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Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: the Mmu El-Marra Project 1996-1997 Glenn M

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Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: the Mmu El-Marra Project 1996-1997 Glenn M University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Papers and Anthropology 7-2000 Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The mmU el-Marra Project 1996-1997 Glenn M. Schwartz Hans H. Curvers Fokke A. Gerritsen Jennifer A. Maccormack Naomi F. Miller University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Schwartz, G. M., Curvers, H. H., Gerritsen, F. A., Maccormack, J. A., Miller, N. F., & Weber, J. (2000). Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The mmU el-Marra Project 1996-1997. American Journal of Archaeology, 104 (3), 419-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/507225 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers/37 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The mmU el- Marra Project 1996-1997 Abstract The 1996 nda 1997 seasons of the Hopkins-Amsterdam project in the Jabbul plain, western Syria, have generated new results on Bronze Age urbanism at Tell Umm el- Marra and elucidated longer-term settlement patterns in the Jabbul region. Excavation results have documented the foundation of Umm el-Marra as a regional center in the Early Bronze Age, provided new data on a period of decentralization in Middle Bronze I, and supplied evidence of the regeneration of urbanism in MB II. Faunal and archaeobotanical analysis broaden our understanding of these developments, attesting to an economy overwhelmingly dependent on the steppe environment, with an emphasis on large-scale onager hunting in MB II. Finally, a regional survey provides data on long-term demographic and socioeconomic trends, furnishing an expansive time range and spatial context for our under- standing of developmental patterns in the region. The urs vey results supply new information on the limits of the Uruk expansion, cycles of Bronze Age urbanization, changing patterns of steppe exploitation, and demo- graphic and agricultural extensification in the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. Disciplines Near Eastern Languages and Societies Author(s) Glenn M. Schwartz, Hans H. Curvers, Fokke A. Gerritsen, Jennifer A. Maccormack, Naomi F. Miller, and Jill A Weber This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers/37 Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The Umm el-Marra Project 1996-1997 GLENN M. SCHWARTZ, HANS H. CURVERS, FOKKE A. GERRITSEN, JENNIFER A. MACCORMACK, NAOMI F. MILLER, AND JILL A. WEBER Abstract ly Near Eastern complex societies, providing a coun- The 1996 and 1997 seasons of the Hopkins-Amsterdam terpoint and complement to their well-known neigh- project in the Jabbul plain, western Syria, have gener- bor southern Mesopotamia, the so-called cradle of ated new results on Bronze Age urbanism at Tell Umm el- civilization. Investigation of the development of ur- Marra and elucidated longer-term settlement patterns in theJabbul region. Excavation results have documented ban societies in this region serves to expand our the foundation of Umm el-Marra as a regional center in appreciation of early urban variability, allowing us to the Early Bronze Age, provided new data on a period of progress beyond assumptions of ancient Near East- decentralization in Middle Bronze I, and supplied evi- ern urbanism as a uniform phenomenon.' dence of the regeneration of urbanism in MB II. Faunal In the Johns Hopkins-University of Amsterdam and archaeobotanical analysis broaden our understand- Umm el-Marra project, we aim to investigate the ear- ing of these developments, attesting to an economy over- whelmingly dependent on the steppe environment, with ly history of complex societies in western Syria, a rel- an emphasis on large-scale onager hunting in MB II. atively underinvestigated region whose potential has Finally, a regional survey provides data on long-term de- been amply demonstrated by the results from Ebla mographic and socioeconomic trends, furnishing an ex- (Tell Mardikh). Conceived as a long-term program pansive time range and spatial context for our under- standing of developmental patterns in the region. The of archaeological research in the Jabbul plain,2 the survey results supply new information on the limits of project's primary goal is the investigation of the de- the Uruk expansion, cycles of Bronze Age urbanization, velopmental trajectory of complex societies in the changing patterns of steppe exploitation, and demo- region in the Early, Middle, and Late Bronze peri- graphic and agricultural extensification in the Byzan- ods (ca. 3000-1200 B.C.). Moving beyond the tradi- tine and Early Islamic periods.* tional emphasis on the elite and monumental, we aim to focus on domestic as well as public contexts, INTRODUCTION lower social strata as well as elites, issues of economy In recent years Syria and upper Mesopotamia have and subsistence as well as political history, and re- served as an important laboratory of research on ear- gional issues as well as site-specific problems. *We wish to express our gratitude to the Directorate-Gen- codirectors; Sally Dunham, site supervisor and small finds ana- eral of Antiquities and Museums, Syria, for its continued sup- lyst; Ryan Byrne, Matthew Johnson, John McHugh, John port and encouragement of the Hopkins-Amsterdam joint Nichols, Alice Petty, and Daniel Rogart, site supervisors; Jill expedition to Umm el-Marra, with especial thanks to Sultan Weber, zooarchaeologist; and Nel Loosbroek, ceramics analyst. Muhesen, Director-General, Adnan Bounni, Director of Exca- We are indebted to Jerrold Cooper, Sally Dunham, Nicolo vations during the 1996-1997 field seasons, and Wahid Khaya- Marchetti, Lorenzo Nigro and Gil Stein for many useful ideas ta, Director of the Aleppo Museum. We are also grateful for and references. We dedicate this contribution to the memory the valuable assistance provided by our departmental represen- of Muhammad Lahluh, our representative for the 1994-1995 tative Mahmud Hamoud and by our site guard Muhammad seasons and a friend whose warmth, collegiality, and wisdom Qasem al-Helu and his family. In the 1996 and 1997 seasons, will be much missed. support was provided by the National Geographic Society, the Authors responsible for specific sections are as follows: "In- Arthur and Isadora Dellheim Foundation, theJohns Hopkins troduction," G.M. Schwartz; "Architecture, Stratigraphy, and University, and other contributors. The 1996 team included Pottery," G.M. Schwartz and H.H. Curvers; "Animal Exploita- Glenn Schwartz and Hans Curvers, codirectors; Sally Dunham, tion," J.A. Weber; "Plant Remains," N.F. Miller; "A Survey in site supervisor, small finds analyst, and survey team member; theJabbul Plain," F.A. Gerritsen,J.A. MacCormack, and G.M. Fokke Gerritsen andJennifer MacCormack, survey organizers Schwartz; "Conclusions," G.M. Schwartz and H.H. Curvers. and supervisors;John Nichols and Alice Petty, site supervisors 1 Stein 1998, 14-6. and survey team members; Ghada Saad andJuliette Elias, site 2Curvers and Schwartz 1997, 201-39. Our work follows the supervisors; Nel Loosbroek, ceramics analyst; Klaas van Harten, groundbreaking efforts of the Belgian team directed by R. architect and photographer; Grace Brush, palynologist; and Tefnin that conducted the first excavations at Umm el-Marra Timothy Beach and Sheryl Luzzader-Beach, geomorphologists. in the 1970s and 1980s and at Abou Danne to the west. The 1997 team included Glenn Schwartz and Hans Curvers, 419 American Journal of Archaeology 104 (2000) 419-62 420 GLENN M. SCHWARTZ ET AL. [AJA 104 Fig. 1. Map of Syria withJabbul plain inset Located between Aleppo and the Euphrates val- scale domestic architecture in LB and greater evi- ley, the Jabbul plain served historically as an impor- dence of public constructions and the presence of a tant conduit between western Syria and Mesopotamia central authority in MB II. Only limited exposures (fig. 1). Our research locus, Tell Umm el-Marra (fig. were obtained from EB contexts. 2), is the largest Bronze Age site in the Jabbul (ca. 25 In May-July 1996 and 1997, we implemented the ha) and is perhaps to be identified as ancient Tuba. project's second research stage, with the following The first stage of the project (1994-1995) consisted goals: broadened exposure of EB remains and inves- of broad horizontal excavations in five major areas tigation of the EB-MB transition, sampling of previ- and two perpendicular transects of 2 x 2 m excavat- ously uninvestigated components of the site, ed squares. In general, these results revealed a se- intensified analysis of archaeobotanical and faunal quence of EB, MB, and LB phases succeeded, after a data, and initiation of regional and environmental hiatus, by Hellenistic and Roman settlement (table studies. 1). Large exposures were obtained for the LB and For consideration of the EB and the transition to MB II periods,3 revealing a predominance of small- MB, we were interested in three main problems. 3We follow the Ebla team in its designation of Mardikh and Mardikh IIIB as MB II (ca. 1800-1600 B.C.). Matthiae IIIA and related assemblages as MB I (ca. 2000-1800 B.C.) 1997b, 1-29. 2000] EXCAVATION AND SURVEY IN THE JABBUL PLAIN 421 \\\age Houses 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 0 25 100 200 m I I I I Fig. 2. Tell Umm el-Marra First is the emergence of complex, urbanized soci- issue of great interest in the study of early complex ety in the Syrian EB ca. 2600-2500 B.C., an issue societies. The precise character, explanation, and that has received considerable attention for the Syr- even existence of urban collapse at the end of the ian Jezireh but less so in the west, with the notable Syrian EB, however, is a subject of considerable de- exception of Ebla.
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