Complete Dissertation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Complete Dissertation VU Research Portal One House, Two Paths Colijn, H.A. 2018 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Colijn, H. A. (2018). One House, Two Paths: Popular Religion and Protestant Christianity in Contemporary Chinese Households. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT One House, Two Paths Popular Religion and Protestant Christianity in Contemporary Chinese Households ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor of Philosophy aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit Religie en Theologie op dinsdag 9 oktober 2018 om 11.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Herman Abraham Colijn geboren te Kampen promotoren: prof.dr. M. Moyaert prof.dr. P.D. Nyíri copromotoren: dr. P.J. Peverelli dr. A.Y. Chau 1 Table of Contents SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. 4 PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 9 PART I. FORMING PLURIPRAX HOUSEHOLDS ....................................................................... 60 1. CONVERSION TO PROTESTANT CHRISTIANITY .......................................................................................... 61 2. RELIGIOUS HETEROGAMY ................................................................................................................................. 99 PART II. MAINTAINING PLURIPRAX HOUSEHOLDS ......................................................... 146 3. HARMONIZING RITUAL CONFLICTS ............................................................................................................. 147 4. TOLERATING INDIVIDUAL ABSTENTION .................................................................................................... 185 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 216 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................... 236 CHARACTER LIST ............................................................................................................................. 243 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 251 2 Map, Table, and Photographs MAP OF CONTEMPORARY SOUTHERN FUJIAN................................................................ 20 TABLE: MODES OF RITUAL ENACTMENT IDENTIFIED IN THE THESIS...................... 42 AT A MOUNTAIN HIKE ON XIAMEN ISLAND.................................................................... 50 CHRISTMAS SHOW IN A PROTESTANT "MEETING POINT" IN XIAMEN ..................... 61 PRACTICING TO GIVE COMPLIMENTS TO A SPOUSE AT A SPECIAL TRAINING COURSE IN A PROTESTANT CHURCH IN XIAMEN .......................................................... 74 CHRISTMAS SHOWS OF XIAMENESE PROTESTANTS IN "ETHNIC" COSTUMES RESEMBLE THE FAMED CCTV NEW YEAR'S GALA ........................................................ 84 PLAYING GAMES IN CHURCH DURING CHRISTMAS IN XIAMEN ............................... 84 A "FIERY BOWL" AWAITING THE BRIDE AND GROOM AT THE DOORSTEP OF HIS HOME IN RURAL QUANZHOU, SOUTHERN FUJIAN ........................................................ 97 RED BASKETS USED TO DISTRIBUTE GIFTS AND WEDDING INVITATIONS IN THE GROOM'S HOMETOWN IN RURAL QUANZHOU, SOUTHERN FUJIAN ......................... 97 DINERS AT A WEDDING BANQUET IN RURAL NINGDE, EASTERN FUJIAN............. 105 WEDDING PICTURE LOCATION FOR ENGAGED COUPLES IN XIAMEN ................... 109 POSING FOR WEDDING PICTURES ON THE BEACH....................................................... 109 SHOPPING FOR "HAN ROBES" IN MR HUANG'S SHOP FOR TRADITIONAL CHINESE CLOTHING AND RITUALS IN XIAMEN ............................................................................. 131 GRAVES OF A MARRIED COUPLE IN A XIAMEN CITY CEMETERY........................... 144 MALE MOURNERS AT A PROTESTANT FUNERAL IN RURAL ZHANGZHOU ............147 FEMALE MOURNERS AT A MEMORIAL SERVICE IN RURAL ZHANGZHOU ............ 147 PROTESTANT MEMORIAL SERVICE IN URBAN XIAMEN..............................................162 OFFERING INCENSE TO THE GODS MOUNTED ON SEDAN CHAIRS DURING A LINEAGE PROCESSION IN XIAMEN .................................................................................. 180 TERRACOTTA BUILDINGS IN MASHAN VILLAGE, ZHANGZHOU.............................. 187 DOMESTIC ALTAR IN MASHAN.......................................................................................... 187 BURNING SPIRIT MONEY FOR ANCESTORS ON NEW YEAR'S DAY IN MASHAN .. 197 THREE JOSS STICKS FOR THE JADE EMPEROR IN A SUPPORTING PILLAR OF THE HOUSE IN MASHAN ON NEW YEAR'S DAY ..................................................................... 197 3 Summary In post-Mao China, forms of popular religion have been revitalized while in the same period millions of people have converted to Protestant Christianity. My doctoral research in the region of Southern Fujian explores how practitioners in these different ritual systems live together as spouses; as parents and children; as grandparents and grandchildren. I focus on the enactment of communal rituals (weddings, funerals, Christmas celebrations, Spring Festival rituals) by such "pluriprax" households, because considering Chinese religious history I expected practices (ways of doing) to be more contested on a grassroots level than scriptures or doctrines (believing). How do people in contemporary Southern Fujian form and maintain pluriprax households, despite their conflicting ritual obligations? In the context of the individualization of modern Chinese society ⎯individual empowerment in the domestic sphere and in relation to socio-economic institutions⎯ my interlocutors in Southern Fujian generally value personal emotional, romantic, and religious fulfillment over adherence to communal ritual obligations (e.g. obligation to venerate ancestors, obligation to abstain from superstition). This creates a field of tension, because as members of ancestral lineages practicing forms of popular religion and as members of churches practicing Protestant Christianity, individuals still have certain obligations to fulfill. Communal rituals thus signal moments of tension and division among my research population. Yet pluriprax households in Southern Fujian have been able to thrive in the context of individualization. Due to the disempowerment of Chinese ritual communities (ancestral lineages, Protestant churches, socialist production brigades) in the course of the twentieth century, individual household members are able to abstain from, simplify, or integrate various rituals through polytropy. These ways to change, evade, or "harmonize" ritual obligations accommodate the participation of practitioners in different ritual systems, allowing them to form and maintain pluriprax households. My thesis contributes to (inter)religious studies by theorizing the central importance of practice (what to do, when, where, and how) in settings of religious diversity. Most studies of "mixed" or "interfaith" families in Western societies still have an inherent bias toward mentalist beliefs and worldviews, but the boundary-transcending ritual practices of pluriprax households in Southern Fujian harbor important theoretical insights for the study of interreligious relations. My thesis also enriches the study of religion in Chinese societies by shedding light on the largely unexplored topic of pluriprax households, and by bringing 4 in a new debate (from the discursive field of individualization) to the field of religion and ritual in Chinese societies. Finally, the thesis contributes to theorizing about modern mainland Chinese society by providing ethnographic examples of the challenges and problems that arise on a grassroots level in the context of individualization (e.g. conflicting ritual obligations), and the creative responses of people facing such challenges. 5 Preface The fieldwork for this thesis brought me to the homes and lives of people in Southern Fujian. The countless conversations, meals, leisurely trips, daily swims in the
Recommended publications
  • The Green Leaves of China. Sociopolitical Imaginaries in Chinese Environmental Nonfiction
    The green leaves of China. Sociopolitical imaginaries in Chinese environmental nonfiction. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Institut für Sinologie Vorgelegt von Matthias Liehr April 2013 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Rudolf G. Wagner Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Barbara Mittler Table of contents Table of contents 1 Acknowledgements 2 List of abbreviated book titles 4 I. Introduction 5 I.1 Thesis outline 9 II. Looking for environmentalism with Chinese characteristics 13 II.1 Theoretical considerations: In search for a ‘green public sphere’ in China. 13 II.2 Bringing culture back in: traditional repertoires of public contention within Chinese environmentalism 28 II.3 A cosmopolitan perspective on Chinese environmentalism 38 III. “Woodcutter, wake up”: Governance in Chinese ecological reportage literature 62 III.1 Background: Economic Reform and Environmental Destruction in the 1980s 64 III.2 The narrative: Woodcutter, wake up! – A tale of two mountains, and one problem 68 III.3 The form: Literary reportage, and its role within the Chinese social imaginary 74 III.4 The subject matter: Naturescape and governance 86 IV. Tang Xiyang and the creation of China’s green avant-garde 98 IV.1 Beginnings: What nature? What man? 100 IV.2 A Green World Tour 105 IV.3 Back in China: Green Camp, and China’s new green elite 130 V. Back to the future? Ecological Civilization, and the search for Chinese modernity 144 V.1 What is “Ecological Civilization”? 146 V.2 Mr. Science or Mr. Culture to the rescue? 152 VI. The allure of the periphery: Cultural counter-narratives and social nonconformism 182 VI.1 The rugged individual in the wilderness: Yang Xin 184 VI.2 Counter-narratives and ethnicity discourse in 1980s China 193 VI.3 A land for heroes 199 VI.4 A land of spirituality 217 VII.
    [Show full text]
  • (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Heishiding Nature Reserve, Fengkai, Guangdong, China, Based on Molecular and Morphological Data
    Zootaxa 3795 (4): 449–471 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3795.4.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:59C8EDD8-DF54-43A7-987B-691395B78586 Description of two new species of the genus Megophrys (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Heishiding Nature Reserve, Fengkai, Guangdong, China, based on molecular and morphological data YU-LONG LI1, MENG-JIE JIN1, JIAN ZHAO1, ZU-YAO LIU1, YING-YONG WANG1, 2 & HONG PANG1,2 1State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol / The Museum of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China 2Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Two new species, Megophrys acuta sp. nov. and Megophrys obesa sp. nov., are described based on a series of specimens collected from Heishiding Nature Reserve, Fengkai County, Guangdong Province, China. They can be distinguished from other known congeners occurred in southern and eastern China by morphological characters and molecular divergence in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. M. acuta is characterized by small and slender body with adult females measuring 28.1–33.6 mm and adult males measuring 27.1–33.0 mm in snout-vent length; snout pointed, strongly protruding well be- yond margin of lower jaw; canthus rostralis well developed and sharp; hindlimbs short, the heels not meeting, tibio-tarsal articulation reaching forward the pupil of eye. M. obesa is characterized by stout and slightly small body with adult fe- males measuring 37.5–41.2 mm, adult male measuring 35.6 mm in snout-vent length; snout round in dorsal view; canthus rostralis developed; hindlimbs short, the heels not meeting, tibio-tarsal articulation reaching forward the posterior margin of eye.
    [Show full text]
  • Records of the Transmission of the Lamp (Jingde Chuadeng
    The Hokun Trust is pleased to support the fifth volume of a complete translation of this classic of Chan (Zen) Buddhism by Randolph S. Whitfield. The Records of the Transmission of the Lamp is a religious classic of the first importance for the practice and study of Zen which it is hoped will appeal both to students of Buddhism and to a wider public interested in religion as a whole. Contents Foreword by Albert Welter Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Appendix to the Introduction Abbreviations Book Eighteen Book Nineteen Book Twenty Book Twenty-one Finding List Bibliography Index Foreword The translation of the Jingde chuandeng lu (Jingde era Record of the Transmission of the Lamp) is a major accomplishment. Many have reveled in the wonders of this text. It has inspired countless numbers of East Asians, especially in China, Japan and Korea, where Chan inspired traditions – Chan, Zen, and Son – have taken root and flourished for many centuries. Indeed, the influence has been so profound and pervasive it is hard to imagine Japanese and Korean cultures without it. In the twentieth century, Western audiences also became enthralled with stories of illustrious Zen masters, many of which are rooted in the Jingde chuandeng lu. I remember meeting Alan Ginsburg, intrepid Beat poet and inveterate Buddhist aspirant, in Shanghai in 1985. He had been invited as part of a literary cultural exchange between China and the U. S., to perform a series of lectures for students at Fudan University, where I was a visiting student. Eager to meet people who he could discuss Chinese Buddhism with, I found myself ushered into his company to converse on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • 9788825517057.Pdf
    PROJECTS FOR : ANHAI a critical hypothesis for preservation and transformation Manuela Raitano Luca Reale PROJECTS «Projects For:» is a book series dedicated to architectural design in international FOR : contexts. Looking at our own way of practicing architecture through the lens of “difference” can help magnify its identity, pointing out its most relevant characters and providing an appropriate ground for critical thinking. Creating designs – or reflecting on projects – conceived for “elsewhere” can, in our opinion, become a powerful tool to understand how to make architecture. The series wants to provide a space dedicated to this critical activity, where the pretext of a specific lo- cation around the globe can serve as the center of gravity for design-oriented considerations. Series edited by Federico De Matteis Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Italy Luca Reale Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy Editorial board Benno Albrecht IUAV Venezia, Italy Alessandra Capuano Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy Luciano Cardellicchio University of New South Wales, United Kingdom Giovanni Marco Chiri Università di Cagliari, Italy Jinyoung Chun Myongji University, Republic of Korea Josep-Maria Garcia-Fuentes University of Newcastle, United Kingdom Massimiliano Giberti Università di Genova, Italy Mazen Haidar Université Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne, France Keya Mitra IIEST, Shibpur, India Luca Montuori Università Roma Tre, Italy Orsina Simona Pierini Politecnico di Milano, Italy Simona Salvo Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy Minghao Zhou Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China Graphic design Gina Oliva www.console-oliva.com Publisher © 2019 Aracne, Roma www.aracneeditrice.it [email protected] ISBN 978-88-255-1705-7 No part of this book can be reproduced without previous consent from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    TO ENTERTAIN AND RENEW: OPERAS, PUPPET PLAYS AND RITUAL IN SOUTH CHINA by Tuen Wai Mary Yeung Hons Dip, Lingnan University, H.K., 1990 M.A., The University of Lancaster, U.K.,1993 M.A., The University of British Columbia, Canada, 1999 A THESIS SUBIMTTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 2007 @ Tuen Wai Mary Yeung, 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-31964-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-31964-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these.
    [Show full text]
  • Abhandlungen Und Berichte
    ISSN 1618-8977 Mesostigmata Volume 11 (1) Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz 2011 Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz ACARI Bibliographia Acarologica Editor-in-chief: Dr Axel Christian authorised by the Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturfoschung Enquiries should be directed to: ACARI Dr Axel Christian Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany ‘ACARI’ may be orderd through: Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz – Bibliothek PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany Published by the Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz All rights reserved Cover design by: E. Mättig Printed by MAXROI Graphics GmbH, Görlitz, Germany ACARI Bibliographia Acarologica 11 (1): 1-35, 2011 ISSN 1618-8977 Mesostigmata No. 22 Axel Christian & Kerstin Franke Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz In the bibliography, the latest works on mesostigmatic mites - as far as they have come to our knowledge - are published yearly. The present volume includes 330 titles by researchers from 59 countries. In these publications, 159 new species and genera are described. The majority of articles concern ecology (36%), taxonomy (23%), faunistics (18%) and the bee- mite Varroa (4%). Please help us keep the literature database as complete as possible by sending us reprints or copies of all your papers on mesostigmatic mites, or, if this is not possible, complete refer- ences so that we can include them in the list. Please inform us if we have failed to list all your publications in the Bibliographia. The database on mesostigmatic mites already contains 14 655 papers and 15 537 taxa. Every scientist who sends keywords for literature researches can receive a list of literature or taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Daily Migration with Complex Networks Model
    sustainability Article Urban Network and Regions in China: An Analysis of Daily Migration with Complex Networks Model Wangbao Liu 1, Quan Hou 2,*, Zhihao Xie 3,* and Xin Mai 1 1 Department of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (X.M.) 2 Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518049, China 3 Dongguan Urban Planning and Design Institute, Dongguan 523000, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.H.); [email protected] (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-136-9988-8365 (Q.H.); +86-156-2503-8341(Z.X.) Received: 27 March 2020; Accepted: 13 April 2020; Published: 16 April 2020 Abstract: This paper analyzed urban network and regions in China using a complex network model. Data of daily migration among 348 prefectural-level cities from the Baidu Map location-based service (LBS) Open Platform were used to calculate urban network metrics and to delineate boundaries of urban regions. Results show that urban network in China displays an obvious hierarchy in terms of attracting and distributing population and controlling regional interaction. Regional integration has become increasingly prominent, as administrative boundaries and natural barriers no longer have strong impacts on urban connections. Overall, 18 urban regions were identified according to urban connectivity, and the degree of urban connection is higher among cities in the same urban region. Due to geographical proximity and close interaction, several provincial capital cities form an urban region with cities from neighboring provinces instead of those from the same province. Identification of urban region boundaries is of significant importance for sustainable development and policymaking on the demarcation of urban economic zones, urban agglomerations, and future adjustment of provincial administrative boundaries in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese-Mandarin
    CHINESE-MANDARIN River boats on the River Li, against the Xingping oldtown footbridge, with the Karst Mountains in the distance, Guangxi Province Flickr/Bernd Thaller DLIFLC DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER 2018 About Rapport Predeployment language familiarization is target language training in a cultural context, with the goal of improving mission effectiveness. It introduces service members to the basic phrases and vocabulary needed for everyday military tasks such as meet & greet (establishing rapport), commands, and questioning. Content is tailored to support deploying units of military police, civil affairs, and engineers. In 6–8 hours of self-paced training, Rapport familiarizes learners with conversational phrases and cultural traditions, as well as the geography and ethnic groups of the region. Learners hear the target language as it is spoken by a native speaker through 75–85 commonly encountered exchanges. Learners test their knowledge using assessment questions; Army personnel record their progress using ALMS and ATTRS. • Rapport is available online at the DLIFLC Rapport website http://rapport.dliflc.edu • Rapport is also available at AKO, DKO, NKO, and Joint Language University • Standalone hard copies of Rapport training, in CD format, are available for order through the DLIFLC Language Materials Distribution System (LMDS) http://www.dliflc.edu/resources/lmds/ DLIFLC 2 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER CULTURAL ORIENTATION | Chinese-Mandarin About Rapport .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • China in Classroom
    CHINA IN CLASSROOM CONTENTE China ABC 1. National Flag and National Emblem 2. Physical Geography 3. Population, Ethnic Groups and Language 4. Brief History 5. Administration Divison Chinese Culture 1. Public Holidays and Most Popular Traditional Festivals in China 2. Chinese Zodiac 3. The Chinese Dragon 4. Historical Sites and Scenery in China 5. Beijing Opera 6. Calligraphy and Chinese Paintings 7. Chinese Traditional Papercuts China ABC 1. National Flag And National Emblem 国旗 The national flag of China The national flag of China is red in color which symbolizes revolution; the five stars on the flag symbolize the great unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC). 国徽 The national emblem of China The national emblem of China is Tian'anmen in the center illuminated by five stars and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel. Tian'anmen symbolizes the Chinese nation and the ears of grain and the cogwheel represent the working class and peasantry. 2. Physical Geography Position and Area China is situated in the eastern part of Asia, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. China has a total land area of 9.6 million square kilometres, next only to Russia and Canada in size. The nation is bordered by Korea in the east; Mongolia in the north; Russia in the northeast; Kazakhstan, Kirghizia and Tadzhikistan in the northwest; Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan in the west and southwest; and Myanmar, Laos and Viet Nam in the south. Across the seas to the east and southeast are the Republic of Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Reporting Cycle 1, Section I
    World Heritage On the periodic reporting exercise on the application of the World Heritage Convention Section I Application of the World Heritage Convention by the State Party State Party: The People’s Republic of China 1 Periodic Reporting Exercise on the Application of the World Heritage Convention Executive summary Section I: Application of the World Heritage Convention by the State Party I.1. Introduction a. State Party b. Year of ratification or acceptance of the Convention c. Organization(s) or entity(ies) responsible for the preparation of the report d. Date of the report e. Signature on behalf of State Party I.2. Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties a. National inventories b. Tentative List c. Nominations I.3. Protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage a. General policy development b. Status of services for protection, conservation and presentation c. Scientific and technical studies and research d. Measures for identification, protection, conservation, presentation and rehabilitation e. Training I.4. International co-operation and fund raising I.5. Education, information and awareness building I.6. Conclusions and recommended action a. Main conclusions b. Proposed future action(s) c. Responsible implementing agency(ies) d. Timeframe for implementation e. Needs for international assistance. 1.7. Assessment of Section I on periodic reporting exercise 2 Periodic Reporting on the Application of the World Heritage Convention Section I: Application of the World Heritage Convention
    [Show full text]
  • The Distinctions of Architectural Morphology Between Tubao and Tulou in Fujian
    International Workshop on Rammed Earth Materials and Sustainable Structures & Hakka Tulou Forum 2011: Structures of Sustainability at International Symposium on Innovation & Sustainability of Structures in Civil Engineering Xiamen University, China, 2011 THE DISTINCTIONS OF ARCHITECTURAL MORPHOLOGY BETWEEN TUBAO AND TULOU IN FUJIAN Zhijian Dai School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P.R. China [email protected] Abstract: Fujian Tubao is another kind of architectural form which is different from Tulou in Fujian province of China. This paper focused on the redefinition of Fujian Tubao, and discussed the reasons why Tubao were built, styles, distributions and properties of Fujian Tubao. Meanwhile, the similarities and differences between Tulou and Tubao were also analyzed. Keywords: Minzhong, Tubao, earthen construction, defense 1 THE DEFINITION OF FUJIAN TUBAO The definition of “堡(bao/fortress)” in the book “Ci Hai” is “a town built by earth”. And in the book “The History of Jin Dynasty”, there is a description as “Five thousand people gathered in Xugao and Hukong, and built Tubao to strengthen their defenses.” Nowadays, “Tubao” always refer to the defensive buildings militarily. The Chinese words whose meaning is similar to “堡(bao/fortress)” include 城(city), 壁(wall), 垒(barrier), 寨 (stockade), 坞(fortified building), etc. According to the definition in the book “Ci Hai”, “城(city)” means the city wall which was built around the city as the defensive building in the past; “壁(wall)” means barracks and the enclosing wall; “垒(barrier)” has the village fort built around the military camp; “寨(stockade)” indicates the paling which used in defenses, and by extension, it means the military camp; “坞(fortified building)” is the fortress constructed outside the village as the protective screen.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Ecosystem Assessment of Western China
    Integrated Ecosystem Assessment of Western China Principal Investigator: Jiyuan Liu Leading Scientists (in alphabetical order): Suocheng Dong, Hongbo Ju, Xiubin Li, Jiyuan Liu, Hua Ouyang, Zhiyun Ouyang, Qiao Wang, Jun Xia, Xiusheng Yang, Tianxiang Yue, Shidong Zhao, Dafang Zhuang International Advisory Committee Chairman: Jerry M. Melillo, Member: Jerry M. Melillo, Thomas Rosswall, Anthony Janetos, Watanabe Masataka, Shidong Zhao Edited By Jiyuan Liu, Tianxiang Yue, Hongbo Ju, Qiao Wang, Xiubin Li Contributors (In alphabetical order): Min Cao, Mingkui Cao, Xiangzheng Deng, Suocheng Dong, Zemeng Fan, Zengyuan Li, Changhe Lv, Shengnan Ma, Hua Ouyang, Zhiyun Ouyang, Shenghong Ran, Bo Tao, Yongzhong Tian, Chuansheng Wang, Fengyu Wang, Qinxue Wang, Yimou Wang, Yingan Wang, Masataka Watanabe, Shixin Wu, Jun Xia, Youlin You, Bingzheng Yuan, Jinyan Zhan, Shidong Zhao, Wancun Zhou, Dafang Zhuang Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Chinese Academy of Sciences National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan Participant Institutions Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS Research Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, CAF Information Center, SEPA Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, CAS Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, CAS Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, CAS Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research, CAS National Institute for Environmental Studies of Japan 1. Introduction Western Development is an important strategy of China Government. The ecological environment in the western region of China is very fragile, and any improper human activity or resource utilization will lead to irrecoverable ecological degradation. Therefore, the integrated ecosystem assessment in the western region of China is of great significance to the Western Development Strategy.
    [Show full text]