Great Crested Geothlypis trichas Yellowthroat PIP Myiarchus crinitus Flycatcher PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Yellow-crowned Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle PIP Nyctanassa violacea Night-Heron U Rallus elegans King Rail U Black-crowned Night- Nycticorax nycticorax Heron U Rallus limicola Virginia Rail U Ruby-crowned Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler U Regulus calendula Kinglet PIP Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler PIP Golden-crowned Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler PIP Regulus satrapa Kinglet PIP Pandion haliaetus Osprey PIP Riparia riparia Bank Swallow U Parula americana Northern Parula PIP Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe PIP Passer domesticus House Sparrow U Scolopax minor American Woodcock PIP Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow U Seiurus aurocapilla Ovenbird PIP Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow U Louisiana Seiurus motacilla Waterthrush PIP Passerina caerulea Blue Grosbeak U Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush PIP Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting PIP Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart PIP Petrochelidon fulva Cave Swallow U 26 Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird PIP Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow U Red-breasted Rose-breasted Sitta canadensis Nuthatch PIP Pheucticus ludovicianus Grosbeak PIP White-breasted Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker PIP Sitta carolinensis Nuthatch PIP Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker PIP Brown-headed Pipilo erythrophthalmus Eastern Towhee PIP Sitta pusilla Nuthatch PIP Yellow-bellied Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager PIP Sphyrapicus varius Sapsucker PIP Piranga rubra Summer Tanager PIP Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow PIP Pluvialis squatarola Black-bellied Plover U Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow PIP Poecile carolinensis Carolina Chickadee PIP Southern Rough- Blue-gray Stelgidopteryx ruficollis winged Swallow U Polioptila caerulea Gnatcatcher PIP Northern Rough- Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow U Stelgidopteryx serripennis winged Swallow U Porphyrio martinica Purple Gallinule U Sterna caspia Caspian Tern U Porzana carolina Sora U Sterna hirundo Common Tern U Progne subis Purple Martin U Strix varia Barred Owl PIP Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler PIP Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Sturnus vulgaris European Starling PIP Fishes Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow U Ameiurus brunneus snail bullhead U Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's Wren U Ameiurus catus white catfish U Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren PIP Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead U Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher PIP Ameiurus nebulosus brown bullhead U Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs U Ameiurus platycephalus flat bullhead PIP Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs U Catostomus commersonii white sucker PIP Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper U Clinostomus funduloides rosyside dace PIP Troglodytes aedon House Wren PIP Cyprinella chloristia greenfin shiner PIP Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren PIP Cyprinella labrosa thicklip chub U Turdus migratorius American Robin PIP Cyprinella nivea whitefin shiner U Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird U Cyprinella pyrrhomelas fieryblack shiner U Tyto alba Barn Owl U Cyprinella zanema santee chub U Orange-crowned Esox niger chain pickerel U
27 Vermivora celata Warbler U Etheostoma collis Carolina darter PIP Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler PIP Etheostoma flabellare fantail darter PIP Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler PIP Etheostoma olmstedi tessellated darter PIP Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville Warbler PIP Etheostoma thalassinum seagreen darter PIP Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo PIP Gambusia holbrooki Eastern mosquitofish U Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo PIP eastern silvery Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo PIP Hybognathus regius minnow U Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo PIP Hybopsis hypsinotus highback chub PIP Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo U Hypentelium nigricans Northern hogsucker PIP Vireo solitarius Blue-headed Vireo PIP Lepomis auritus redbreast sunfish PIP Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler U Lepomis gibbosus pumpkinseed U Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler PIP Lepomis gulosus warmouth U Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's Warbler U Lepomis macrochirus bluegill PIP Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove PIP Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass PIP White-throated Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass U Zonotrichia albicollis Sparrow PIP Moxostoma collapsum v-lip redhorse U White-crowned Zonotrichia leucophrys Sparrow PIP Moxostoma pappillosum slender redhorse U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Nocomis leptocephalus bluehead chub PIP Microtus pinetorum woodland vole PP Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner U Mus musculus house mouse U Notropis hudsonius spottail shiner U Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel PP Notropis lutipinnis yellowfin shiner PIP Mustela vison mink PP Notropis scepticus sandbar shiner PIP Myotis austroriparius southeastern bat U Noturus insignis margined madtom PIP Myotis lucifugus little brown bat U Percina crassa piedmont darter U Myotis septentrionalis northern bat U Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie U Neotoma floridana eastern woodrat U Scartomyzon rupiscartes striped jumprock PIP Nycticeius humeralis evening bat PP Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub PIP Ochrotomys nuttalli golden mouse PIP Mammals Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer PIP southern short-tailed Ondatra zibethicus muskrat PP Blarina carolinensis shrew PIP Oryzomys palustris marsh rice rat U Canis latrans coyote PP Peromyscus leucopus white-footed mouse PIP
28 Castor canadensis American beaver PIP Peromyscus maniculatus deer mouse U Rafinesque's big- Corynorhinus rafinesquii eared bat U Peromyscus polionotus oldfield mouse U Cryptotis parva least shrew PIP Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle PIP Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum PIP Procyon lotor raccoon PIP Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat PIP Rattus norvegicus Norway rat U Felis catus feral cat U Rattus rattus black rat U southern flying eastern harvest Glaucomys volans squirrel PIP Reithrodontomys humulis mouse U Lasionycteris noctivagans silver-haired bat PP Scalopus aquaticus eastern mole PIP Lasiurus borealis eastern red bat PIP Sciurus carolinensis eastern gray squirrel PIP Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat PIP Sciurus niger eastern fox squirrel U Lasiurus seminolus Seminole bat U Sigmodon hispidus hispid cotton rat U Lontra canadensis river otter U Sorex longirostris southeastern shrew U eastern spotted Lynx rufus bobcat PIP Spilogale putorius skunk U Marmota monax woodchuck PP Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbit U Mephitis mephitis striped skunk PIP Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail PIP Microtus pennsylvanicus meadow vole U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Tamias striatus eastern chipmunk PIP Masticophis flagellum eastern coachwhip U Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox PIP Nerodia erythrogaster redbelly water snake U Ursus americanus American black bear U Nerodia fasciata banded water snake U Vulpes vulpes red fox U Nerodia sipedon northern water snake PIP meadow jumping Nerodia taxispilota brown water snake U Zapus hudsonius mouse U Opheodrys aestivus rough green snake PIP Reptiles eastern slender glass Agkistrodon contortrix copperhead PIP Ophisaurus attenuatus lizard PP Anolis carolinensis green anole PIP Pituophis melanoleucus northern pine snake U Apalone spinifera spiny softshell turtle U Pseudemys concinna eastern river cooter U Carphophis amoenus worm snake PIP Pseudemys floridana Florida cooter U northern scarlet Regina septemvittata queen snake PIP Cemophora coccinea snake PP Sceloporus undulatus eastern fence lizard PIP common snapping Chelydra serpentina turtle PIP Scincella lateralis ground skink PIP
29 Chrysemys picta eastern painted turtle PIP Sistrurus miliarius pigmy rattlesnake U Cnemidophorus sexlineatus six-lined racerunner PIP Sternotherus odoratus common musk turtle PP Coluber constrictor black racer PIP Storeria dekayi brown snake PP Crotalus horridus timber rattlesnake PIP Storeria occipitomaculata redbelly snake PIP Southeastern Diadophis punctatus ringneck snake PIP Tantilla coronata crowned snake PP Elaphe alleghaniensis rat snake PIP Terrapene carolina eastern box turtle PIP Elaphe guttata corn snake PIP Thamnophis sauritus eastern ribbon snake PP Eumeces fasciatus five-lined skink PIP Thamnophis sirtalis eastern garter snake PIP southeastern five- Eumeces inexpectatus lined skink PIP Trachemys scripta yellowbelly slider U Eumeces laticeps broadhead skink PP Virginia striatula rough earth snake PP eastern hognose Virginia valeriae smooth earth snake PIP Heterodon platirhinos snake PIP Vascular Plants Kinosternon subrubrum eastern mud turtle PP slender threeseed Lampropeltis calligaster mole kingsnake PIP Acalypha gracilens mercury U Virginia threeseed Lampropeltis getula eastern kingsnake PIP Acalypha rhomboidea mercury PIP milk snake/ scarlet Virginia threeseed Lampropeltis triangulum kingsnake U Acalypha virginica mercury U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Acer barbatum southern sugar maple PIP Allium vineale ssp. vineale PIP Acer leucoderme chalk maple U Alnus serrulata alder PIP Acer negundo var. negundo PIP Alopecurus carolinianus Carolina foxtail U Acer rubrum red maple PIP slender meadow Alopecurus myosuroides foxtail U Achillea millefolium common yarrow U Actaea racemosa var. Amaranthus spinosus thorny pigweed PIP racemosa PIP Amaranthus viridis slender amaranth U Adiantum pedatum northern maidenhair PIP Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. paniculata PIP Aesculus sylvatica painted buckeye U Ambrosia trifida var. trifida PIP Agalinis fasciculata beach false foxglove U Amelanchier arborea downy serviceberry PIP Agalinis obtusifolia tenlobe false foxglove U threadleaf false Amelanchier obovalis coastal serviceberry U Agalinis setacea foxglove PP Amianthium muscitoxicum flypoison PIP Agalinis tenuifolia var. Amorpha glabra mountain indigobush U tenuifolia U Amphicarpaea bracteata American hogpeanut PIP 30 Ageratina altissima white snakeroot PIP Amsonia tabernaemontana eastern bluestar PIP Ageratina altissima var. Amsonia tabernaemontana altissima white snakeroot PIP var. salicifolia eastern bluestar U Ageratina aromatica var. aromatica lesser snakeroot PP Andropogon gerardii big bluestem U Small-fruited Andropogon gyrans var. Agrimonia microcarpa agrimony PIP gyrans Elliott's bluestem U Agrimonia pubescens soft agrimony PP Andropogon ternarius splitbeard bluestem PIP Agrostemma githago common corncockle U Andropogon virginicus broom-sedge PIP mountain thimble- Agrostis perennans Perennial bentgrass PIP Anemone lancifolia weed PIP Agrostis stolonifera creeping bentgrass PIP Anemone virginiana var. Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven PIP virginiana PIP annual silver Angelica venenosa hairy angelica PP Aira elegans hairgrass PIP Antennaria parlinii ssp. fallax Parlin's pussytoes U Albizia julibrissin silk tree PIP plantain-leaf Aletris farinosa white colicroot PIP Antennaria plantaginifolia pussytoes PIP Allium canadense meadow onion PIP Antennaria solitaria singlehead pussytoes U Allium cernuum nodding onion U Anthemis cotula stinking chamomile U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernalgrass PP Asimina triloba pawpaw PIP Aphanes microcarpa slender parsely piert PIP Asplenium bradleyi Bradley's spleewort U Apios americana groundnut PP Asplenium platyneuron ebony spleenwort PIP Aplectrum hyemale puttyroot PIP Aster X sagittifolius HYBRID PIP Apocynum cannabinum Indianhemp PIP Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides lowland ladyfern PIP Aquilegia canadensis red columbine U entireleaf yellow false Arabidopsis thaliana mouseear cress U Aureolaria laevigata foxglove PP Arabis canadensis sicklepod U combleaf yellow false Aralia spinosa devil's walkingstick U Aureolaria pectinata foxglove U Arisaema dracontium green dragon PIP Aureolaria virginica downy false-foxglove PIP Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit PIP Avena sativa common oat U churchmouse Baccharis halimifolia eastern baccharis U Aristida dichotoma threeawn U Baptisia alba var. alba PIP Aristida oligantha prairie threeawn U Baptisia albescens spiked wild indigo PIP
31 arrowfeather Baptisia cinerea hairy wild-indigo PIP Aristida purpurascens threeawn U Baptisia tinctoria yellow wild-indigo PIP Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia snakeroot PIP Barbarea verna early yellowrocket U Arnica acaulis common leopardbane U Betula nigra river birch PIP Arnoglossum atriplicifolium pale Indian plaintain U Bidens aristosa bearded beggarticks U Arthraxon hispidus small carpgrass PIP Bidens bipinnata Spanish needles PIP Aruncus dioicus var. dioicus PIP Bidens frondosa devil's beggarticks PIP Arundinaria gigantea giant cane PIP Bignonia capreolata crossvine PIP Asarum canadense Canadian wild ginger PIP Boehmeria cylindrica false nettle PIP Asclepias amplexicaulis clasping milkweed PP Asclepias incarnata ssp. Botrychium biternatum southern grapefern PIP pulchra swamp milkweed PP Botrychium dissectum cutleaf grapefern PIP Asclepias tuberosa butterflyweed PIP Botrychium virginianum rattlesnake fern PIP Asclepias variegata white milkweed PIP Brachyelytrum erectum bearded short-husk PIP Asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed U Brickellia eupatorioides var. green comet eupatorioides false boneset U Asclepias viridiflora milkweed U Bromus catharticus rescuegrass U Asimina parviflora smallflower pawpaw PIP Bromus commutatus meadow brome PP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Bromus japonicus Japanese brome PIP Carex caroliniana Carolina sedge PIP Bromus latiglumis earlyleaf brome U Carex communis fibrousroot sedge PIP hairy wood brome Carex complanata hirsute sedge PIP Bromus pubescens grass PIP Carex crinita fringed sedge PIP Bromus secalinus rye brome PIP Carex debilis var. pubera white edge sedge PIP Bromus tectorum cheatgrass U slender woodland Broussonetia papyrifera paper mulberry U Carex digitalis sedge PIP Buglossoides arvensis corn gromwell U Carex frankii Frank's sedge PP Bulbostylis capillaris ssp. limestone meadow capillaris U Carex granularis sedge PIP Bulbostylis ciliatifolia capillary hairsedge U Carex intumescens bladder sedge PIP American Carex laevivaginata smooth-sheath sedge PP Callicarpa americana beautyberry U Carex laxiculmis var. Callisia rosea Piedmont roseling U laxiculmis spreading sedge PIP terrestrial Carex leptalea ssp. harperi PIP Callitriche terrestris waterstarwort U 32 Carex lucorum var. Calycanthus floridus eastern sweetshrub PIP austrolucorum Blue Ridge sedge U Calycanthus floridus var. Carex lurida shallow sedge PIP glaucus sweet shrub PIP Carex muehlenbergii Muhlenberg's sedge U hedge false Calystegia sepium bindweed U Carex nigromarginata black edge sedge PIP Camassia scilloides Atlantic camas U Carex platyphylla broadleaf sedge U Campsis radicans trumpet creeper PIP Carex retroflexa reflexed sedge PIP Capsella bursa-pastoris shepherd's purse PP Carex rosea rosy sedge PIP Cardamine bulbosa bulbous bittercress U Carex scoparia var. scoparia PP Cardamine diphylla crinkleroot PP Carex seorsa weak stellate sedge PIP Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress PIP Carex styloflexa bent sedge PIP Cardamine parviflora var. Carex tenera slender sedge PIP arenicola sand bittercress U Carex texensis Texas sedge U eastern narrowleaf Carex torta twisted sedge PIP Carex amphibola sedge PIP Carex tribuloides blunt broom sedge PIP Carex annectens yellow-fruited sedge PIP Carex atlantica ssp. Carex venusta dark green sedge PIP capillacea howe sedge PIP Carex vulpinoidea fox sedge PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam PIP Chamaesyce nutans eyebane PIP Carya alba mockernut hickory PIP Chasmanthium latifolium fish-on-a-string PIP Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory U Chasmanthium laxum slender woodoats PIP Carya glabra pignut hickory PIP Chasmanthium sessiliflorum longleaf woodoats U Carya illinoinensis pecan U Chelone glabra white turtlehead PIP Carya ovalis red hickory PIP Chenopodium album lambsquarters U Carya ovata shagbark hickory PIP Chenopodium ambrosioides var. ambrosioides U Carya pallida sand hickory PIP Chimaphila maculata striped prince's pine PIP Castanea dentata American chestnut PIP Chionanthus virginicus fringetree PIP Castanea mollissima Chinese chestnut PIP Chrysogonum virginianum Catalpa speciosa Northern catalpa PIP var. australe green and gold PIP Ceanothus americanus New Jersey tea PIP Chrysogonum virginianum Celtis laevigata sugarberry PIP var. virginianum PIP Celtis tenuifolia dwarf hackberry U Chrysopsis mariana Maryland goldenaster PIP 33 Cenchrus longispinus innocent-weed U Cichorium intybus chicory U Cicuta maculata var. Centaurea cyanus garden cornflower U maculata water hemlock PIP Centrosema virginianum coastal butterfly-pea PIP Cinna arundinacea sweet woodreed PP Cephalanthus occidentalis common buttonbush PP Circaea lutetiana ssp. broadleaf enchanter's Cerastium brachypetalum gray chickweed U canadensis nightshade PIP Cerastium fontanum ssp. Cirsium altissimum tall thistle PIP vulgare big chickweed U Cirsium carolinianum Carolina thistle PIP sticky mouse-ear Cerastium glomeratum chickweed PIP Cirsium horridulum yellow thistle PIP Cercis canadensis var. Cirsium horridulum var. canadensis PIP horridulum U Chaerophyllum tainturieri hairyfruit chervil PIP Cirsium virginianum Virginia thistle PIP Chamaecrista fasciculata Claytonia virginica Virginia springbeauty U var. fasciculata PIP Clematis ochroleuca curlyheads U Chamaecrista nictitans partridge pea PIP Clematis viorna vasevine U Chamaecrista nictitans ssp. Clinopodium georgianum U nictitans var. nictitans partridge pea U Maryland butterfly- Chamaelirium luteum devil's-bit PIP Clitoria mariana pea PIP Chamaesyce maculata spotted sandmat U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Cnicus benedictus blessed thistle U Croptilon divaricatum slender scratchdaisy U Cnidoscolus stimulosus finger rot U Crotalaria sagittalis arrowhead rattlebox U Cocculus carolinus Carolina coralbead U Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis vente conmigo PIP Collinsonia canadensis Canada horsebalm PIP Croton willdenowii Willdenow's croton U Commelina communis Asiatic dayflower PIP Cruciata pedemontana piedmont bedstraw PIP Commelina erecta whitemouth dayflower U Cryptotaenia canadensis Canadian honewort PIP Commelina virginica Virginia dayflower U Cunila origanoides common dittany PIP Conoclinium coelestinum blue mistflower U Cuscuta compacta compact dodder U Consolida ajacis doubtful knight's-spur U Cuscuta gronovii scaldweed U Conyza canadensis Canada horseweed PIP Cuscuta pentagona var. Conyza canadensis var. pentagona fiveangled dodder U canadensis Canadian horseweed PIP Conyza canadensis var. Cyclospermum leptophyllum marsh parsley U pusilla fleabane PIP Cynodon dactylon Bermudagrass U Coreopsis major wood tickseed PIP Cynoglossum virginianum 34 Coreopsis pubescens var. var. virginianum PIP robusta star tickseed PIP Cyperus croceus Baldwin's flatsedge U Coreopsis tinctoria var. Cyperus echinatus globe flatsedge PIP tinctoria U Cyperus esculentus chufa flatsedge PP Coreopsis tripteris tall tickseed U Cyperus flavescens yellow flatsedge PP Cornus amomum silky dogwood PIP Cyperus flavicomus whiteedge flatsedge U Cornus florida flowering dogwood PIP Cyperus iria ricefield flatsedge U Coronopus didymus lesser swinecress U Cyperus lancastriensis manyflower flatsedge U Corylus americana American hazelnut PP Cyperus lupulinus ssp. Great Plains Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut PP lupulinus flatsedge U Crataegus crus-galli cockspur hawthorn U Cyperus odoratus rusty flatsedge PIP Crataegus flabellata fanleaf hawthorn U Cyperus polystachyos var. texensis Texan flatsedge U Crataegus flava yellowleaf hawthorn PP Cyperus pseudovegetus marsh flatsedge U Crataegus pruinosa frosted hawthorne PIP Cyperus refractus reflexed flatsedge PIP Crataegus spathulata littlehip hawthorn U Cyperus retrofractus rough flatsedge U Crataegus uniflora dwarf hawthorn U smallflower Cyperus retrorsus pine barren flatsedge U Crepis pulchra hawksbeard U Cyperus rotundus nutgrass U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Cyperus squarrosus bearded flatsedge U Dianthus armeria Deptford pink U straw-colored Dichanthelium acuminatum tapered rosette grass PIP Cyperus strigosus flatsedge PIP Dichanthelium acuminatum Cypripedium acaule moccasin flower PIP var. acuminatum tapered rosette grass PIP Cypripedium parviflorum PIP Dichanthelium boscii Bosc's panicgrass PIP Dactylis glomerata ssp. Dichanthelium clandestinum deertongue PP glomerata PIP Dichanthelium commutatum variable panicgrass PIP Durban crowsfoot Dichanthelium Dactyloctenium aegyptium grass U depauperatum starved panicgrass U Danthonia sericea downy danthonia PIP Dichanthelium dichotomum cypress panicgrass PIP Danthonia spicata poverty oatgrass PIP Dichanthelium dichotomum Dasistoma macrophylla mullein foxglove U var. dichotomum cypress panicgrass PIP Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace PIP Dichanthelium dichotomum var. tenue cypress panicgrass PIP Daucus pusillus American wild carrot U openflower rosette Decumaria barbara woodvamp PP Dichanthelium laxiflorum grass PIP
35 silver false Dichanthelium Deparia acrostichoides spleenwort PIP scabriusculum woolly rosette grass U Desmodium canescens hoary ticktrefoil PIP Dichanthelium scoparium velvet panicum PIP hairy small-leaf Dichanthelium roundseed Desmodium ciliare ticktrefoil PIP sphaerocarpon panicgrass PIP Desmodium glabellum Dillenius' ticktrefoil PIP Dichanthelium Desmodium laevigatum smooth ticktrefoil PIP sphaerocarpon var. roundseed smooth small-leaf isophyllum panicgrass PIP Desmodium marilandicum ticktrefoil PP Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon var. roundseed Desmodium nudiflorum nakedflower ticktrefoil PIP sphaerocarpon panicgrass PP Desmodium nuttallii Nuttall's ticktrefoil PIP Digitaria cognata var. Desmodium paniculatum panicledleaf ticktrefoil PIP cognata fall witchgrass U Desmodium perplexum perplexed ticktrefoil U Digitaria filiformis slender crabgrass PIP Desmodium rotundifolium prostrate ticktrefoil PP Digitaria ischaemum smooth crabgrass PIP Desmodium sessilifolium sessileleaf ticktrefoil U Digitaria sanguinalis hairy crabgrass PP Desmodium strictum pinebarren ticktrefoil PP Digitaria villosa shaggy crabgrass U Desmodium viridiflorum velvetleaf ticktrefoil PIP Diodia teres poorjoe PIP Diamorpha smallii elf orpine U Diodia virginiana Virginia buttonweed PP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Dioscorea oppositifolia Chinese yam PIP Eragrostis lugens mourning lovegrass PP Dioscorea quaternata fourleaf yam PIP Eragrostis pilosa Indian lovegrass U Dioscorea villosa wild yam PIP Eragrostis spectabilis purple lovegrass PIP Diospyros virginiana common persimmon PIP Erechtites hieraciifolia var. hieraciifolia American burnweed PIP Doellingeria infirma cornel-leaf whitetop U Eremochloa ophiuroides centipede grass PIP Draba verna spring draba U Erigeron annuus daisy fleabane PIP Duchesnea indica Indian strawberry PIP Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane PIP Echinochloa colona jungle rice U Erigeron pulchellus var. Echinochloa crus-galli barnyardgrass U pulchellus PIP Echinochloa muricata var. Erigeron strigosus prairie fleabane PIP microstachya rough barnyard grass PP Erodium cicutarium redstem stork's bill U Eclipta prostrata false daisy PIP Elaeagnus umbellata var. Eryngium yuccifolium button eryngo PP parvifolia autumn olive PP Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum PIP Eleocharis obtusa blunt spikerush PP
36 Erythronium umbilicatum Eleocharis palustris creeping spike-rush PP ssp. umbilicatum dimpled troutlily PIP squarestem Euonymus americana strawberry bush PIP Eleocharis quadrangulata spikerush PP Eupatorium album var. Carolina album white thoroughwort PIP Elephantopus carolinianus elephantsfoot PIP Eupatorium capillifolium dogfennel PIP Elephantopus tomentosus devil's grandmother PIP coastalplain Eleusine indica Indian goosegrass U Eupatorium dubium joepyeweed U eastern bottlebrush Eupatorium fistulosum trumpetweed PIP Elymus hystrix var. hystrix grass PIP Eupatorium glaucescens waxy thoroughwort U Elymus riparius river wild-rye PP hyssopleaf Elymus virginicus var. Eupatorium hyssopifolium thoroughwort PIP virginicus PIP Eupatorium purpureum var. Epifagus virginiana beechdrops PIP purpureum PP Epigaea repens trailing arbutus PIP roundleaf Equisetum arvense field horsetail PIP Eupatorium rotundifolium thoroughwort PIP Equisetum hyemale var. scouringrush Eupatorium rotundifolium roundleaf affine horsetail U var. rotundifolium thoroughwort PIP lateflowering Eragrostis hirsuta bigtop lovegrass PIP Eupatorium serotinum thoroughwort U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Eupatorium sessilifolium var. narrowleaf purple vaseyi upland boneset PIP Gamochaeta falcata everlasting U Euphorbia corollata flowering spurge PIP spoonleaf purple Gamochaeta purpurea everlasting PIP Euphorbia cyathophora fire on the mountain U Gaylussacia baccata black huckleberry PIP Euphorbia pubentissima flowering spurge PIP evening Eurybia divaricata white wood aster PIP Gelsemium sempervirens trumpetflower U Eurybia spectabilis western showy aster PIP Gentiana saponaria var. Facelis retusa annual trampweed U saponaria PIP Fagus grandifolia American beech PIP Gentiana villosa striped gentian U Geranium carolinianum var. Festuca paradoxa clustered fescue PIP carolinianum U Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue PIP Geranium maculatum spotted geranium PIP Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbry PP Geum canadense var. Fimbristylis dichotoma forked fimbry U canadense PIP Fleischmannia incarnata pink thoroughwort U Geum virginianum cream avens PIP
37 Foeniculum vulgare sweet fennel U Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocust PIP Forsythia X intermedia PP Glyceria striata fowl mannagrass PIP Fragaria virginiana ssp. downy rattlesnake virginiana PIP Goodyera pubescens plantain PIP Frangula caroliniana Carolina buckthorn U shaggy hedge Gratiola pilosa hyssop PP Fraxinus americana white ash PIP Gratiola virginiana var. Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash PIP virginiana PIP Galactia regularis eastern milkpea PIP bearded Galactia volubilis downy milkpea PIP Gymnopogon ambiguus skeletongrass U broad-leaved Galax urceolata beetleweed PIP Gymnopogon brevifolius beardgrass PP Galium aparine stickywilly PIP Halesia carolina Carolina silverbell PIP Galium circaezans licorice bedstraw PIP Hamamelis virginiana American witchhazel U Galium latifolium purple bedstraw PIP Hedera helix English ivy PIP Galium obtusum ssp. obtusum bluntleaf bedstraw PP Helenium amarum bitterweed PIP Galium pilosum hairy bedstraw PIP Helianthus atrorubens purpledisk sunflower PIP Galium tinctorium stiff marsh bedstraw PIP Helianthus decapetalus forest sunflower PIP Galium triflorum fragrant bedstraw PIP Helianthus divaricatus woodland sunflower PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Helianthus giganteus giant sunflower PP Hybanthus concolor eastern greenviolet PIP Helianthus hirsutus hairy sunflower U Hydrangea arborescens wild hydrangea PIP Helianthus laevigatus smooth sunflower PIP Hydrangea cinerea ashy hydrangea PIP small woodland Hydrangea radiata silverleaf hydrangea U Helianthus microcephalus sunflower PIP Drummond St. John's Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke U Hypericum drummondii wort PIP Hemerocallis fulva orange daylily U Hypericum gentianoides orangegrass PP Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa roundlobe hepatica PIP Hypericum hypericoides St. Andrew's cross PIP Heterotheca subaxillaris camphorweed U Hypericum hypericoides ssp. Heuchera americana var. hypericoides St. Andrew's cross PIP americana PIP Hypericum hypericoides ssp. multicaule St. Andrew's cross PIP Hexastylis arifolia littlebrownjug PIP Hypericum mutilum dwarf St. Johnswort PIP Hexastylis heterophylla variableleaf heartleaf PIP Hypericum nudiflorum early St. Johnswort PIP Hexastylis minor little heartleaf PIP Hypericum punctatum spotted St. Johnswort PIP Hexastylis naniflora dwarfflower heartleaf U 38 crimsoneyed Hypericum virgatum U Hibiscus moscheutos rosemallow U Hypochaeris brasiliensis var. tweedyi U Hieracium gronovii beaked hawkweed PIP Hypochaeris radicata spotted catsear PIP Hieracium marianum U rattlesnake Hypoxis hirsuta common star-grass PIP Hieracium venosum hawksweed PIP Ilex decidua possumhaw PP Holcus lanatus common velvetgrass U Ilex longipes Georgia holly PP Holosteum umbellatum jagged chickweed U Ilex montana mountain holly U Hordeum pusillum little barley U Ilex opaca var. opaca American holly PIP Houstonia caerulea bluet PIP Ilex verticillata common winterberry U longleaf summer Impatiens capensis jewelweed PIP Houstonia longifolia bluet PIP Impatiens pallida pale touch-me-not PIP Houstonia purpurea var. purpurea Venus' pride PIP Ionactis linariifolius stiff-leaved aster PIP Houstonia pusilla tiny bluet U Ipomoea coccinea redstar U Humulus japonicus Japanese hop U Ipomoea hederacea ivyleaf morning-glory U Humulus lupulus var. Ipomoea lacunosa whitestar PIP lupuloides U Ipomoea pandurata man of the earth PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Ipomoea purpurea tall morning-glory U Lactuca hirsuta hairy lettuce U Iris cristata dwarf crested iris PIP Lactuca saligna willowleaf lettuce U Iris germanica German iris U Lactuca serriola prickly lettuce U Iris verna dwarf violet iris PIP Lamium amplexicaule henbit deadnettle PIP Iris virginica Virginia iris U Lamium purpureum var. purpureum PP Isoetes engelmannii Appalachian quillwort U Laportea canadensis Canadian woodnettle PP Isoetes melanopoda blackfoot quillwort U Lechea racemulosa Illinois pinweed PP Isolepis carinata U Lechea tenuifolia narrowleaf pinweed U Itea virginica Virginia sweetspire PP Leersia oryzoides rice cutgrass PP Juglans nigra black walnut PIP Leersia virginica whitegrass PIP Juncus acuminatus tapertip rush PP Lepidium virginicum var. Juncus biflorus bog rush U virginicum U Juncus bufonius toad rush U Lespedeza bicolor shrubby lespedeza U Juncus coriaceus leathery rush PP Lespedeza cuneata Chinese lespedeza PIP 39 Juncus dichotomus forked rush U Lespedeza hirta hairy lespedeza PIP Juncus effusus common rush PIP Lespedeza procumbens trailing lespedeza PIP Juncus nodatus stout rush U Lespedeza repens creeping lespedeza PIP Juncus tenuis poverty rush PIP Lespedeza stuevei tall lespedeza U Juniperus virginiana var. Lespedeza violacea violet lespedeza PIP virginiana eastern redcedar PIP Lespedeza virginica slender lespedeza PP Kalmia latifolia mountain laurel PIP weedy Lespedeza X manniana Mann's lespedeza PIP Krigia caespitosa dwarfdandelion U Lespedeza X nuttallii Nuttall's lespedeza PIP potato Leucanthemum vulgare ox-eye daisy PIP Krigia dandelion dwarfdandelion PIP Leucothoe axillaris coastal doghobble PIP Virginia Krigia virginica dwarfdandelion PP Leucothoe fontanesiana highland doghobble PIP smallhead blazing Kummerowia stipulacea Korean clover U Liatris microcephala star U Kummerowia striata Japanese clover PIP Liatris pilosa var. pilosa shaggy blazing star PIP Kyllinga pumila low spikesedge U Liatris scariosa devil's bite U Lactuca canadensis wild lettuce PIP Liatris squarrosa scaly blazing star U Lactuca floridana woodland lettuce PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Appalachian blazing Ludwigia alternifolia seedbox PP Liatris squarrulosa star U wingleaf primrose- Liatris virgata PP Ludwigia decurrens willow U Canadian licorice- cylindricfruit Ligusticum canadense root PIP Ludwigia glandulosa primrosewillow U Ligustrum sinense Chinese privet PIP Ludwigia palustris marsh seedbox PP Ligustrum vulgare European privet PIP Luzula acuminata hairy woodrush PIP Lilium michauxii Carolina lily PIP Luzula acuminata var. carolinae Carolina woodrush U Lilium superbum Turk's cap lily U Luzula bulbosa bulbous woodrush U Lindera benzoin northern spicebush PIP Luzula echinata hedgehog woodrush PIP Lindernia dubia moistbank pimpernel U piedmont false Luzula multiflora common woodrush PIP Lindernia monticola pimpernel U Lycopodium digitatum fan clubmoss PIP Linum floridanum var. Virginia water floridanum Florida yellow flax U Lycopus virginicus horehound PIP Linum medium var. texanum stiff yellow flax U Lycoris radiata magic lily U 40 Linum striatum ridged yellow flax PIP Lyonia ligustrina maleberry PIP Linum usitatissimum common flax U Lysimachia ciliata fringed loosestrife U Linum virginianum woodland flax PIP Lysimachia lanceolata lanceleaf loosestrife U Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum PIP Lysimachia nummularia creeping jenny PP Liriodendron tulipifera tuliptree PIP whorled yellow Lysimachia quadrifolia loosestrife PIP Lobelia cardinalis cardinalflower PIP Maclura pomifera osage orange U Lobelia elongata longleaf lobelia PIP Magnolia acuminata cucumber-tree U Lobelia inflata Indian-tobacco PIP Magnolia tripetala umbrella-tree PIP Lobelia puberula downy lobelia PIP Maianthemum racemosum Lolium perenne ssp. ssp. racemosum false solomon's-seal PIP multiflorum Italian ryegrass PIP Malus angustifolia var. Lolium pratense meadow ryegrass PP angustifolia PIP Japanese Malva sylvestris high mallow U Lonicera japonica honeysuckle PIP Manfreda virginica false aloe PIP Lonicera sempervirens trumpet honeysuckle PIP spoonshape Heller's birdsfoot Marshallia obovata Barbara's buttons PP Lotus unifoliolatus var. helleri trefoil U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status maroon Carolina Muhlenbergia schreberi nimblewill PIP Matelea carolinensis milkvine U Murdannia keisak marsh dewflower PP Matelea decipiens oldfield milkvine U Muscari neglectum starch grape hyacinth PIP Matelea gonocarpos angularfruit milkvine PIP largeseed forget-me- Medeola virginiana Indian cucumber PIP Myosotis macrosperma not PIP Medicago arabica spotted medick U Myosotis verna spring forget-me-not U Medicago lupulina black medick U Myosurus minimus U Medicago sativa ssp. sativa U Najas flexilis slender naiad U Melia azedarach Chinaberrytree U Najas minor brittle naiad PP Melica mutica twoflower melicgrass PP Narcissus pseudonarcissus daffodil PIP Melilotus albus white sweet clover PIP Nothoscordum bivalve crowpoison U Melilotus officinalis yellow sweet-clover U Nuttallanthus canadensis Canada toadflax U Guadeloupe Nyssa sylvatica blackgum PIP Melothria pendula cucumber U Obolaria virginica Virginia pennywort PIP Menispermum canadense common moonseed PIP
41 common evening- Microstegium vimineum Nepalese browntop PIP Oenothera biennis primrose PIP Mikania scandens climbing hempvine U narrowleaf evening- littleleaf sensitive- Oenothera fruticosa primrose PIP Mimosa microphylla briar PIP Oenothera fruticosa ssp. narrowleaf evening- sharpwing glauca primrose PIP Mimulus alatus monkeyflower U cutleaf evening- Oenothera laciniata primrose U Mimulus ringens var. ringens PP Appalachian Oenothera speciosa pinkladies U Minuartia glabra stitchwort U Onosmodium virginianum wild Job's tears U Mirabilis jalapa marvel of Peru U Southern adder's- Ophioglossum vulgatum tongue PIP Mitchella repens partridgeberry PIP Opuntia humifusa var. Mollugo verticillata green carpetweed U humifusa pricklypear U Monarda clinopodia white bergamot PIP oneflowered Monotropa hypopithys pinesap PIP Orobanche uniflora broomrape PIP Osmunda cinnamomea var. Monotropa uniflora Indianpipe PP cinnamomea PIP Morus alba white mulberry U Osmunda regalis var. Morus rubra var. rubra PIP spectabilis royal fern PIP Muhlenbergia capillaris hairawn muhly U Ostrya virginiana hophornbeam PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status tufted yellow Pedicularis canadensis ssp. Oxalis priceae ssp. colorea woodsorrel U canadensis PIP Oxalis stricta yellow woodsorrel PIP Peltandra virginica green arrow arum U Oxalis violacea violet woodsorrel PIP Pennisetum glaucum pearl millet U Oxydendrum arboreum sourwood PIP Eustis Lake Penstemon australis beardtongue PIP Oxypolis rigidior stiff cowbane U eastern smooth Packera anonyma Small's ragwort PIP Penstemon laevigatus beardtongue PIP Packera tomentosa U Penthorum sedoides ditch stonecrop U Panicum anceps beaked panicgrass PIP Perilla frutescens beefsteakplant PIP Panicum capillare witchgrass U Phaseolus polystachios thicket bean U Panicum dichotomiflorum Phegopteris hexagonoptera broad beechfern PIP var. dichotomiflorum U Philadelphia Phleum pratense timothy U Panicum philadelphicum panicgrass U Phlox amoena hairy phlox PIP Panicum rigidulum var. Phlox carolina thickleaf phlox PP elongatum redtop panicgrass U 42 Phlox latifolia mountain phlox PP Panicum rigidulum var. pubescens redtop panicgrass PIP Phlox nivalis trailing phlox U Panicum rigidulum var. Phlox nivalis ssp. hentzii Hentz's phlox U rigidulum redtop panicum U Photinia pyrifolia red chokeberry PIP Parthenium integrifolium wild quinine U Phryma leptostachya American lopseed PIP Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper PIP Phyllanthus caroliniensis Paspalum boscianum bull crowngrass U ssp. caroliniensis U Paspalum dilatatum dallasgrass PIP Physalis angulata cutleaf groundcherry U Paspalum floridanum Florida paspalum PIP Physalis grisea U Physalis heterophylla var. Paspalum laeve field paspalum U heterophylla U Paspalum notatum bahiagrass PP Physalis virginiana var. Paspalum setaceum thin paspalum U virginiana Virginia groundcherry U Passiflora incarnata purple passionflower U Physocarpus opulifolius var. opulifolius common ninebark U Passiflora lutea yellow passionflower U Physostegia virginiana ssp. Pastinaca sativa wild parsnip U virginiana obedient plant U Paulownia tomentosa princesstree PIP Phytolacca americana American pokeweed PIP Pilea pumila var. pumila PP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Pinus echinata shortleaf pine PIP Polygala senega Seneca snakeroot U Pinus taeda loblolly pine U Polygonatum biflorum var. smooth Solomon's commutatum seal PIP Pinus virginiana Virginia pine PIP blackseed Polygonum aviculare prostrate knotweed U Piptochaetium avenaceum speargrass PIP Polygonum caespitosum var. longisetum oriental ladysthumb PIP Pityopsis adenolepis Carolina silkgrass PIP marshpepper Pityopsis aspera pineland silkgrass PIP Polygonum hydropiper knotweed U Pityopsis graminifolia narrowleaf silkgrass PIP Polygonum hydropiperoides swamp smartweed PP Pityopsis graminifolia var. Pennsylvania graminifolia narrowleaf silkgrass U Polygonum pensylvanicum smartweed U Plantago aristata largebracted plantain PIP Polygonum persicaria spotted ladysthumb PIP Plantago heterophylla slender plantain U Polygonum punctatum var. Plantago lanceolata narrowleaf plantain PIP punctatum U Plantago rugelii var. rugelii PIP Polygonum sagittatum arrowleaf tearthumb PIP climbing false Plantago virginica Virginia plantain PIP
43 Polygonum scandens buckwheat U Platanthera blephariglottis white fringed orchid PIP Polygonum setaceum bog smartweed PIP Platanthera clavellata fringed orchid PIP Polygonum virginianum jumpseed PIP Platanus occidentalis sycamore PIP Polystichum acrostichoides Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. var. acrostichoides PIP michauxiana resurrection fern PP Populus alba white poplar PP Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. Populus deltoides ssp. polypodioides resurrection fern F deltoides U Pluchea camphorata camphor pluchea U Porteranthus trifoliatus Bowman's root U Poa alsodes grove meadow grass PP Portulaca grandiflora rose moss U Poa annua annual bluegrass PIP Portulaca oleracea little hogweed U Poa autumnalis autumn bluegrass PIP water-thread Poa chapmaniana Chapman's bluegrass U Potamogeton diversifolius pondweed PP Poa compressa Canada bluegrass U Potentilla canadensis dwarf cinquefoil PIP Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass U Potentilla norvegica ssp. monspeliensis U Podophyllum peltatum mayapple PIP Potentilla recta sulphur cinquefoil U Podostemum ceratophyllum hornleaf riverweed U Potentilla simplex common cinquefoil U Polygala curtissii Curtiss' milkwort PIP Prenanthes altissima tall rattlesnakeroot PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Prenanthes serpentaria lion's foot PIP Quercus marilandica blackjack oak PIP Prenanthes trifoliolata gall of the earth PIP Quercus michauxii swamp chestnut oak PP Prunella vulgaris common selfheal PIP Quercus muehlenbergii chinkapin oak U Prunus americana American plum U Quercus nigra water oak PIP Prunus angustifolia var. Quercus phellos willow oak PIP angustifolia PIP Quercus prinus chestnut oak PIP Prunus persica peach U Quercus rubra northern red oak PIP Prunus serotina var. serotina black cherry PIP Quercus shumardii var. Prunus umbellata hog plum U shumardii U Pseudognaphalium helleri Quercus stellata post oak PIP ssp. helleri U Quercus velutina black oak PIP Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium rabbit tobacco PIP Ranunculus abortivus littleleaf buttercup PIP Pseudognaphalium Ranunculus bulbosus St. Anthony's turnip U obtusifolium ssp. Ranunculus hispidus bristly buttercup PIP obtusifolium rabbit tobacco PIP
44 Ranunculus hispidus var. Pseudognaphalium nitidus bristly buttercup PIP stramineum U Ranunculus muricatus spinyfruit buttercup U Ptelea trifoliata common hoptree U Ranunculus parviflorus smallflower buttercup U Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern PIP Ranunculus pusillus var. Ptilimnium capillaceum herbwilliam U pusillus U Pueraria montana var. lobata kudzu PIP Ranunculus recurvatus blisterwort PIP Pycnanthemum incanum var. Ranunculus sardous hairy buttercup PIP puberulum U Raphanus raphanistrum wild radish PP Pycnanthemum montanum thinleaf mountainmint PIP Maryland narrowleaf Rhexia mariana meadowbeauty U Pycnanthemum tenuifolium mountainmint PP Maryland Carolina desert- Rhexia mariana var. mariana meadowbeauty PIP Pyrrhopappus carolinianus chicory PIP Rhododendron arborescens smooth azalea PP Pyrus communis common pear U Rhododendron Quercus alba white oak PIP periclymenoides pink azalea PIP Quercus coccinea var. Rhus copallinum flameleaf sumac PIP coccinea PIP Rhus glabra smooth sumac PIP Quercus falcata southern red oak PIP Rhynchosia tomentosa twining snoutbean U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Rhynchospora capitellata brownish beaksedge PP Sabatia angularis rosepink PIP Rhynchospora glomerata clustered beaksedge U Saccharum alopecuroidum silver plumegrass PIP Rhynchospora microcarpa southern beakrush PP Saccharum brevibarbe var. contortum bent-awn plumegrass PIP Robinia hispida bristly locust PIP Sagina decumbens beach pearlwort U Robinia pseudoacacia black locust PIP Sagittaria latifolia broadleaf arrowhead U Robinia viscosa clammy locust PIP Salix nigra black willow PP Rosa carolina var. carolina PP smallflower Salix sericea silky willow PIP Rosa micrantha sweetbrier U Salvia lyrata lyreleaf sage PIP Rosa multiflora multiflora rose PIP Salvia urticifolia nettleleaf sage U Rosa wichuraiana memorial rose PIP Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis common elderberry PIP Rotala ramosior lowland rotala U Samolus valerandi ssp. Rubus argutus sawtooth blackberry PIP parviflorus water pimpernel PIP Rubus bifrons PP Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot PIP
45 Rubus cuneifolius sand blackberry U Sanicula canadensis var. Canadian Rubus flagellaris northern dewberry PIP canadensis blacksnakeroot PIP clustered Rubus trivialis southern dewberry PIP Sanicula odorata blacksnakeroot PIP Rudbeckia fulgida orange coneflower U Small's Rudbeckia fulgida var. Common Eastern Sanicula smallii blacksnakeroot PP fulgida Coneflower PP Saponaria officinalis bouncingbet U Rudbeckia heliopsidis sunfacing coneflower PIP Sassafras albidum sassafras PIP Rudbeckia hirta blackeyed Susan PIP Saururus cernuus lizard's tail U Rudbeckia laciniata cutleaf coneflower PIP Saxifraga virginiensis early saxifrage U Rudbeckia laciniata var. digitata cutleaf coneflower PIP Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem PIP Schizachyrium scoparium Ruellia caroliniensis Carolina wild petunia PIP var. scoparium little bluestem PIP Ruellia caroliniensis ssp. Schoenoplectus ciliosa var. cinerascens Carolina wild petunia U tabernaemontani great bulrush PIP Rumex acetosella common sheep sorrel U Scirpus atrovirens green bulrush U Rumex crispus curly dock PIP Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass PIP Rumex hastatulus heartwing sorrel U Scirpus expansus woodland bulrush U Rumex obtusifolius bitter dock PIP Scirpus georgianus Georgia bulrush PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scirpus polyphyllus leafy bulrush PIP Silene virginica fire pink PIP Scleranthus annuus German knotgrass U Silphium asteriscus var. laevicaule starry rosinweed PIP Scleria oligantha littlehead nutrush PIP Silphium compositum kidneyleaf rosinweed PIP Scleria pauciflora fewflower nutrush PP Silphium trifoliatum whorled rosinweed U Scleria triglomerata whip nutrush PIP Scutellaria elliptica var. Sisymbrium officinale hedgemustard U elliptica PIP white blue-eyed Scutellaria elliptica var. Sisyrinchium albidum grass PIP hirsuta hairy skullcap PIP narrowleaf blue-eyed Sisyrinchium angustifolium grass PIP Scutellaria incana hoary skullcap PIP eastern blueeyed Scutellaria integrifolia helmet flower PIP Sisyrinchium atlanticum grass U Scutellaria parvula small skullcap U Smallanthus uvedalius hairy leafcup PIP Sedum ternatum woodland stonecrop U Biltmore's Selaginella apoda meadow spikemoss PIP Smilax biltmoreana carrionflower PIP Senecio vulgaris common groundsel U Smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier PIP 46 Senna marilandica Maryland senna U Smilax glauca cat greenbrier PIP Senna obtusifolia Java-bean U Smilax herbacea smooth carrionflower PIP Senna occidentalis septicweed PIP Smilax pulverulenta downy carrionflower U Sericocarpus asteroides white-topped aster PIP Smilax rotundifolia roundleaf greenbrier PIP Sericocarpus linifolius narrowleaf aster PIP Smilax smallii lanceleaf greenbrier PIP Sericocarpus tortifolius PIP Smilax tamnoides bristly greenbrier U Solanum carolinense var. Setaria parviflora marsh bristlegrass PIP carolinense PIP Setaria viridis var. viridis PIP West Indian Virginia winged Solanum ptychanthum nightshade PIP Sibara virginica rockcress U Solidago arguta Atlantic goldenrod PIP Sida rhombifolia cuban jute U Solidago arguta var. Sida spinosa prickly fanpetals U caroliniana Atlantic goldenrod PIP Sideroxylon lycioides buckthorn bully U Solidago caesia wreath goldenrod U Silene antirrhina sleepy silene U Solidago caesia var. caesia wreath goldenrod PP Silene caroliniana ssp. mountain decumbent caroliniana U Solidago caesia var. curtisii goldenrod PP Silene stellata widowsfrill U Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Solidago canadensis var. greenvein ladies'- scabra tall goldenrod PP Spiranthes praecox tresses PIP Solidago gigantea giant goldenrod PP Spiranthes tuberosa little ladies'-tresses U Solidago latissimifolia Elliott's goldenrod PIP Sporobolus clandestinus rough dropseed U Solidago nemoralis var. Sporobolus indicus var. nemoralis PIP indicus U Solidago odora var. odora PIP pineywoods Sporobolus junceus dropseed U Solidago petiolaris downy goldenrod PP Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. Solidago pinetorum Small's goldenrod PP vaginiflorus U Solidago puberula downy goldenrod PIP Staphylea trifolia American bladdernut PIP Solidago puberula var. Steinchisma hians gaping grass U pulverulenta downy goldenrod PIP Stellaria graminea grasslike starwort U Solidago rugosa rough-leaf goldenrod PIP Solidago speciosa var. Stellaria media common chickweed PIP erecta showy goldenrod PIP Stellaria pubera star chickweed PIP Solidago speciosa var. Strophostyles helvula trailing fuzzybean U 47 speciosa U Strophostyles umbellata pink fuzzybean U Solidago tortifolia twistleaf goldenrod PIP Stylisma humistrata southern dawnflower U Sonchus asper spiny sowthistle PP Stylosanthes biflora sidebeak pencilflower PIP Sonchus oleraceus sow-thistle U Styrax americanus American snowbell U American Sorbus americana mountainash U Styrax grandifolius bigleaf snowbell PP Sorghastrum elliottii slender Indiangrass U Symphoricarpos orbiculatus coralberry U Sorghastrum nutans Indiangrass PIP Symphyotrichum concolor eastern silver aster PIP common blue wood Sorghum halepense Johnsongrass U Symphyotrichum cordifolium aster PIP Sparganium americanum American bur-reed PP Symphyotrichum dumosum rice button aster PIP Sphenopholis intermedia slender wedgescale PIP Symphyotrichum dumosum Sphenopholis nitida shiny wedgescale PIP var. dumosum rice button aster PIP Sphenopholis obtusata prairie wedgescale PP Symphyotrichum georgianum Georgia aster PIP Sphenopholis pensylvanica swamp wedgescale PIP Symphyotrichum Spigelia marilandica woodland pinkroot U grandiflorum PP Spiranthes lacera var. northern slender Symphyotrichum laeve var. gracilis ladies'-tresses PIP concinnum U
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Symphyotrichum Tiarella cordifolia heartleaf foamflower PIP lanceolatum white panicle aster PIP Tiarella cordifolia var. collina heartleaf foamflower PIP Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Tilia americana var. var. lateriflorum starved aster PIP caroliniana Carolina basswood PP Symphyotrichum patens late purple aster U Tilia americana var. Symphyotrichum patens var. heterophylla white basswood PIP patens late purple aster PIP Tipularia discolor crippled cranefly PIP hairy white oldfield spreading Symphyotrichum pilosum aster U Torilis arvensis hedgeparsley U Symphyotrichum pilosum Torreyochloa pallida var. var. pilosum frost aster PIP pallida PP Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum purplestem aster PIP Toxicodendron pubescens poison oak PIP Toxicodendron radicans ssp. Symphyotrichum undulatum waxyleaf aster U radicans eastern poison ivy PIP Symplocos tinctoria horse-sugar PIP Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac U Talinum teretifolium quill fameflower U Trachelospermum difforme climbing dogbane U Taraxacum officinale ssp. 48 officinale PIP Tragia urens wavyleaf noseburn PIP Tephrosia spicata spiked hoarypea PIP Tragia urticifolia nettleleaf noseburn PIP Tephrosia virginiana goat's rue PIP Trichostema dichotomum forked bluecurls U Tetragonotheca Trichostema setaceum narrowleaf bluecurls U helianthoides pineland nerveray U Tridens flavus purpletop tridens PIP Teucrium canadense Canada germander U Trifolium arvense rabbitfoot clover U waxyleaf meadow- Trifolium campestre field clover U Thalictrum revolutum rue PIP Trifolium dubium suckling clover PIP Thalictrum thalictroides rue anemone PIP hairyjoint Trifolium hybridum alsike clover U Thaspium barbinode meadowparsnip PIP Trifolium incarnatum crimson clover U purple Trifolium pratense red clover PIP Thaspium trifoliatum meadowparsnip PIP Trifolium reflexum buffalo clover U Thaspium trifoliatum var. purple aureum meadowparsnip U Trifolium repens white clover PIP Thelypteris noveboracensis New York fern PIP Trillium catesbaei bashful wakerobin PP Thermopsis fraxinifolia ashleaf goldenbanner PIP Trillium cernuum nodding trillium PP Allegheny Mountain Trillium cuneatum little sweet Betsy U Thermopsis mollis goldenbanner PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Scientific Name Common Name Park Status clasping Venus' Verbesina virginica white crownbeard U Triodanis perfoliata looking-glass U Vernonia acaulis stemless ironweed U Triodanis perfoliata var. clasping Venus' biflora looking-glass U Vernonia glauca broadleaf ironweed PIP Triosteum perfoliatum feverwort U Vernonia noveboracensis New York ironweed PP Tripsacum dactyloides eastern gamagrass PIP Veronica arvensis corn speedwell U Triticum aestivum common wheat PIP Veronica hederifolia ivyleaf speedwell PIP Veronica officinalis var. Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock PIP officinalis PIP Typha latifolia broadleaf cattail PP Veronica peregrina neckweed U Ulmus alata winged elm PIP Veronica persica birdeye speedwell PIP Ulmus americana American elm U Veronica triphyllos finger speedwell U Ulmus rubra slippery elm PIP Viburnum acerifolium mapleleaf viburnum PP Utricularia floridana Florida bladderwort PP Viburnum dentatum var. Uvularia perfoliata perfoliate bellwort PP lucidum U Uvularia puberula mountain bellwort PIP Viburnum prunifolium blackhaw PIP 49 Uvularia sessilifolia sessileleaf bellwort PIP Viburnum rafinesquianum downy arrowwood PIP Vaccinium arboreum farkleberry PIP Viburnum rufidulum rusty blackhaw U Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry PIP Vicia caroliniana Carolina vetch PIP Vaccinium elliottii Elliott's blueberry PIP Vicia grandiflora large yellow vetch U black highbush Vicia sativa ssp. nigra garden vetch PIP Vaccinium fuscatum blueberry U Vicia villosa ssp. varia winter vetch U Vaccinium pallidum Blue Ridge blueberry PIP Vinca major bigleaf periwinkle U Vaccinium stamineum deerberry PIP Vinca minor common periwinkle PIP Vaccinium tenellum small black blueberry PIP Viola affinis sand violet U Valerianella locusta European cornsalad PIP Viola arvensis field pansy U Valerianella radiata beaked cornsalad PIP Viola bicolor field pansy U Verbascum blattaria moth mullein U halberdleaf yellow Verbena brasiliensis Brazilian vervain U Viola hastata violet PIP Verbena simplex narrowleaf vervain U Viola palmata var. palmata U Verbena urticifolia white vervain PP Viola pedata birdfoot violet PIP Verbesina alternifolia wingstem PIP Viola sagittata var. sagittata U Verbesina occidentalis yellow crownbeard PP Viola sororia woolly blue violet PIP
Kings Mountain National Military Park (KIMO) Local List (NPSpecies 10/28/2008) (continued).
1 Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Viola tripartita threepart violet U Viola walteri prostrate blue violet U Viola X primulifolia primrose violet PIP Vitis cinerea graybark grape PIP Vitis cinerea var. baileyana graybark grape U Vitis labrusca fox grape PIP Vitis rotundifolia muscadine PIP Vitis vulpina frost grape PIP Vulpia myuros rattail fescue U Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora sixweeks fescue U Waldsteinia fragarioides ssp. doniana PIP Wisteria floribunda Japanese wisteria PIP Wisteria sinensis Chinese wisteria PIP
50 Woodsia obtusa bluntlobe cliff fern U Woodwardia areolata netted chain fern PIP Woodwardia virginica Virginia chainfern U Xanthium strumarium var. glabratum rough cockleburr U Xanthorhiza simplicissima yellowroot PIP Xerophyllum asphodeloides eastern turkeybeard PIP Yucca filamentosa Adam's needle PIP Zephyranthes atamasca Atamasco lily PIP Zizia aptera meadow zizia U Zizia trifoliata meadow alexanders PIP
1Park Status refers to the current status of the organism in the park, where F=False Report, PIP=Present in Park, PP=Probably Present, and U=Unconfirmed.
Appendix C. Kings Mountain National Military Park species- area comparisons with other Cumberland Piedmont Network parks.
Organism counts are grouped at the species level and include both present in park and probably present. Analyses courtesy of Dr. Tom Philippi, NPS Inventory and Monitoring Program (Source: NPSpecies 28 September 2008).
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