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Sorrow Is Turned to Joy: a Play About the 1909 Adana Massacres, Staged by Armenian Genocide Survivors in Greece1
SORROW IS TURNED TO JOY: A PLAY ABOUT THE 1909 ADANA MASSACRES, STAGED BY ARMENIAN GENOCIDE SURVIVORS IN GREECE1 Matthias BjØrnlund & Iben Hendel Philipsen Abstract: In April 1924, a group of Armenian women genocide survivors in the care of a Danish missionary organization in Thessaloniki staged a play; Sorrow is Turned to Joy, based on the 1909 Adana massacres. The article briefl y explores the framework and context of the missionary organization, the actors, and the theatrical performance, followed by a translation of the entire play from Danish into English. Background The year was 1924. In the Greek city of Thessaloniki (Salonica), the small Danish Evangelical missionary organization Industrimissionen i Armenien (The Industrial Mission in Armenia; IM) had established workshops, homes, and educational facilities for Armenian genocide survivors, mainly widows, young women, and children, from their base in the Papafi quarter. The organization was founded in Denmark in the autumn of 1921 under the motto of “Hjælp til Selvhjælp” (“Help to Self-Help”), and their fi rst mission fi eld was in Greek-controlled Rodosto (Tekirdag), a city overfl owing with tens of thousands of destitute Christian refugees from Asia Minor. According to the memoirs of one of the IM missionaries, Margrethe Jepsen, on their arrival in the spring of 1922, the shores at Rodosto were fi lled with dead and dying people, mostly women and children, often half-naked and abused, sometimes pregnant from rape and tattooed by the perpetrators.2 However, like most other non-Turks and non-Muslims, the IM staff and the Armenians in their care had to relocate head over heels (albeit under the formal protection of British, French, and Italian troops in the region) after only a few months as Kemalist forces took over Eastern Thrace and the city.3 1. -
Atom Egoyan's Ararat
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 3 Issue 2 Article 7 August 2008 Cycles of Genocide, Stories of Denial: Atom Egoyan's Ararat Donna-Lee Frieze Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Frieze, Donna-Lee (2008) "Cycles of Genocide, Stories of Denial: Atom Egoyan's Ararat," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 2: Article 7. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cycles of Genocide, Stories of Denial: Atom Egoyan’s Ararat Donna-Lee Frieze School of History, Heritage and Society, Deakin University, Australia This article focuses on Atom Egoyan’s Ararat and explores how, through a convoluted narrative structure, Egoyan grapples with denial of the Armenian Genocide and the consequences of those denials for present generations—both Turkish and Armenian—illuminated in the film as an extension of the genocide. Egoyan uses a film-within-a-film to move beyond a popular definition of genocide as mass killing alone and links the understanding of stories, truths, and perspectives in everyday life to the dehumanizing acts of genocide. Employing the philosopher Emmanuel Levinas’ ethical theory of the Other (the ethical) and philosophical understandings of ontology (dehumanization) to illuminate the genocide and its ongoing denial, this article contends that Egoyan’s focus on the generations of genocide survivors points to the ethical responsibility to one another that underlies everyday lives and sits at the heart of what is absent in the acts of genocide. -
'A Reign of Terror'
‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time. -
Full Issue 1.3
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 3 Article 1 December 2006 Full Issue 1.3 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation (2006) "Full Issue 1.3," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 3: Article 1. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss3/1 This Front Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Editor’s Introduction This is the third issue of Volume 1 of Genocide Studies and Prevention. It is the first non-topical or general issue and, therefore, contains articles covering a wide variety of topics. The lead article by Professor David Scheffer, formerly US ambassador at large for war crimes issues (1997–2001) and currently the Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw/Robert A. Helman Professor of Law and director of the Center for International Human Rights at Northwestern University, is an exciting and interesting call for a new genre of human-rights law. Arguing that the term ‘‘genocide’’ has imposed limitations on action to protect human rights, Scheffer calls for a new category of international law, ‘‘atrocity crimes.’’ The purpose here, as he argues, is to ‘‘simplify and yet render more accurate both public dialogue and legal terminology describing genocide and other atrocity crimes.’’ Scheffer’s proposal is so interesting and innovative that we, the co-editors of GSP, have invited ten of the foremost scholars and international lawyers in the field to comment on his proposal. -
Mission Och Materialitet I Det Humanitära Arbetet
DIN 2015-2 ombrukket2.qxp_DIN 25.11.15 12.02 Side 87 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk 2/2015 brought to you by CORE provided by Novus - Online tidsskrifter (Novus forlag) ”KÄRlEK MÖTTE MIG I VaRjE STyCKE” – MISSIon oCh MaTERIalITET I dET hUManITÄRa aRBETET Bland aRMEnISKa FlyKTInGaR I ThESSalonIKI, 1923–1947 MaRIa SMÅBERG I denna artikel diskuterar jag hur materiella ting kan fungera som nycklar till den historiska förståelsen av en stor del av missions- verksamheten. Utifrån exemplet den svenska missionären alma johansson, som arbetade bland armeniska flyktingar i Thessalo- niki, 1923– 1947, analyserar jag den materiella kulturen i det hu- manitära arbetet och visar hur utbyten av handarbete över gränserna skapade kosmopolitiska band som knöt samman svenska och armeniska kvinnor och bidrog till förändring lokalt och globalt. nyCKEloRd: mission, materialitet, humanitarianism, kosmopolitisk om- sorgsetik, armeniska folkmordet, Kvinnliga missionsarbetare (K.M.a.) InlEdnInG när det svenska kronprinsparet Gustaf adolf1 och louise skulle besöka Thessaloniki 1934 tyckte den svenska missionären alma johansson att hon, som enda boende svensk där, skulle få möjlighet att träffa dem. På ankomstdagen klädde hon sig i sin finaste klänning, satte en svensk 87 DIN 2015-2 ombrukket2.qxp_DIN 25.11.15 12.02 Side 88 2/2015 flagga på bröstet och köpte den vackraste blomsterbukett hon kunde finna. johansson gick sedan till mottagningen i hamnen och hoppades på att bli uppmärksammad som svensk. hon presenterades för kunglig- heterna och tog då tillfället i akt att ge dem ett stycke armeniskt hand- arbete och berätta om sitt arbete bland armeniska flyktingar i Thessaloniki. -
When Persecution Bleeds Into Mass Murder: the Processive Nature of Genocide
Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 7 September 2006 When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide Uğur Ü. Üngör Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Üngör, Uğur Ü. (2006) "When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 2: Article 7. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. When Persecution Bleeds into Mass Murder: The Processive Nature of Genocide Ug˘ur U¨.U¨ngo¨r Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam In the rapidly developing historiography of the Armenian Genocide, the processive character of pre-genocidal persecutions has received less attention than the genocidal process itself. This article treats the persecution of Ottoman Armenians as a cumulative process leading up to a mass-murder campaign in the summer of 1915. It addresses the evolution of CUP policy toward the Armenians through the prism of escalating persecution and the relationship between center and periphery. In order to illustrate the concrete implementation of this process, the province of Diyarbekir will serve as an example to clarify the history of the persecutions. Introduction This article will address the evolution of CUP policy toward the Armenians through the prism of escalating persecution and the relationship between center and periphery, within the context of the development of general Ottoman population policies between 1913 and 1915. -
The United States' Various Responses to the Armenian Genocide
The Alexandrian II, no. 1 (2013) The United States’ Various Responses to the Armenian Genocide Rebecca Johnson In 1915 during the First World War, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire killed a significant number of Christian Armenians. The Turkish leaders targeted the Armenian people for allying with Turkey’s traditional enemy, Russia. The Turks deported most Armenians to camps and murdered them, but also killed others in their homes and communities where U.S. missionaries and diplomats witnessed it. The Americans then reported these atrocities to the U.S. asking for intervention. These reports brought about awareness of the killings and prompted various responses from the United States. An immediate popular response came from the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief (ACASR). ACASR successfully raised millions of dollars for Armenian relief through its self-directed efforts to hold fundraisers and rallies throughout the country. The government responded informally through the American Committee for the Independence of Armenia (ACIA), designed to help Armenia gain independence. This long-range response failed in gaining independence for Armenia because the committee had to persuade another entity, the federal government, to act in a particular way over which the committee had no control. This paper examines the differences between the American’s nongovernmental and governmental response; in particular it maintains that the private committee, the ACASR, was more successful than the quasi-governmental ACIA because ACASR’s goals were more immediate and achievable through its own efforts. In 1915 during the First World War, the Turks of the Ottoman Empire killed a significant number of Christian Armenians. -
Genocide Bibliography
on Genocide The Armenian Genocide A Brief Bibliography of English Language Books Covering Four Linked Phases Genocide Facts Presentation of Oral and Written Evidence for the Armenian Genocide in the Grand Committee Room, The House of Commons London 24th April 2007 First and Second Editions 2007, with Addenda 2009, Third Edition 2011, Fourth Edition 2013, Fifth Edition Centennial Presentation, the 1st of January, 2015 Sixth Edition © English By Français T.S. Kahvé Pусский Español Ararat Heritage Հայերեն London Português 2017 Genocide: Beyond the Night, by Jean Jansem, detail photography by Ararat Heritage PREFACE There are certain polyvalent developments of the past that project prominently into the contemporary world with pertinent connotations for the future, decisively subsuming the characteristics of permanence. Their significance dilates not only because well organised misfeasance bars them from justice, but also because of sociological and psychological aspects involving far-reaching consequences. In this respect, the extensive destruction brought about by the Armenian Genocide and the substantive occupation of Armenia’s landmass by its astonishingly hostile enemies will remain a multifarious international subject impregnated with significant longevity. Undoubtedly, the intensity of the issue in motion will gather momentum until a categorically justifiable settlement is attained. A broad reconstruction programme appears to be the most reasonable way forward. PREAMBLE 1st. PRELUDE TO GENOCIDE Encompasses the periods referred to as the Armenian Massacres; mainly covering the years 1894 - 96 and Adana 1909. Some titles in the bibliography record the earlier international treaties that failed to protect the Armenians. Only a small number of works have been included, predominantly relevant to this period. -
Missionary Magazine
BAPTIST MISSIONARY MAGAZINE. Vol. LIL No, 7, July, 1872. New Series, Vol. 2. No. 7; AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY UNION. Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting. New York, May 21, 1872. The Missionary Union held its Annual Meeting to-day with the Calvary Baptist Church. A large company convened at 9 o’clock, A. M., and an hour was spent in devotional exercis es, conducted by the Pastor of that church, Rev. R. S. McArthur, who also extended to breth ren from abroad a cordial welcome to the hearts and homes of the Baptists ol' New York. At ten o’clock, the Union was called to order by the President, M. B. Anderson, LL. D. After singing the hymn, “ The morning light is breaking” the Scriptures were read, and prayer was offered by Rev. A. E. Dickinson, D. D., of Va. The President, in his address, suggested that our organization should be changed, so as to secure a comparatively-small body for deliberation, and a series of mass meetings, for several days in succession, at various points of our country. After the conclusion of this address, on motion of Rev. Dr. Murdock, it was, Ordered, That a Committee of seven be raised, to take into consideration the re-organi zation of the Missionary Union, to meet the present and prospective circumstances which seem to call for such a measure. The following brethren were appointed this Committee— E. Bright, D. D., N. Y., J. M. S. Williams, Mass., W- W. Everts, 111., S. S. Cutting, D. D., N. Y., S. L. Caldwell, D. D., R. -
The Armenian Weekly APRIL 26, 2008
Cover 4/11/08 8:52 PM Page 1 The Armenian Weekly APRIL 26, 2008 IMAGES PERSPECTIVES RESEARCH WWW.ARMENIANWEEKLY.COM Contributors 4/13/08 5:48 PM Page 3 The Armenian Weekly RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES 6 Nothing but Ambiguous: The Killing of Hrant Dink in 34 Linked Histories: The Armenian Genocide and the Turkish Discourse—By Seyhan Bayrakdar Holocaust—By Eric Weitz 11 A Society Crippled by Forgetting—By Ayse Hur 38 Searching for Alternative Approaches to Reconciliation: A 14 A Glimpse into the Armenian Patriarchate Censuses of Plea for Armenian-Kurdish Dialogue—By Bilgin Ayata 1906/7 and 1913/4—By George Aghjayan 43 Thoughts on Armenian-Turkish Relations 17 A Deportation that Did Not Occur—By Hilmar Kaiser By Dennis Papazian 19 Scandinavia and the Armenian Genocide— 45 Turkish-Armenian Relations: The Civil Society Dimension By Matthias Bjornlund By Asbed Kotchikian 23 Organizing Oblivion in the Aftermath of Mass Violence 47 Thoughts from Xancepek (and Beyond)—By Ayse Gunaysu By Ugur Ungor 49 From Past Genocide to Present Perpetrator Victim Group 28 Armenia and Genocide: The Growing Engagement of Relations: A Philosophical Critique—By Henry C. Theriault Azerbaijan—By Ara Sanjian IMAGES ON THE COVER: Sion Abajian, born 1908, Marash 54 Photography from Julie Dermansky Photo by Ara Oshagan & Levon Parian, www.genocideproject.net 56 Photography from Alex Rivest Editor’s Desk Over the past few tographers who embark on a journey to shed rials worldwide, and by Rivest, of post- years, the Armenian light on the scourge of genocide, the scars of genocide Rwanda. We thank photographers Weekly, with both its denial, and the spirit of memory. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com09/23/2021 06:36:21PM Via Free Access Spiritual Reformation and Engagement with the World 91
chapter 4 Spiritual Reformation and Engagement with the World: Scandinavian Mission, Humanitarianism, and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1905–1914 Inger Marie Okkenhaug 1 Introduction I had never earlier seen as many poorly and pitiably ill people as I did in Mus [sic] and the surrounding villages. There were only two doctors for the population of the whole area, a military doctor and the district phys- ician, both Turks.1 These are the words of missionary and nurse, Bodil Biørn (1871–1960), describ- ing her first encounter with the Musch region in eastern Anatolia in October 1907. In an attempt to make Norwegian supporters and sponsors identify with the plight of Armenian mountain people in eastern Anatolia, Biørn described their food. The bread reminded her of the barkebrød (bark bread) Norwegians survived on during a period of hunger during the Napoleonic wars.2 During the hundred years that had passed since the Norwegians suffered the con- sequences of European wars in the early 1800s until 1907, Norway had become an independent state, which demonstrated early signs of a modern health sys- tem. The first professional nursing training school, for example, the deaconess institution Lovisenberg in Christiania (Oslo), was established in 1868. Before leaving for the Ottoman Empire as a missionary, Biørn was a student at Lovisen- berg and she later worked as a nurse in Norway for several years. Upon hearing about the plight of Armenian orphans, Biørn experienced a personal calling to work among the Armenians as a missionary and nurse. In 1905 she arrived in Turkey in order to work for a small organization, the Women Mission Workers (“Kvinnelige misjonsarbeidere”: KMA). -
The World War and the Turco-Armenian Question
THE WORLD WAR AND THE TURCO-ARMENIAN QUESTION BY AHMED RUSTEM BEY Formerly Turkish Ambassador in Washington Berne 1918 translated by Stephen Cambron PERSONAL EXPLANATION OF THE AUTHOR The son of a Pole, who having been harbored in Turkey after the Hungarian abortive Revolution of 1848, served this country as an officer and was the object of government favors till his death, I was infeoffed to the Turkish people as much out of thankfulness as because of their numerous, amiable qualities. In writing this book intended to defend turkey against the Western public opinion concerning the Turco-Armenian question, I have only given way to my grateful feelings towards the country where I was born and which made me, in my turn, the object of her benevolence. These feelings expressed themselves by acts of indubitable loyalty and there is they reason why I fought twice in duel to maintain her honor and served her as a volunteer during the Turco-Greek War. It is after having ended my career and assured a long time ago of the kind feelings of the Ottoman Government and of my Turkish fellowmen’s that I publish this work under my name. Thereby I mean to say that I am only obeying my love towards the country. As to the degree of conviction with which I put my pen to her service in this discussion, where the question is to prove that Turkey is not so guilty as report goes and in which passions are roused to the utmost is sufficiently fixed by my signing this defense in which I speak the plain truth to the Armenian committees and the Entente.