Syria, Second Quarter 2018: Update on Incidents According to the Armed

SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) - Updated 2nd edition compiled by ACCORD, 20 December 2018 Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality Number of reported fatalities

National borders: GADM, November 2015a; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015b; incident data: ACLED, 15 December 2018; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - UPDATED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 20 DECEMBER 2018

Contents Conflict incidents by category

Number of Number of reported fatalities 1 Number of Number of Category incidents with at incidents fatalities Number of reported incidents with at least one fatality 1 least one fatality Remote violence 2855 492 1957 Conflict incidents by category 2 Battles 894 506 3661 Development of conflict incidents from January 2017 to June 2018 2 Strategic developments 333 3 13 Violence against civilians 203 124 267 Methodology 3 Riots/protests 47 0 0 Conflict incidents per province 4 Non-violent activities 26 0 0 Localization of conflict incidents 4 Headquarters established 12 0 0 Total 4370 1125 5898 Disclaimer 7 This table is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, 15 December 2018).

Development of conflict incidents from January 2017 to June 2018

This graph is based on data from ACLED (datasets used: ACLED, 15 December 2018).

2 SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - UPDATED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 20 DECEMBER 2018

Methodology Geographic map data is primarily based on GADM, complemented with other sources if necessary. ACLED’s location data is then used to locate incidents in these The data used in this report was collected by the Armed Conflict Location & Event maps. Incidents that could not be located are ignored. The numbers included in this Data Project (ACLED). ACLED collects data on reported conflict events in selected overview might therefore diﬀer from the original ACLED data. ACLED uses varying African and Asian countries, Syria being among them. ACLED researchers collect degrees of geographic precision for the individual incidents, depending on what event data from a variety of sources and code them by date, location, agent, and level of detail is reported. Thus, towns may represent the wider region in which event type. an incident occured, or the provincial capital may be used if only the province is known. Erroneous location data, especially due to identical place names, cannot be fully excluded. Most of the data collected by ACLED is gathered based on publicly available, secondary reports. It may therefore underestimate the volume of events. Fatality Incidents comprise the following categories: battles, headquarters or bases es- data particularly is vulnerable to bias and inaccurate reporting, and ACLED states tablished, non-violent strategic activities, riots/protests, violence against civilians, to use the most conservative estimate available. ACLED uses the reports’ context non-violent transfer of territory, remote violence. For details on these categories, to estimate fatalities for events with reported fatalities for which the exact number please see is unknown (“10” for plural fatalities, “100” if “hundreds” are mentioned, etc.). For further details on ACLED and for the full data, see www.acleddata.com and Raleigh; Linke; Hegre, and Karlsen, 2010. • ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook; ACLED - ASIA, 2015 http://www.acleddata.com/wp- content/uploads/2015/07/ACLED_ Based on this data, the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research Codebook_2015_ASIA-CR.pdf and Documentation (ACCORD) compiles updates on conflict incidents and pub- lishes them on ecoi.net to oﬀer another access point to the ACLED datasets. • ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook, 2017 This 2nd edition replaces the previously published overviews on the same reporting http://www.acleddata.com/wp- content/uploads/2017/01/ACLED_ period and is based on updated ACLED data. Codebook_2017.pdf

It is advised to employ extreme caution when using fatality numbers. • ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: User Guide, January 2017 Assessments of the security situation should not be based solely on quantitative http://www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ACLED_User- analysis of event data. Guide_2017.pdf

The two maps above serve to compare the number of reported fatalities (poten- tially containing estimates) to the number of events with reported fatalities.

3 SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - UPDATED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 20 DECEMBER 2018

Conflict incidents per province are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the maps above.

Number of In Al asakah, 155 incidents killing 365 people were reported. The following Number of Number of Province incidents with locations were among the affected: Abu Hamdah, Al Awadat, Al Fakka, Al incidents fatalities fatalities Hajalah, Al Hulw, Al Khabrah, Al Shayb, Al-’Arishah, Al-Atshanah, Al asakah 155 49 365 Al-Hasakeh, Al-Hasakeh - Ghoweran, Al-Hassu, Alia, Arisha Camp, Aleppo 452 109 434 Daoudiyeh, Dashishah, Hadaj, Humaydah, Humaydiah, Hussein al Hajalah, Jabal Abdulaziz, Jazaa, Khatuniya Bahra, Khirab Rashik, Khuwaybirah, Ar Raqqah 43 19 54 Maghloje, Markada, Nammura, Quamishli, Quamishli Airbase, Ras Al Ain, As Suwayda’ 49 16 161 Rijlat al Hamzah, Safyan, Salhiyeh, Sayibah, Shadadah, Tal Hmis, Tal Damascus 19 5 22 Khanzir, Tal Sfuk Border Crossing, Tal Shayr, Tall Kubaybah, Tall al-Jayir, Tell Dar‘a 782 147 594 Halaf. Dayr Az Zawr 293 147 1358 Hamah 828 96 321 In Aleppo, 452 incidents killing 434 people were reported. The following locations were among the affected: 135th Brigade Army Base, A’wejel, Abu Hims 394 82 455 Zandin, Abzemo, Afrin, Ain al Arab, Ajil, Al Bab, Al-Bohouth al-Elmia, Al-Eis, Idlib 832 266 794 Al-Hamidiyyi, Al-Hamra, Al-Mallah, Al-Mokambo, Al-Rashdeen, Aleppo, Lattakia 62 17 84 Aleppo - Al-Ashrafiyya, Aleppo - Al-Khaldiya, Aleppo - Al-Layramoun, Quneitra 112 15 30 Aleppo - Al-Nile, Aleppo - Al-Zahraa, Aleppo - Halab Al-Jadida, Aleppo - Rif Dimashq 348 157 1226 Hamadaniyeh, Aleppo - Hameidiyyeh, Aleppo - International Airport, Aleppo - Shahabaa, Aleppo - Sheikh Maqsoud, Aleppo - Tishreen, Aleppo - Tartus 1 0 0 University of Aleppo, Andan, Anjara, Ar-Ra’ee, Ashmah, Atareb, Azaz, Banes, Barna, Bashkwi, Bastron, Basuta, Bgheidine, Big Orm, Big Othmaniya, Binyamin, Biyanoun, Blinta, Dahrat Abd Rabou, Daret Azza, Dayr Hafir, Localization of conflict incidents Doudyan, Ghandorah, Hadher, Haritan, Harjalah, Hayyan, Hmeira, Huwair al-Eis, Ibbin, Ihtaymilat, Jabal Azzan, Jabal al-Akrad, Jandairis, Jarablus, Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED Jazraya, Jeineh, Jirah Airbase, Kafr Amma, Kafr Hamra, Kafr Karmin, Kafr dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event Naha, Kafr Naseh Tal Refaat, Kafr Safra, Kaljibrin, Khalsa, Khan Al-Asal, type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). The data’s precision varies among Khan Tuman, Khanaser, Kharfan, Ma’btali, Maaret Elartiq, Mahsana, the incidents: a town may represent a region, or the provincial capital may be Makbas, Mansoura, Maraanaz, Maryuda, Menbij, Qabasin, Qarra, Qarrasi, used if the precise location of an incident is unkown. In the following list, the names Qurt Qulaq - Buyuk Kurtkulak, Raju, Regiment 111 Army Base, Regiment 46 - of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names Military Base, Rif al-Mohandessin al-Awal, Rif al-Mohandessin al-Thani,

4 SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - UPDATED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 20 DECEMBER 2018

Sadiyah, Sahara, Sajur, Sheikh Ali, Shewargha Guzan, Sorhane, Tadaf, Tadil, Mataeiyeh, Mjeidel, Mlihet Elatash, Mseifra, Mzeireb, Nahta, Namar, Nasib, Tal Bajer, Tal Heddiyeh, Tal Mamu, Tal Msebin, Tal Salur, Tall Refaat, Taqad, Nasib Border Crossing, Nawa, Northern Karim, Rakhim, Sahm El Golan, Tuwama, Urum al-Kubra, Urum al-Sughra, Yazi Bagh, Zarbah, Zeitan, Ziyara, Sahm El Golan Dam, Sahwa, Samlin, Sayda, Shaara, Sheikh Miskine, Sheikh Ziyara Afrin, Zmar. Saed, Smad, Sur, Tafas, Tal Shihab, Tall Ishtra, Tall al Harra, Tassil, Tiba, Um Elmayathen, Um Walad, Western Ghariyeh, Western Maliha, Yadudeh, In Ar Raqqah, 43 incidents killing 54 people were reported. The following Yarmouk Basin, Zamrin. locations were among the affected: 93rd Brigade Army Base, Ar-Raqqa, Ar-Raqqa - Tishrine, Division 17, Ein Issa, Hammam al Turkman, Jazrah, In Dayr Az Zawr, 293 incidents killing 1358 people were reported. The following Mashrafa, Tell Abiad. locations were among the affected: Abu Al-Khashab, Abu Hamam, Abu Hardoub, Abu Hasan, Abul Nitel, Al Jafra - Oil field, Al Mayadin, Al Sijri, In As Suwayda’, 49 incidents killing 161 people were reported. The following Al-Bahra, Al-Bukamal, Al-Hawayij, Al-Heri, Al-Hussainiyah, Al-Omar Oil locations were among the affected: Al Thaala Airbase, Al-Mushayrifah, Ara, Field, Al-Tank Field, As Sukkariyah, Ashara, Ayyash, Baghuz, Basira, Ariqa, As-Sweida, Barek, Dama, Dweira, Khalkhla Airport, Lubayn, Mjeimer, Bogeleyyah, Breiha, Buq’an, Darnaj, Deir-ez-Zor, Deir-ez-Zor - Military Rashideh, Samma al Hneidat, Shaqa, Tall Qulayb. Airport, Dweir, Eastern Jarda, Elhisan, Fajjarat al Shuwayl, Faydat Bin Muwaynah, Gharanij, Hajin, Hasrat, Hawayij Thiban, Humaymeh, Jadid In Damascus, 19 incidents killing 22 people were reported. The following Bakkara, Jalaa, Jdid Ekeidat, Jiah, Jneineh, Kassar, Khasham, Kishkiyeh, locations were among the affected: Arbin, Dahiet Elasad, Damascus - Barzeh, Mahkan, Muaayzilah, Omar - Oil Fields, Qetet Elbuleil, Quriyeh, Ramadi, Damascus - Jobar, Damascus - Qaboun, Hamouriya, Hezzeh, Kafr Batna, Ruwayshid, Salhiyeh, Sbeikhan, Shafa, Shaqra, Shiheil, Sosa, Sur, Sweidan Misraba, Saqba. Jazira, Sweiyeh, T2 Pumping Station, Thiban, Upper Baguz, Zir.

In Dar‘a, 782 incidents killing 594 people were reported. The following locations In Hamah, 828 incidents killing 321 people were reported. The following were among the affected: 52nd Armored Brigade, 82nd Brigade Radar Base, locations were among the affected: 47th Brigade Army Base, Abu Raidi, Abtaa, Adwan, Al Dallafa, Al Madura, Al Shomarah, Al-Harra, Al-Khawabi, Afamea, Aidoun, Al Hallubah, Al Humaydah, Al Mishyah, Al Qarbateya, Al-Na’ema, Al-Qusayr, Al-Sheiliyeh, Al-Shyahaa, Al-Sourah, Alma, Ankhel, Al-Hamidiah, Al-Janabrah, Al-Khalidiya, Al-Latamna, Al-Mashiak, As-Sanamayn, Asem, Ash-Shajara, Barqa, Bekar, Bisr Elharir, Busra Al-Qahera, Al-Shari’ah, Al-Sirmaniyah, Al-Zakah, Al-Zara Power Station, Esh-Sham, Da’el, Dar’a, Dar’a - Air Defense Base, Dar’a - Al-Mansheyyi, Amara, Amqiyah, Ankawi, Aqrab, Arbain, As-Saan, As-Salamiyeh, Dar’a - Al-Sad, Dar’a - Maysalun, Dar’a - Qadessiyeh, Dar’a - Quneitra, As-Suqaylabiyah, Aydun, Ayn Sulaymu, Bab Eltaqa, Burayghith, Buwayda, Dar’a - Shuhada, Dar’a - Tishrine, Deir Eladas, Deir al-Adas, Eastern Damina, Doqmaq, Ghor Elasi, Hakora, Halfaya, Hama, Hama - Airbase, Ghariyeh, Eastern Maliha, Eib, Ein Thakar, Faqie, Ghabagheb, Gharz, Ghasm, Hamamiyat, Harbanifse, Hardana, Hasraya, Hawash, Huweiz, Hweijeh, Hamer, Harran, Hit, Hosh Hammad, Hrak, Izra’, Jabaliyeh, Jadal, Jamrin, Jabal Abu Darda, Jabal Shashabo, Jabal Zein Al-Abedeen, Jadrine, Jalma, Jasim, Jbib, Jisri, Jizeh, Jlein, Kafr Nassij, Kafr Shams, Kahil, Karak, Kherba, Jbine, Jeb Ramleh, Jid, Jisr Beit Ras, Jomaqliyeh, Jurin, Kabani, Kafr Nabutha, Kherbet Ghazala, Kom al-Roman, Lajat, Maaraba, Mahjeh, Masikeh, Kafr Qadah, Kafr Zeita, Karim, Khanafis, Kherbet Elnaqus, Lahaya, Latmin,

5 SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - UPDATED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 20 DECEMBER 2018

Maarkaba, Maarzaf, Madiq Castle, Majdal, Mansura, Marj Elzohur, Bteibat, Bzeit, Dana, Darkosh, Deir Hassan, Deir Sharqi, Deir Sunbul, Masasneh, Masud, Muhradah, Murak, Mustariha, Nazarah, Qamhana, Dorriyeh, Duma, Eastern Deir, Ehsem, Ein Elsoda, Ein Shib, Ein al Hamra, Qantara, Qarqur, Qastun, Qbeibat Elasi, Qubayhah, Qubbat al Kurdi, Sakhr, Eshtabraq, Faqie, Ferwan, Foah, Ftireh, Ghadqa, Ghassaniyeh, Halluz, Samiriyeh, Sarmaniya, Shahranaz, Sifsafiyeh, Sirmaniyah, Suran, Tal Haranbush, Harim, Harsh Basanqul, Has, Hazano, Hazarin, Hbit, Heish, Halawa, Tal Othman, Tal Salhab, Tal Wassit, Tall Othman, Tall al-Dirrah, Tall Hezreh, Hmeirat, Hseiniyeh, Idleb, Isqat, Istablat, Jabal al-Zawiya, Jabriyah, al-Sakhr, Tamanet Elghab, Tanjarah, Taqsis, Tobeh, Tuba, Tweini, Upper Jarada, Jarjnaz, Jisr-Ash-Shugur, Jobas, Joseph, Kafir, Kafr Battikh, Kafr Ein, Sheikh Sindyan, Wadi Ard Jaysiyah, Zakoom, Zalaqit, Zayzun, Zeyzoun Dam, Kafr Hind, Kafr Lata, Kafr Lusin, Kafr Nobol, Kafr Oweid, Kafr Witar, Kafraya, Ziyara, al-Khazanat. Kafrsajna, Kafruma, Kanisat Nabi ’Izz, Kansafra, Karsaa, Kastan al Tahtani, Kastanah Fawqan, Khan Shaykun, Khan al-Sabeel, Kherbet Ma’rratah, In Hims, 394 incidents killing 455 people were reported. The following locations Khirbat al Assadiyah, Khwein Elshaer, Kniset Nakhleh, Korin, Ma’arrat An were among the affected: Al ’Amiriyah, Al Hamrat, Al Majdal, Al Mukhtaria, Al Nu’man, Ma’arrat Tamasrin, Ma’arrat Tayrah, Maar Dibsi, Maar Shamarin, Qusayr, Al Qusayr - Military Air Base, Al Satheyat, Al-Halbah, Al-Hamrat, Maar Shurin, Maar Tamater, Maarbalit, Maaret Al Naasan, Maaret Harma, Al-Houla, Al-Mhassa, Al-Mukhtariyah, Al-Musherfeh, Al-Qantara, Al-Sa’an Maarzita, Maasaran, Maraand, Marayan, Mastumeh, Meshmeshan, al-Aswad, Al-Zahabeya, Alianiyeh, Alzaafaranah, Ameriyeh, Aqrabiya, Mhambal, Milis, Moqa, Mseibin, Murin, Nahleh, Najiyeh, Nayrab, Nqeir, Orm Ar-Rastan, Asilah, At-Taybah al-Gharbiyah, Ayon Hussein, Az-Zara, Burj Eljoz, Qaderiyeh, Qanniyeh, Qasabiyeh, Qatra, Quneitra, Ram Hamdan, Qaei, Dallak, Dar Kabira, Deir Fool, Ein Eldananir, Ez Eldin, Farhaniyeh, Rami, Ruwaiha, Sahyan, Salqin, Samkeh, Saraqab, Sarmada, Sarmin, Sayad, Ghanto, Gharnata, Ghasbiyeh, Hamrat, Hashemiye, Hmeimeh, Homs, Homs - Sehriyeh, Sfuhen, Shaturiyeh, Sheikh Dames, Sheikh Mustafa, Sokkariyeh, Al-Zahra, Homs - Jeb al-Jandali, Homs - Karm al-Louz, Hosh Hajjo, Humrat, Sukayk, Tabish, Tah, Tahtaya, Tal ’Adah, Tal Aas, Tal Hawash, Tal Kersyan, Tal Huriyah, Jaborine, Jamala, Jawalek, Jeb Ej-Jarrah, Kafr Laha, Kafr Nan, Maraq, Tal Sandal, Tal Sultan, Tal Tuqan, Tal al-Khaznah, Tal al-Tar’i, Tall Kisein, Krad Dasniyeh, Makrumiyeh, Maryamayn, Mashrafa, Masudiyeh, al-Shaykh, Tamanaah, Tar’ei, Teftnaz, Telamnas, Termala, Termanin, Toum, Mjeidel, Mreimin, Mrimin, Msheirfeh, Northern Ein Hssein, Qanniyeh, Um Jalal, Um Zaytuna, Yakoubia, Zardana Mashehad, Zurzur, qasabiyeh. Qaryatein, Qermes, Qneitrat, Saan Elosud, Salim, Samalil, Sensil, Sokhneh, Tadmor, Tal Dahab, Talaf, Talbiseh, Taldu, Taloul al-Humr, Tanf, Third Station, In Lattakia, 62 incidents killing 84 people were reported. The following locations Tir Maallah, Tiyas - Military Airbase, Um Sharshouh, Upper Makhrim, were among the affected: Al-Haffa, Ard al Wata, Beit Yashout, Haddada, Western Farhaniyeh, Western Tiba. Hmeimim Air Base, Jabal al-Akrad, Jabal al-Turkman, Jablah, Kansaba, Khadraa, Kinda, Lattakia, Mount Chalma, Rabee’a, Tardeen, Tuffahiyeh. In Idlib, 832 incidents killing 794 people were reported. The following locations were among the affected: Abdin, Abu Dafn, Abu Omar, Al Zawf, Al-Dana, In Quneitra, 112 incidents killing 30 people were reported. The following Al-Fatira, Al-Haraki, Al-Rakaya - Ma’arrat Tayrah, Al-Tabayeq, Al-Z’einiyeh, locations were among the affected: Al-Samdaniyah al-Gharbiyah, Aqraba, Ariha, Armanaz, Arnaba, Arshani, Arynba, Ash Sha’rah, Bab El Hawa, Baath, Breiqa, Ein Qiniyye, Ghadir al Bostan, Hadar, Jaba, Jbata Elkhashab, Babuline, Badama, Baksariya, Balyun, Bara, Barnan, Barsa, Bashiriyah, Katzrin, Khan Arnaba, Mal, Mashara, Nabe Elsakher, Ofania, Quneitra, Bennsh, Big Khwein, Biret Armanaz, Biret Kaftin, Bsames, Bsanqul, Bsida, Rafid, Samadaniyeh, Samadaniyeh al-Gharbi, Tal al-Mal, Tall al Hamriya,

6 SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - UPDATED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 20 DECEMBER 2018

Tarnaja, Tiha, Um Batna. Sources

In Rif Dimashq, 348 incidents killing 1226 people were reported. The following • ACLED – Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project: Middle East 2016- locations were among the aﬀected: Al Qutayfah, Al-Atanah, An-Nasiriyah, Present (Data through 24 November 2018), 15 December 2018 Ashraﬁet Sahnaya, At Tall, Babella, Beit Sahm, Damascus, Damascus - https://www.acleddata.com/download/2915/ Al-Midan, Damascus - Al-Muhajirin, Damascus - Al-Qadam, Damascus - Al-Salihiyah, Damascus - Al-Shaghour, Damascus - International Airport, • GADM – Global Administrative Areas: gadm28_levels.shp, Version 2.8, Damascus - Kafr Sousah, Damascus - Mazzeh, Damascus - Old City, November 2015a Damascus - Qanawat, Damascus - Sarouja, Dhameer, Dhameer Airbase, http://biogeo.ucdavis.edu/data/gadm2.8/gadm28_levels.shp.zip Duma, Eastern Qalamoon, Hajar Aswad, Hazrama, Hbariyeh, Jabal Batra, Jamraya, Jaramana, Jirud, Jisrein, Kisweh, M’adamiyat al-Sham, Mokhayam • GADM – Global Administrative Areas: SYR_adm.zip, Version 2.8, November Al-Wafedeen, Qalamoun, Raheiba, Rihan, Sahnaya, Sayyeda Zeinab, 2015b Sidnaya Military Prison, Tall Fatma, Yalda, Yarmouk Camp. https://biogeo.ucdavis.edu/data/gadm2.8/shp/SYR_adm_shp.zip

In Tartus, 1 incident killing 0 people was reported. The following location was • Raleigh, Clionadh; Linke, Andrew; Hegre, Håvard, and Karlsen, Joakim: “In- among the aﬀected: Tartous. troducing ACLED-Armed Conflict Location and Event Data”, in: Journal of Peace Research (47(5) 2010 ), pp. 651–660 http://jpr.sagepub.com/content/47/5/651.full.pdf+html

• Smith, Walter H. F. and Wessel, Paul: Global Self-consistent Hierarchical High-resolution Geography (GSHHG), Version 2.3.4, 1 May 2015 https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines/data/gshhg/latest/

Disclaimer

Event data may be revised or complemented in future updates. Updates in ACLED’s datasets will not necessarily be reflected in ACCORD’s reports if the update occurs close to or after the latter’s publication. Changes in the sources used by ACLEDto collect incident data might aﬀect the comparability of data over time. For more information on ACLED’s methodology, please see www.acleddata.com/resources/ methodology/. For more information on ACCORD’s products based on the data,

7 SYRIA, SECOND QUARTER 2018: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - UPDATED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 20 DECEMBER 2018 please see the ecoi.net blog posts tagged with “ACLED”. The lack of information on an event in this report does not permit the inference that it did not take place. The boundaries and names displayed do not imply endorsement or acceptance by the Austrian Red Cross.

Cite as

• ACCORD – Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation: Syria, second quarter 2018: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) - Updated 2nd edition, 20 December 2018