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In Times of Genocide 1915–2015

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In Times of Genocide 1915–2015 lars hillås lingius, ed. vahagn avedian • david gaunt göran gunner • kevork hintlian klas-göran karlsson • maria karlsson suzanne khardalian • maria småberg In Times of Genocide 1915–2015 Report from a conference on the Armenian Genocide and Syriac Seyfo in times of genocide 1915–2015 cover photo This cross is to be found inside the Church of Resurrection, or the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in Jerusalem. It stands next to the Tomb of Christ at an altar dedicated to “Mary Magdalene and the other Mary”, whom where the first to be told that Christ had conquered death (Matthew 28:1). These Armenian khatchkars, Cross-stones, combine the Cross of Christ with the Tree of Life – a reminder of the resilience of the Armenian and Syriac minorities in Asia Minor, still today. Photo: Lars Hillås Lingius Lars Hillås Lingius (ed.) In Times of Genocide 1915–2015 Report from a conference on the Armenian Genocide and Syriac Seyfo 2015 overlooking the mesopotamian plain, the inhabitants of the Mar Augin Syriac monastery became eyewitnesses to the ransacking of villages below, and to the forced death marches into the desert, passing by. The monastery itself suffered from the Seyfo, but though partly in ruins, it is to this day an active monastery. Photo: Mikael Aho Damar © Studieförbundet Bilda; Each author his or her article; Mikael Aho Damar (photo p. 4); Lars Hillås Lingius (ed. and cover photo), 2015. Layout: Boel Algulin Print: TMG Tabergs, Växjö, Sweden ISBN: 978-91-976398-8-0 Studieförbundet Bilda • P.O. Box 79 • 125 22 Älvsjö • Sweden • www.bilda.nu Greeting from His Beatitude Patriarch Nourhan Manougian During its brief period of existence, the Swedish Christian Study Centre has become a dynamic centre of intellectual endeavour. Its academic activities have made an important contribution towards our knowledge of Jerusalem and its different communities, and thus it is rightfully considered part of the local cultural landscape. In this year of the centennial of the Armenian Genocide, the present vo- lume with its professional team of academics will make a significant input towards our understanding of the horrible phenomenon of genocide perpet- rated on Armenian, Syrian and Greek people. We send our blessings, and wish you all the success in the fulfilment of your mission of goodwill in the Holy Land. Archbishop Nourhan Manougian Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem Greeting from His Grace Archbishop Severios Malki Murad What the Ottomans, together with those helping them, did 1915 to our Christian people – Syrian Orthodox, Armenian, Greek, and others – is con- sidered a Crime against humanity. We ask all the countries in the world to recognize this genocide, so these indigenous Christian people can have their rights and properties restored. It is our hope, that no other genocide will take place, and that the United Nations will put an end to all kinds of violence and war against innocent pe- ople, especially against Christians. Mar Severios Malki Murad Syrian-Orthodox Archbishop, Jerusalem Content Greeting from His Beatitude Patriarch Nourhan Manougian Greeting from His Grace Archbishop Severios Malki Murad Preface 7 The authors 8 Opening 9 Samuel Gustafsson The Armenian Genocide – the Archetype of Modern Atrocities 11 Klas-Göran Karlsson From my courtyard. Survivors of the Armenian Genocide 27 Kevork Hintlian The Year of the Sword in the Province of Diyarbakir 36 David Gaunt The Swedish Mayrik Saving Armenian Mothers and Orphans 1902–1941 51 Maria Småberg Making the Unfathomable Known 65 Göran Gunner Knowing and Doing The Armenian Genocide in Official Swedish Reports 71 Vahagn Avedian Under the Lid: Women, Silenced Memories and the Armenian Genocide Introduction to the film Grandma’s Tattoos 84 Suzanne Khardalian “The Alleged ‘Genocide’ of 1915”: The Structure of Genocide Denial 91 Maria Karlsson Preface With this book, Studieförbundet Bil- ports dispatched by the Swedish envoys to da is happy to present to a broader audience the Swedish Foreign Office. the lectures given at our conference In Times While also giving some eye-witness re- of Genocide, at the Swedish Christian Study ports, Suzanne Khardalian discusses in her Centre in Jerusalem January 14–15, 2015. article the phenomenon of memory and am- We are grateful to the Swedish scholars who nesia, partial and to some extent deliberate, accepted the invitation to give a lecture, and among the survivors and their children in 7 contribute in writing to this report. her introduction to her movie Grandma’s Professor Klas-Göran Karlsson gives an Tattoos, which was screened at the con- introduction to the academic field of geno- ference. And in the closing article, Maria cide research, with special reference to the Karlsson presents her research about how Armenian Genocide. Then comes some texts the final stage of genocides tends to be not conveying testimonies from eye-witnesses to recognition, but denial using some well- the genocide, starting with Kevork Hintlian estab lished patterns. who presents some twenty of the 800 wit- It has been my privilege to work with ness reports ha has gathered from survivors these highly charged and challenging artic- during the last fifty years, followed by pro- les, dealing with the unspeakable horrors of fessor David Gaunts research on Seyfo with the Armenian Genocide and Syriac Seyfo in certain focus of some priests who were there the Ottoman Empire, with its focal point in when it happened. 1915 – one hundred years ago. And it has Maria Småberg and Göran Gunner write been my privilege to – before, during and af- in their articles about some of the most im- ter the conference – stay in regular contact portant witnesses to the genocide when it with these exquisite scholars. Thank you! comes to informing the Western powers of what was going on while it was going on: Lars Hillås Lingius Scandinavian missionaries and organizations Director, Swedish Christian Study Centre, affiliated with them. In his article, Vahagn Jerusalem. Avedian gives an account of the official re- The authors Vahagn Avedian is Chief Editor of Armenica.org, and Ph.D. Candidate at the History Department, Lund University. David Gaunt is a professor of history at Södertörn University, Stockholm. Göran Gunner is an associate professor at the Church of Sweden Research 8 Unit, and at Stockholm School of Theology. Kevork Hintlian is an Armenian historian and a Jerusalemite, affiliated with the Swedish Christian Study Centre. Klas-Göran Karlsson is a professor of history at Lund University. Maria Karlsson is a Ph.D. of Lund University. At the end of March, 2015, she successfully presented her doctoral thesis Cultures of Denial: Comparing Holocaust and Armenian Genocide Denial. Suzanne Khardalian is a renowned, prize winning Swedish-Armenian jour- nalist and film maker with a dozen films. Maria Småberg is a Ph.D. and research fellow at the History Department, Lund University. Opening Samuel Gustafsson Your Grace. Brothers and sisters, Ladies and body, comprised of 48 member organiza- Gentlemen. In short: Dear friends! tions, primarily churches and organizations We at Bilda are happy to welcome you to connected to them. Our task is to work on this conference, commemorating 100 years a grass-root level, organizing local study since the Armenian Genocide and Syriac groups on whatever topic a group wants to 9 Seyfo in the disintegrating Ottoman Empire. study. From time to time, however, we co- My name is Samuel Gustafsson. I am the operate with academic scholars, of which Deputy Secretary-General for Bilda, and sin- this conference is an example. ce Secretary-General Kerstin Enlund will not Founded in 1947 by the independent chur- arrive until this evening, it is my privilege to ches such as the Baptists, Methodists and re- open this conference: In Times of Genocides. formed churches, Bilda has had the privilege Not without some modest pride, we find to welcome several new churches during the among the lecturers some of the real experts last decades. New in Bilda, that is, but other- on this terrible topic: genocide, specifically wise much older than the original founding the one in focus during our conference. churches of Bilda, for example the Catholic Professor David Gaunt, professor Klas- church and almost all the Orthodox Chur- Göran Karlsson, Ph.D. and research fellow ches established in Sweden due the ongoing Maria Småberg, journalist and film maker globalization and movement of persons. Suzanne Khardalian Holmquist, Ph.D. can- These movements have to some extent didates Vahagn Avedian and Maria Karls- been the result of free choices, but to a rather son. And of course Kevork Hintlian, an high degree it has been forced on people, flee- Arme nian historian and a Jerusalemite, and ing from war, persecution and terror. a long-standing friend and associate of this So inside Bilda we find, among other study centre. Churches, the Armenian Apostolic Church Among absent friends, one in particular and the Syrian Orthodox Church. They ex- shall be mentioned. Associate professor Gö- perienced the Armenian Genocide and Sy- ran Gunner proposed this conference and has riac Seyfo in the disintegrating Ottoman been most helpful in preparing it. He should Empire, and they are today, together with have been one of the speakers, but had an ac- people of all faiths, facing political violence cident a few months ago and broke his leg. in parts of the breaking Syria and Iraq. This Göran is better now but the doctors gave him is one of the reasons why we wanted to or- a no-go concerning flying here. ganize this conference. Bilda, which is the organization behind During the genocide of 1915, some of the this study centre, is a liberal adult education most accurate eye-witness reports of what was going on came from Scandinavian mis- contributes to our wish for doing this con- sionaries, reporting not only to their own ference.
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