CIVIL SOCIETY IN METHODICAL RESEARCH AND MAPPING

Lior Regev, Marik Shtern, and Erela Ganan Jerusalem, July 2018 Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping

Lior Regev, Marik Shtern, and Erela Ganan

Jerusalem, July 2018 Publication no. 487

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping

Lior Regev, Marik Shtern, and Erela Ganan

This research was made possible by the generous support of the Leichtag Foundation

© 2018, The Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research The Hay Elyachar House 20 Radak St., 9218604 Jerusalem http://www.jerusaleminstitute.org.il http://www.en.jerusaleminstitute.org.il E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents

Executive Summary...... 5

Introduction...... 7

Part 1: Theoretical Background...... 9 1(a). What is Civil Society?...... 9 1(b). Civil Society in Jerusalem...... 11 Jerusalem’s Unique Characteristics...... 11 1(c). Civil Society: Models for Analysis...... 12 Civil Society: The Avrutsky & Ashkenazi Model...... 12 Ann Jeffries’ Model of Community Practice...... 14

Part 2: Mapping Activist Civil Society in Jerusalem...... 17 2(a). Analysis According to the GuideStar Database...... 18 2(b). Activist Civil Society in Jerusalem - Independent Databases...... 30 Independent Mappings: Characteristics of Information Sources...... 31 The Independent Mappings: Findings and Discussion...... 39

Part 3: Discussion – Civil Society in Jerusalem – Summary of Research Findings & Recommendations...... 43 1. Civil Society in a National Capital...... 44 2. Civil Society in the Large, Religious, and Poor City of Jerusalem...... 45 3. Civil Society & ...... 46 4. Pluralistic Civil Society in Jerusalem...... 47

Bibliography...... 49

Interviews...... 51 4 5 Executive Summary

The purpose of this research project is to city, religious center, and the center map and analyze the nature of civil society of higher education, along with its in Jerusalem. This paper summarizes the relatively large religious and poor first part of the study and presents data populations. from several relevant databases that help shed light on the activities of this sector 4. Organizations dealing with community, in the city. The following is a summary of social, and political activities, the findings presented in the paper: which are often referred to as civil society organizations, are also well 1. Jerusalem is an epicenter for NGOs represented in Jerusalem but their in Israel, with approximately 23% of presence is small, in absolute terms, active NGOs in Israel headquartered compared to those dealing with the in the city. In 2017, 4,077 NGOs were fields mentioned above. active in Jerusalem, compared to 1,600 in Tel-Aviv. 5. Analysis of local databases of activist civil society organizations (NGOs or 2. NGOs in Jerusalem are of great informal groups engaged in social economic importance. The estimated change and community activity) total annual budget of all NGOs in the indicates a unique pattern of activity city is between 15 billion NIS and 25 in Jerusalem. Specifically, there is a billion NIS, and together they employ prominent presence of community- between 100,000 and 200,000 people controlled organizations in Jerusalem (about one-third of all employed working for sociopolitical change at people in the city). the neighborhood, municipal, and national levels. 3. NGOs in Jerusalem are active in a very wide variety of fields, such as higher 6. Most activist, civil-society education, health, and community organizations in Jerusalem are led and social welfare. Nevertheless, the by non-Haredi Jews, are active in leading fields for NGOs in Jerusalem non-Haredi Jewish communities, and are religion, education, and social represent the core values of liberalism welfare. These fields reflect the and pluralism. The most common unique nature of Jerusalem as capital fields in which these organizations

4 5 operate include community 7. Our recommendation for the next development, interfaith or intercultural stage of this research project is coexistence, and environmental to conduct a thorough, qualitative sustainability. Relatively few study among the activist civil society organizations that appear in the organizations in the city, placing local databases represent the needs emphasis on the obstacles and and values of the Haredi and Arab limitations facing civil society activists communities. in the Haredi and Arab sectors. Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping

6 7 Introduction

Jerusalem is the city with the largest throughout the many years of struggle population in Israel. There are three and negotiations over the nature distinct populations that live side by of the city. In the 1970s and 1980s, side in the city with diverse social, young Jerusalemites living in poverty economic, and cultural characteristics: (the Black Panthers) came together to Arabs, Haredi Jews, and non-Haredi form a broad protest movement. The Jews (Choshen, Korach, 2017). Jerusalem movement’s purpose was to improve the is a governmental city, housing the socioeconomic state of young residents Knesset and major national government and their living conditions (Hasson, 1993). institutions. Capital cities, including Simultaneously, in those years awareness Jerusalem, play an important role in to the need to preserve the historical and shaping the economic and political visual landscape of the city increased. systems. The junction of the civic, private, As a result, local residents, together and public sectors attracts many parties with professionals, organized civil action interested in influencing public policy, and harnessed the media to their cause. including third-sector institutions and They protested building plans that were activists (Mayer, et al, 2016). liable to damage the social fabric of historic neighborhoods, impinge upon The special character of the city of open spaces, or harm buildings of unique Jerusalem and the interaction of the architectural value (Kroyanker, 1988). different population groups often lead to conflicts and increase the desire of each The activities of civil society organizations group to defend its values and goals. active in the environmental field At the same time, this diversity offers increased in the 1990s and 2000s. These opportunities to establish joint ventures, organizations led various campaigns formulate and promote values shared by to conserve and protect urban nature all of these groups. in Jerusalem and preserve open areas around the city, which peaked with A tradition of active involvement and the rejection of the Safdie Plan for participation of residents and institutions construction in (Furst, in the public and social spheres exists 2014). in the city. This tradition developed

6 7 This tradition of increased civil As presented below, civil society lacks a involvement of the city residents in uniform definition, and various viewpoints shaping the city physically, politically, and emphasize different aspects of its activity. socially continues to define Jerusalem's As such, this section will discuss various character to this day. In the past decade, definitions of civil society and will present the city has witnessed a proliferation of the mapping projects conducted according civil activity that has greatly impacted the to these definitions. city's social and urban politics. Several social initiatives founded in Jerusalem In order to carry out the mapping, we used have also had a nationwide social impact, two complementary research methods: such as the ‘Hashgaha Pratit’ private First, we conducted interviews with kashrut initiative and the Time-Bank (Bank professionals from the field, from public

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Hazman) program. However, the size and institutions and from academia, who effect of Jerusalem's civil society have contributed to defining the characteristics not yet been studied empirically. of civil society. Second, we analyzed and processed official information This research project, commissioned by and databases on civil society and the Leichtag Foundation, aims to fill this data collected by various civil society lacuna, with this paper presenting the organizations in Jerusalem. first part of a wider research project that aims to map civil society in Jerusalem.

The aims of this part of the research project are to:

a. Present a theoretical background of civil society: definitions, characteristics, and the local point of view

b. Map and analyze civil society in Jerusalem, based on a national database (GuideStar and existing independent mappings)

8 9 Part 1: Theoretical Background

(a). What is Civil Society?

Fundamental changes revolutionized as independent initiatives lacking the global economy and society in the institutional organization. second half of the twentieth century. Most important among these changes These civil society organizations offer were global economic growth and an services or lead cultural and social increase in the needs of the individual. change in a variety of fields, including Crises in social welfare led to increased religion, education, social welfare, health, privatization, in a process that began environment, and culture (Limor et al, in Britain and the United States in the 2010). In an attempt to define the space 1970s. It also led to the state’s continuous where civil society is active, Gidron, withdrawal from service provision. Civil Limor, and Zychlinsky (2015) suggested society filled a crucial void by responding using the term “civic sector”, which to the increasing needs of individuals includes the following: which remained unaddressed by "Free associations of individuals governments (Limor et al, 2010, Putnam in and/or groups that, through shared Gidron, 2017). activity, take upon themselves civic participation, volunteering, and/or Professor Helmut Anheier defined civil contributing, to bring about social society as “the sphere of institutions, change and/or to preserve, enhance, organizations and individuals located or strengthen the wellbeing of the between the family, the state and individual and the community; that the market in which people associate act on an ideological basis to advance voluntarily to advance common interests” goals out of a sense of responsibility (Anheier, 2004:22). Civil society includes for the common good, to advance groups and activities at different levels the well-being of individuals, groups, of institutionalization. It encompasses communities and the environment; incorporated organizations, also known as that recognize diversity and the the third sector or the non-governmental other from a place of tolerance and sector (Finkel-Perl et al, 2016), as well willingness to engage in dialogue

8 9 and to challenged the authorities, the A social enterprise is defined as public, and other organizations; that an activity that an individual or group are committed to nonviolent, ethical, conceive and organize and which serves transparent activity with respect to a social purpose. A social enterprise can the political, social and civil rights of be institutionalized and operate as a others” (p. 8). legally registered organization, such as a nonprofit association, public-benefit Civil society, thus, is a term that has corporation, or social enterprise. A social several possible context-dependent enterprise is an organization with social meanings. For the purposes of this as well as business purposes (Avrutsky & mapping project, we employed the Ashkenazi, 2011). following terms:

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Civil society includes third-sector Third sector: The accepted definition of organizations and independent, third-sector organizations is a structural institutionalized, and officially recognized definition. Third-sector organizations have social enterprises, as well as initiatives several characteristics: They are formally that are not institutionalized or officially incorporated, they are distinguished incorporated. Civil society is comprised of from the public sector, and they are not individuals, groups, or organizations that subject to government units. These are define themselves as focused on fulfilling independent non-profit organizations social goals over any other purpose, that are not subjected to the control of business or personal. private enterprises. An essential part of these organizations is contributing and The following mapping focuses volunteering. From a legal standpoint, on non-business and nonprofit these are organizations that are organizations and initiatives. The incorporated as nonprofit associations mapping takes the approach that and as public-benefit corporations (Finkel- the core of civil society activity is Perl et al, 2016). actions that are not the provision of services.

10 11 (b). Civil Society in Jerusalem

Jerusalem is the capital city of Israel and diverse groups and social innovators of home to three distinct populations: Arabs, the city" (Sherman, 2017). Jews, and Haredi Jews. The city has several unique characteristics, making it a Organizations such as New Spirit focal point for civil society activity. In this (“Ruach Hadasha”), the Jerusalemite chapter, we present some of them. Movement, and the Leichtag Foundation, are leading new efforts to stabilize the city’s social sphere through intra-ethnic Jerusalem’s Unique and interethnic cooperation, without Characteristics contesting the geopolitical status quo. These efforts support a multicultural A Contested City city discourse that examines an urban Jerusalem is a contested city since it environment in which "mixture has failed is at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian to produce social cohesion and cultural conflict and is contested by both national interchange" (Amin, 2002, 960). However, movements as their own capital. since Palestinians understand this effort Historically, civil society has had a as an attempt at political normalization, dominant role in the promotion of peace it is difficult to find Palestinian and collaboration between Israelis and organizations with which to work.

Palestinians in Jerusalem. Part 1: Theoretical Background These developments demonstrate a new During the period of the Oslo Accords phase of adaptation of Jerusalem civil (1993-1999), Israeli and Palestinian NGOs society to the urban geopolitics of post- and activists in Jerusalem promoted Oslo Jerusalem. This paper will also peace, coexistence, and the construction consider the lack of civic participation in of a future Palestinian capital in East East Jerusalem, a phenomenon that may Jerusalem (Goren, 2004). However, also stem from the lack of documentation the eruption of the Second Intifada of political participation in East created distrust on both sides and made Jerusalem, which is directly related to the cooperation almost impossible (Cohen, political realities of the city. 2013). Following the Jerusalem Intifada of 2014, a new discourse fostering interethnic collaboration developed A Capital City among local Israeli NGOs, creating a In addition to being a contested city, "network and shared narrative among the Jerusalem is the capital city of the State

10 11 of Israel. It is the seat of government and Jerusalem is a poor city and many of the location of other important national its residents are of low socioeconomic institutions such as the Knesset. As a status. For this reason, many aid and result, the city attracts NGOs and other social welfare organizations are active in organizations that require close physical the city. proximity to these institutions in order to conduct their work. The structure of local government and the mechanism of municipal The demographics of the city are also governance facilitate active significant. Jerusalem is Israel's largest involvement. This will be discussed in city, and as mentioned above has a large further detail below; however, in brief, number of nonprofit organizations. There the community councils (Minhalim

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping is also a large religious population that Kehilati’im) serve as a bridge between the operates a wide range of religious and neighborhood residents and the municipal educational organizations. In addition, the and central government. Together, these variety of populations in the city and its councils comprise the organizational symbolic and religious significance make structure of the municipal government. it a fertile ground for the establishment of The operation of the community councils organizations that deal with coexistence enables the civil and community activity and work to strengthen communities. to be integrated seamlessly, thereby The socioeconomic state of affairs in the contributing to a more efficient and city encourages social welfare activity: effective civil administration.

(c). Civil Society: Models for Analysis

In this section, the paper will offer several is the dynamic nature and scope of its models and methods used to characterize activities. An activity can be established the activities of third-sector and civil as a result of a group of people joining society organizations. together to achieve a shared social goal. This group, or initiative, may even expand Civil Society: The Avrutsky & and establish formal, institutionalized operations. Similarly, the initiative may Ashkenazi Model dwindle. Its ultimate objective is directly Civil society encompasses a wide tied to its nature and its goals. For variety of organizations and activities. example, once an initiative achieves its A defining characteristic of civil society shared social goal, its activity may be re-

12 13 evaluated and then reduced or expanded, Social Innovation. Defined as the depending on its desired reach. application of resources for the purpose of achieving a social goal by innovative Researchers Avrutsky and Ashkenazi means. The solution proposed being (2011) conducted a categorization and original and being implemented for the classification of the various types of first time is the distinguishing factor social entrepreneurism. According to the between social innovation and social categorization method they suggested, activity. the term social entrepreneurism includes three types: social activity, social An example at the national level is innovation, and social transformation. the Or Lahinuch ("Light to Education") The three types are distinguished by organization, through which high their extent of innovativeness in solving school students of academic and social the problem, scope of activity, the scope excellence mentor 6th graders who of resources required, and the nature of have demonstrated potential for social relevant collaborations. or academic excellence. The initiative created a new solution to two problems: Social Activity. Defined as the It defined the need for mentorship during application of resources for the purpose of the transition from elementary school achieving a social goal. This definition is to junior high school and also provided the broadest, relating to activity in a local a framework for high school students who wish to be actively involved in

geographical space, which provides a Part 1: Theoretical Background response to a social problem through the ethical social action. In Jerusalem, implementation of a solution that exists Mahapach Yarok is a pioneer initiative elsewhere or with other populations. One that encourages residents to separate example is the Open House organization food leftovers from garbage and create in Jerusalem, which was established compost. The initiative provides an for the city's LGBT community. The innovative response to several problems organization provides a supportive on the environmental, economic, and environment and promotes advocacy and community levels: reducing garbage cultural activity to strengthen the status collection rounds reduces, in turn, and recognition of the LGBT community pollution and heavy traffic; reducing the in Jerusalem. The local initiative was quantity of waste sent for additional developed according to an activity model processing or burial provides a response that originated in long-standing LGBT to environmental and economic problems; communities in North America. and encouraging interaction and cooperation among neighbors strengthens community cohesiveness in the city.

12 13 Social Transformation. An activity Ann Jeffries' Model of Community coping with challenges by innovative Practice means, but contrary to social innovation it Jeffries’ model portrays two intersecting creates new supply and demand, thereby axes, with a vertical axis representing changing the entire market. a "change" dimension and a horizontal axis representing an "empowerment" The Hashgacha Pratit organization, dimension (Jeffries, 1996: 108). which offers a kashrut certification as Connecting the two axes creates four an alternative to the institutional kashrut spaces, each of which represents a certification of the Chief Rabbinate of characteristic type of organizational or Israel, is an example of an organization social activity (Jeffries, 1996). that emerged in Jerusalem and is leading

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping social transformation. The organization built and operates a new model for The change axis expresses the intentions kashrut certification based on trust and and plans of an initiative or organization community, thereby creating a new to change reality, as opposed to category of kosher restaurants that are maintaining the current status quo.A not certified through the rabbinate. The desire to preserve the status quo can Hashgacha Pratit certificate creates an be manifested, for example, in plans institutional alternative and appeals to a for the development and expansion of unique population that lacked a suitable existing services. Intentions to promote response. change may be expressed in plans to shift responsibility for planning and execution Another example is the Nashiuti to service recipients (Caldaron, et al, organization — a feminist social 2010). enterprise established by a Jerusalemite environmental activist—which sells The empowerment axis examines the ecological feminine hygiene products. decision-making process of an initiative Out of the desire to cope with the world or organization, i.e., the way in which environmental crisis and reduce the the change is brought about. At one quantity of waste, the organization works end of the spectrum, decision making toward creating a new market of reusable is concentrated in the hands of a small products. group of elite leaders and experts, whereas at the other end, community Another way of understanding civil members lead the process. In this case, society activity is through the Ann Jeffries the activity encourages empowerment to (1996) model. the extent that it involves the community

14 15 in decision making. In cases of full issues pertaining to it (Caldaron, et al, partnership, the community has the ability 2010). to make independent decisions regarding Part 1: Theoretical Background Figure 1: Ann Jefries: Four Basic Modes of Community Practice

Community development lies between Social planning lies between the poles the poles of social stability and change. of elite decision making and social This denotes an activity in which the stability and refers to operations that community can be involved, in fields provide services or that utilize community where there is widespread agreement knowledge to implement a plan devised in regarding the necessity of the activity advance by the organization (For example, and where the partnership between activities and classes for people with activists will not undermine the status disabilities at the Shekel organization). quo. For example, a community coming together for social activity revolving Social reform lies between the poles of around a , or the community social change and elite decision making garden activities of the Nature Museum in and refers to action characterized by Jerusalem. the desire to generate change through

14 15 the knowledge and abilities of experts. by experts and gradually become In this space one can involve activists independent. The activity of the Haredi from the community, but one can also high school Hochmei Lev is one take action without them. Thus, for example. The yeshiva was established by example, the Bimkom organization (Urban Bezalel Cohen, a Haredi social activist and Planners for Planning Rights) works with it enables young Haredi people to gain professionals to help citizens cope with an education that suits the employment city construction plans that are being market without giving up religious studies created around them and that might cause and the Haredi framework of study. The them harm or disadvantage. initiative, which began as an independent initiative, received the support of Social action lies between social change the Society for the Advancement of

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping and community control and expresses the Education, which is a network of schools desire of organizations and individuals active throughout Israel (Gonen, Cohen & within the community. These individuals Hayun, in print). or organizations are at times assisted

16 17 Part 2: Mapping Activist Civil Society in Jerusalem

The databases regarding the third sector enterprises. In these cases, the legal and civil society in Israel reside in both and official information falls under official and independent sources: the purview of the Ministry of the Economy or other governmental 1. Data from the GuideStar website agencies. of the Associations Register: The Associations Register is an 2. Data from local, non-official organizational unit of the Israeli "independent" mappings. Diverse Corporations Authority. The unit civil society activities in various is responsible for the registration, fields of interest exist in the city of supervision, and control of nonprofit Jerusalem. Some of these activities organizations and public-benefit are not documented by official data corporations, which are the core because those conducting the activity of the third sector in Israel.1 With did not incorporate into a recognized the goal of establishing public legal entity. With the purpose of transparency in the operation of identifying and characterizing this NGOs in Israel and as an extension activity, the study made use of local of a worldwide project by the same mappings of civil society initiatives name aiming to shed light on the and organizations in Jerusalem, activity of nonprofit organizations, including the following: ANU’s map the Authority established the of Jerusalem social enterprises, GuideStar website.2 Notably, there Creating Sustainability in Jerusalem, are organizations that do not appear the Jerusalem Model, and the in the Guidestar database, such as Tolerance Coalition - the Young Adults collective associations or social Center in Jerusalem. The data was

1 From the website of the Charities Registrar, Israeli Corporations Authority: http://www.justice.gov.il/Units/RasutHataagidim/ units/RashamAmutot/Pages/About.aspx; retrieved Dec 18. 2017 2 From the website of GuideStar Israel: http://www.guidestar.org.il/GS_About?lang=iw; retrieved Dec 18. 2017

16 17 collected according to the definitions for this reason their scope and units and goals of each organization and of measurement are not uniform.

(a). Analysis According to the GuideStar Database

GuideStar is the national database of (institutes owning public property), nonprofit organizations in Israel. The and 1,226 public-benefit corporations. database presents a very broad definition Among these, only 17,965 organizations of civil society, i.e., of third-sector activity (nonprofit organizations and public-benefit (see definition above). The following corporations) are defined as active bodies. Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping data includes information regarding two types of organizations: amutot (nonprofit organizations) and public-benefit The Location of the Organization corporations. The number of active organizations that It is important to note that the data have official addresses in Jerusalem refers only to active organizations (those is 4,077 (3,930 nonprofit organizations that submitted at least one annual and 147 public-benefit corporations), report during the past three years). In representing 23% of all active addition, it does not include informal organizations in the country. This can be organizations, such as Facebook groups compared to 1,600 active organizations or ad-hoc advocacy groups3. Furthermore, with addresses in , which GuideStar’s database does not include represent 9% of the active organizations cooperatives that are officially supervised in the country. According to the number by the Ministry of Economy and that might of organizations per resident, throughout be partially relevant to the category of Israel there is a ratio of 488 residents per civil society. active organization, while in Jerusalem the ratio is 212 and in Tel Aviv 274. A In 2017, there were 46,080 NGOs lower ratio of residents per organization registered with the Associations Register, indicates that in Jerusalem the number of of them 41,695 were registered amutot organizations per resident is higher than (nonprofit organizations), 3,159 hekdeshim in any other city.

3 Examples of this type will be presented in detail under the heading of independent mappings.

18 19 Area of Activity4 Spheres of Activity For most active organizations registered Data from the GuideStar database enable in Jerusalem, the city is not merely their the user to examine the fields of activity main address; it is also their sole arena of of active organizations according to two operations. In contrast, Tel Aviv functions definitions: The first follows the fields of to a greater extent as a center of regional activity as defined by the Israel Central rather than local activity. Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and the second represents the self-definition of the organizations' leadership as expressed in Table 1: Area of Activity their annual activity reports. In this paper, Activity in City Jerusalem Tel Aviv we will only present the data based on the CBS characterization. According to Exclusive 79% 65% Activity the CBS, the four primary fields of activity of organizations registered in Jerusalem Primary Activity 11% 16% (including combinations of fields) are Secondary 2% 6% ‘religion’ (21%), ‘education, higher Activity education and vocational training’ (18%), No Activity in 8% 13% ‘welfare services’ (17%), ‘education, the City higher education and vocational training’, and ‘religion’ (16%). In other words, activity connected with religion represents 38% of all the activity of the third sector in Jerusalem. These fields reflect the unique character of the city as a center for religious activity and as a city Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem with a particularly large, poor population.

4 Data relating to activity area, budget, and number of employees and volunteers are based on data from online reports submitted by the organizations in 2016. Note that only 41% of organizations in Israel and 32% of organizations in Jerusalem submitted online reports. Thus, data relating to these components do not represent all organizations in Israel or in Jerusalem, but enable a general estimation.

18 19 Third Sector Organizations in Jerusalem Areas of Activity

Religion 21% Education, Higher-Education and Vocational Training 18% Welfare Services 17% Education, Higher-Education and Vocational Training & Religion 16% Community and Society 5% Culture and Art 5% Advocacy, Social and Political Change 3% Other 11% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Figure 2: Organizations registered in Jerusalem by sphere of activity, 2016

Unique Spheres of Activity in Jerusalem Twenty-three percent of all active institutions, organizations combining organizations in Israel reside in political advocacy with community and Jerusalem. A comparison between social activity, and organizations dealing Jerusalem and Tel Aviv and other with international relations. These cities and towns in Israel indicates fields are connected with both the city’s that Jerusalem is overrepresented in demographic structure (religious and poor certain fields of activity (over 23%) and population), its position as a capital city in unique combinations of the primary (advocacy and international relations), fields of activity. Among other things, the and the existence of many institutions of data indicate an over-representation of higher education in the city. philanthropic funds, religious educational

20 21 Table 2: Organizations' Spheres of Activity in Israel by City, 2016

Tel Aviv – Rest of No. of Jerusalem Jaffa Country Organizations General 23% 9% 68% 17,965 Volunteering & philanthropic funds 37% 22% 41% 27 Education, higher education & vocational 35% 1% 64% 1,828 training; religion Welfare services; advocacy, social & political change organizations; community 33% 10% 57% 230 & social welfare International relations 32% 18% 50% 66 Advocacy, social change & political 28% 29% 43% 83 organizations Education, higher education & vocational 27% 21% 53% 78 training; volunteering & philanthropic funds Education, higher education & vocational 27% 7% 67% 2,625 training Welfare services 25% 7% 67% 2,710 Health or saving lives 24% 13% 63% 529 Religion 23% 3% 74% 3,671 Research, science & technology 22% 18% 60% 304 Housing & urban development 22% 18% 61% 213 Culture or art 20% 22% 58% 959 Community & social welfare 20% 12% 69% 1,074 Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem Housing & urban development; 18% 38% 44% 39 international relations Welfare services; volunteering & 17% 15% 67% 46 philanthropic funds Heritage or memorialization 16% 13% 71% 340 Health or saving lives; community & social 14% 7% 79% 42 welfare Professional associations 11% 41% 47% 342 Environment & animals 10% 17% 73% 180 Education, higher education & vocational training; welfare services; housing & urban 7% 43% 50% 46 development Sports 4% 11% 86% 1,150 No primary activity sphere 1,388

20 21 If we exclude religious institutions and 1. Community and social activity organizations that provide health and 2. Art and culture welfare services, the activities of the 3. Higher education third-sector organizations in Jerusalem appear more closely correlated with In contrast, in Tel Aviv, the primary fields the core activities of civil society in the of activity are art and culture, sports rest of the country. That said, the three and community, and social activity. primary fields of activity of third-sector Nationwide, the primary civil society organizations in Jerusalem are the sphere of activity is sports, followed by following: community and social activity and, finally, art and culture. Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Table 3: Secondary Categorization of Civil Society Activity According to Primary Activity Sphere, 2016

According to Reported Activity Location Jerusalem Tel Aviv – Jaffa Nationwide Community & social activity 22% 12% 18% Art & culture 20% 27% 17% Higher education 10% 5% 5% Heritage or memorialization 8% 8% 7% Assistance to the needy 7% 1% 2% Sports 6% 16% 22% Education 6% 1% 3% Aliya (Jewish immigration) absorption 3% 1% 3% Political activity, social & political change & 2% 2% 1% individual liberties Organizations of Jewish immigrants from 2% 1% 1% specific Diaspora communities (and cities) Assistance to people with disabilities 1% 2% 2% Friendship between peoples 1% 2% 1% Training & employment 1% 2% 1% Professional associations 1% 9% 5% Environment 1% 2% 2% Professional organizations 0% 3% 1% Other 9% 7% 9%

22 23 Scope of Budget Data regarding the scope of annual the data. We estimate that third-sector budgets and number of employees is organizations in Jerusalem operate on available for only 32% of the active an overall budget ranging between 15 organizations in Jerusalem. The total to 25 billion NIS, and together employ annual budget of these organizations approximately 150,000 employees in 2017 was 10.73 billion NIS and they (not only in Jerusalem) and therefore employed 64,000 workers. Our estimates comprising a significant economic sector are approximate calculations based on in the city.

Education, Higher-Education & Vocational Training 31%

Education, Higher-Education & Vocational Training; 13% Religion

Welfare Services 13%

Health or Saving Lives 8%

Research, Science & Technology 6%

Religion 5% Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Figure 3: Budget of the Third Sector in Jerusalem, According to Activity Sphere, 2016

22 23 Table 4: Organizations Registered In Jerusalem with the Largest Budgets (in millions of NIS), 2016

Ma'ayan Torah Education for Haredi education 688.57 Israel Science Foundation (ISF) 615.34 Mercaz Yeshivot Bnei-Akiva in Israel 314.99 Kiach - Rene Cassin High School 262.04 International Fellowship of Christians and Jews (IFCJ) 196.66 Branco Weiss Institute – Think, Innovate, Educate 195.45 Tzvia religious education network, named for Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook 175.12 Jerusalem College of Technology (JCT) – Lev Academic Center 166.13

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Beit Yaakov Kindergartens & Daycare Centers Jerusalem 155.33 Jerusalem 149.74 B’bayit - Assistive Services for Seniors at Home 139.86 Yad Sarah 126.89 Herzog Hospital (formerly Ezrat Nashim Hospital) 126.56 Elwyn Israel 122.91 Beit Yaakov Center in Israel 116.71 Israel Association for Public Health 114.55

Workforce The organizations in Israel that submitted people (17% of all third-sector employees online reports5 employed 385,000 in Israel). employees in 2016. According to the Israel It is important to note that not all the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), there employees who are registered in active were a total of 477 thousand salaried organizations in Jerusalem necessarily employees of nonprofit associations that work in Jerusalem; some work in other year. The two fields of activity with the locations across Israel, in local branches. largest number of employees in Israel in Similar to all organizations in Israel, the 2016 were education, higher education fields of activity with the largest number and vocational training (37%), and of employees in Jerusalem in 2016 were welfare services (18%). The organizations higher education and vocational training registered in Jerusalem employed 64,000 (40%) and welfare services (12%).

5 See footnote 4.

24 25 Education, Higher-Education & Vocational 40% Training Welfare Services 13% Education, Higher-Education & Vocational 10% Training; Religion Health or Saving Lives 8% Community & Society 8% Religion 5% Art & Culture 2% Welfare Services, Advocacy Organizations, 2% Social Change

Other 13%

0%5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Figure 4: Employees in Nonprofit Institutions in Jerusalem According to Activity Sphere

Table 5: Organizations Registered in Jerusalem with the Largest Number of Employees, 2016

Ma'ayan HaTorah Education Center in Eretz Israel 8,139 Shaarei Zedek Medical Center 3,969 Petachya – Special Education Institutions 3,805

National Institute for Testing & Evaluation 3,635 Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem Kiach - Rene Cassin High School 3,471 B’bayit - Assistive Services for Seniors at Home 3,278 Beit Yaakov Kindergartens & Daycare Centers Jerusalem 2,795 El Hamaayan Spanish Jewry Heritage Educational Fund 1,850 Tzvia religious education network 1,739 Mercaz Yeshivot Bnei-Akiva in Israel 1,704 Branco Weiss Institute – Think, Innovate, Educate 1,624 Ofek – Community Council 1,216 Beit Yaakov Center in Israel 1,179 Misgav Lakashish - Nursing Care, Health, Kindness & Social Welfare 1,119 Bnei Akiva Movement in Israel 1,094 Elwyn Israel 969

24 25 The organizations that are active in Volunteers Jerusalem employing the largest number Throughout the country, 481,289 of people are Ma'ayan HaTorah Education people volunteer in organizations that Center for Haredi education and the submitted online reports. Of them, Shaare Zedek Medical Center. 60,920 volunteered in organizations with registered addresses in Jerusalem, In conclusion: non-governmental representing 13% of all volunteers in organizations are a significant source Israel. In other words, the organizations of employment in the city, due to in Jerusalem, representing 23% of their affiliations and strong reciprocal all organizations in Israel, have fewer connections with the city's public sector. volunteers per organization than the national average. Most volunteers in Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Jerusalem volunteer in social welfare, health, and community and society organizations.

Health or Saving Lives 14% Welfare Services; Advocacy, Social & Political 10% Change Organizations; Community & Society Community and Society 6%

Welfare Services 6%

Research, Science & Technology 3% Education, Higher Education & Vocational 2% Training; Religion Other 18%

0% 2%4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

Figure 5: Volunteers in Organizations in Jerusalem, According to Activity Sphere, 2016

26 27 Community and Society A focused look at the group of As can be seen in Table 6 below, most organizations active in the sphere of community and society organizations in “community and society” enables us to Jerusalem are community centers and learn about social organizations active in youth movements. From this standpoint, Jerusalem. There are 211 organizations the national nature of the community registered in Jerusalem in the sphere of and society sphere manifests itself in community and society, representing 20% Jerusalem, with most of the budget of all organizations active in this sphere for activities of this kind coming from in Israel and 5% of all organizations governmental sources. registered in Jerusalem. The total budget of these organizations in Jerusalem is estimated at about 1.216 billion NIS6 and they employ about 25,000 people. Most of the community and society organizations are only active in Jerusalem (81%), with a minority of them active elsewhere in the country as well (14%) or only elsewhere in the country (5%). Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem

6 32% of the registered organizations reported a total budget of 392 million NIS on the last online report. This sum represents a comprehensive estimate on the basis of this data.

26 27 Table 6: Community & Society Organizations in Jerusalem, 2016

Annual No. of Organization Budget Employees

Bnei Akiva Movement in Israel 59,377,978 1,094

Ofek – Gilo Community Council 34,849,834 1,216

OU Israel 27,160,699 335

Pisgat Ze’ev Community Council 22,756,323 666

Beyachad Foundation 18,952,748 6

ROI Community 16,096,666 17 Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Gesher Educational Enterprises 14,404,000 281

Homat Shmuel Community Council 13,957,860 452

Jerusalem International YMCA 13,847,000 124

Shaltiel Community Council 13,080,705 352

Association to encourage and promote community centers 12,789,292 18 in Israel

Neve Yaakov Community Council 11,714,754 389

Greater Baka Community Council 10,405,212 337

Bucharim- Community Council 8,877,195 304

Ramot Alon Community Council 7,506,297 203

Ramat Shlomo Community Council 7,091,298 324

Or Haya Israeli Youth Movement 7,036,162 114

Ariel Israeli Youth Movement 6,731,385 20

Sikkuy Organization for the Advancement of Civil Equality 6,461,666 25

JCC Association of North America 6,370,120 6

Association of Jerusalem Municipality Pensioners 6,181,449 4

28 29 Geography An analysis based on the addresses of the general neighborhoods (40%) and 15% third-sector organizations in Jerusalem are registered in mixed Haredi and non- reveals that the majority (41%) are Haredi neighborhoods. Only 4% are registered in Haredi neighborhoods or registered in East Jerusalem. Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem

Figure 6: Third Sector Organizations in Jerusalem

28 29 The largest concentrations of leading concentrations of organizations organizations in the Haredi areas are in in East Jerusalem are found in Sheikh Geula and Makor Baruch. The leading Jarrah/Wadi Al-Joz and Arab A-Sawahra. concentrations of organizations in non- Central areas, such as the city center, Haredi neighborhoods are found in the , and are spaces city center and the German Colony. The shared by all populations.

(b). Activist Civil Society in Jerusalem - Independent Databases Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Civil society encompasses a variety of Jerusalem's civil society in its entirety. activities of dynamic and varying natures In order to bridge this gap and present that are not all necessarily documented the unofficial activity as well, we chose in the framework of the Associations to use independent mappings that were Register and the official databases. conducted by various organizations and NGOs in Jerusalem. These mappings Non-registered activities include, among were focused on what can be termed other things: organizing for the purpose of “activist civil society”, meaning public campaigns (such as protecting the organizations that focus on social and Jerusalem Railway Park or the terraces political change. The mappings were in ); Facebook pages such as carried out for several purposes, which Yerushalayim Acheret (Other Jerusalem), include identifying potential partners, Hanasich Hakatan – Menakim et connecting with organizations engaged in Yerushalaym (The Little Prince – Cleaning similar fields, and helping to define and Jerusalem), and Al Hamakom (About the more precisely delineate the various fields Place); and ad-hoc community initiatives of activity. Through jointly gathering and such as Yom Yerushalayim Ha’acher (The reviewing all these mappings, Jerusalem’s Other Jerusalem Day). The multitude of civil society can be better understood and these unofficial activities is an indication presented. of the city’s tradition of involvement and active participation of residents and This chapter will present the findings from bodies in the public and social sphere. four unofficial mapping initiatives of civil society in Jerusalem: For this reason, it is correct to assume a. ANU’s map of Jerusalem social that the official data does not reflect enterprises

30 31 b. Creating Sustainability in Jerusalem 1. The sources of data (officially documented and report-based data vs. c. The Jerusalem Model personal impressions) d. The Tolerance Coalition – the Young Adults Center in Jerusalem 2. Data collection methods (thorough, interview-based data vs. online questionnaires) Independent Mappings: 3. The parameters examined (definitions Characteristics of Information of activity spheres and the number of Sources fields to select from vs. referring to The independent mappings are Excel activity locations and collaborations databases that the Jerusalem Institute with other organizations) received, updated for the latter part of 4. The lack of quantitative parameters 2017. Each mapping includes 40 to 90 (size, activity scope, budget, number of entries. Some of the data from the various employees, scope of financial support) mappings overlap, but in most cases each mapping surveyed different organizations 5. The mappings’ units of measurement and activities in the city. (initiatives/organizations/activists)

6. Extent of response to the mapping As mentioned, civil society is dynamic (the requirement or lack thereof and has varying scopes of activity of official reporting/voluntary according to ad-hoc goals, and as such participation/ based on acquaintances its boundaries are fluid and difficult that may be happenstance) to pin down. The independent work of Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem each institution according to its own 7. The trustworthiness and reliability of mapping methodology establishes a data (the lack of orderly supervision or partial, non-uniform basis for discussion. review of the veracity of the data) These circumstances explain the inherent difficulty in defining and mapping civil However, main findings and insights society using a quantitative methodology. from these mappings, keeping the data's limitations in mind, are presented below: Before presenting some analysis based on the Independent sources, we should The ANU Organization's Map of stress an important methodological issue Jerusalem Social Initiatives that one should take into account: There is an inherent difficulty to analyze these The ANU organization set as its goal mappings' data because they vary in: to serve as the umbrella organization

30 31 of social enterprises and to empower private businesses, political parties and social activists and entrepreneurs. Over organizations connected with political the course of the social protest of 2011, parties" would not be included in the the organization developed a nationwide map. For example, organizations such as mapping of all social enterprises in Israel. community councils are not considered Its National Map of Initiatives was a by ANU to be civil society organizations, significant milestone in thinking about the despite being included in the data of the role of civil society in Israel and making it Associations Register. more transparent. Following the creation of the National As part of that process, the members of Map and with the support of the Leichtag its steering committee were faced with Foundation, a website was launched in

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping the need to agree on a definition for civil 2017 featuring The Map of Jerusalem society and to set standards to distinguish Social Enterprises, presenting over 80 between the various activities included initiatives. It should be emphasized that in it. In comparison to the broad, official the map features initiatives rather than definition of third-sector organizations, organizations. Thus, several initiatives, the steering committee members set presented graphically and categorized narrower standards. According to the by activity sphere, may appear for any definition they suggested, organizations one organization. The fields included in or initiatives will be included in the map if this mapping are as follows: education, they advance "social change in the spirit gender, equality and democracy, of democratic values, equality, tolerance, environment and planning, wealth-power pluralism, solidarity, and social and connections and corruption, cost of living civil involvement, empowering citizens and housing, culture, inequality and and their rights, and the prevention and socioeconomic justice, shared society refraining from violence". and combating racism, poverty and social welfare, and health. "Social justice" is at It was also determined that "national the core of all the fields. and municipal government organizations,

32 33 POVERTY & SHARED SOCIETY & SOCIAL COMBATTING RACISM WELFARE EDUCATION

EQUALITY & DEMOCRACY

SOCIAL COST OF LIVING JUSTICE & HOUSING

HEALTH YERUSHADAYIM

INEQUALITY & CULTURE SOCIOECONOMIC JUSTICE HEVRUTA – RELIGIOUS GAYS ENVIRONMENT & PLANNING GENDER MISHELACH COMMON STUDIO GROUND

WEALTH-POWER CONNECTIONS & CORRUPTION EL HALEV WOMEN OF YOSHVOT AL THE WALL CAFE

Figure 7: ANU's Map of Jerusalem Social Enterprises Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem

Each respondent to the ANU online democracy, shared society, and combating questionnaire categorized the initiative racism. In contrast, 'The Jerusalem Open in which it is involved, according to its House for Pride & Tolerance" defined sphere of activity, with the ability to itself as dealing, among other things, with select one or more fields in no particular equality and democracy, shared society, order. Thus, for example, 'Hevruta – and fighting racism, but not as dealing Religious Gays' is an organization dealing with gender. with gender, education, equality,

32 33

TENE YERUSHALMI JERUSALEM PRE-ARMY PROGRAM HEVRUTA – RELIGIOUS GAYS

BARKAI CENTER FOR RABINNIC LEARNING

MASHU MASHU THEATER FOR SOCIAL CHANGE HIBUKIM (HUGS) TALI KVUTSAT REUT – KINDERGARTEN IN FOUNDATION BEIT YISRAEL JERUSALEM

EL HALEV

URI COMMUNITY CENTER IN JERUSALEM PARENTS MEMORY OF URI WEISKOPF ASSOCIATION EDUCATION Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping BISHVIL

EYAL’S FARM

BEDABRIM AGUDA BAKIKAR ACHAT MADRASAH ARAB SCHOOL

INTERDISCIPLINARY CENTER FOR PARENTS OF CHILDREN JERUSALEM WIYH SPECIAL NEEDS SECULAR PLUGATA – YESHIVA PLACE TO SHARE

Figure 8: ANU's Map of Jerusalem Social Enterprises, education branch

Summarizing the ANU mapping data7, it from the Associations Register, the appears that 17% of the organizations primary activity fields of the third sector are engaged in the ‘shared society and in Israel are religion (21%), education, fighting racism’ sphere, compared to higher education and vocational training education (16%), culture (14%), gender (18%), welfare services (17%) education, (6%), and health (2%). For comparison higher education and vocational training purposes, according to GuideStar data & religion (16%).

7 From http://anu.org.il/jlma, retrieved May 8, 2018

34 35 Shared Society & Fighting Racism 17% Education 16% Environment & Planning 15% Culture 14% Equality & Democracy 11% In-Equality & Socioeconmic Justice 9% Gender 6% Cost of Living & Housing 5% Poverty & social Welfare 4% Wealth-Power Connections & Corruption 2% Health 2%

0% 2%4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18%

Figure 9: Activity Spheres of Organizations, ANU's Mapping, 2018

Jerusalem's Tolerance Coalition in Jerusalem and another 10 operate elsewhere in Israel. The organizations Jerusalem's Tolerance Coalition is an engage in the initiation of activities in initiative of the Young Adults Center, sports, art, culture, and education to a which established a network of third- varied target population, and creating sector and public-sector organizations encounters and discussion circles. Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem and social activists. The purpose of the Through these activities, the bodies seek Coalition is “to spearhead initiatives and to advance inter-sectoral cooperation, projects advancing the values of tolerance improve the atmosphere and discourse and acceptance of others in Jerusalem, in the public space, and bridge between relating to the varied populations living different worldviews. in the city and respecting and accepting their varied ways of life.”

Creating Sustainability in Jerusalem The mapping includes about 40 organizations, a portion of which are The ‘Creating Sustainability in representatives of foundations or public Jerusalem’ initiative is the product of bodies. Thirty-two of the bodies that cooperation among three departments appear in the database operate only of the Jerusalem Municipality promoting

34 35 sustainability (each in its own sphere), with the councils and their desire to the Jerusalem Institute, and HUBITUS – develop connections with additional The Hub for Urban Sustainability at the community councils. The study found that Jerusalem Botanical Gardens. the councils take in and support local initiatives and enable them to grow, thus At the end of 2015, this initiative serving as the link connecting the civil conducted a mapping of sustainability and and public sectors in Jerusalem. In other environment in the city, using a voluntary words, the community councils function questionnaire. Sixty-six organizations as significant intermediaries. They are responded to the questionnaire. The main in a good position to eliminate certain purpose of the mapping was to determine obstacles concerning the willingness and the volume of citywide activity pertaining capacity of others and connect the various

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping to various environmental issues in the agents in a way that enables action and city, as well as the nature of connections change (Jerusalem institute for Policy among the organizations: who is Research 2016). collaborating with whom and whether the collaboration patterns can be traced. As intermediaries, the community From these patterns it can be concluded councils are characterized by familiarity whether nodes of civil activity in the with the needs of the community, on one Jerusalem space exist. In other words, hand and with the complexities of the the mapping examined which bodies are local authority or business community, perceived by civil society organizations in on the other. Their relative advantage Jerusalem as centrally important to their is that they represent the community’s activities and as helping them succeed. needs while also being very familiar with the resources and the opportunities The respondents to the ‘Creating available to advance issues in the political Sustainability in Jerusalem’ questionnaire administration system. The community indicated that the primary environmental councils serve as “translators” between issues dealt with by Jerusalem the civil or business community and the organizations are urban nature and public local authority. Their close familiarity space, community, agriculture and food, with all sides enables them to serve and education. as “a guide for the perplexed” and to expedite processes in various interfaces. The mapping results indicate the Intermediaries play an important role importance of cooperation with in developing community leadership, community councils in the city, from the empowering the rest of the residents, and organizations view point. Most of the encouraging the expansion of local civil respondents noted active connections society activity.

36 37 WASTE POLICY

ECONOMY TRANS- ENTREPREN PORTATION URBAN NATURE -URISM & & PUBLIC SPACE BUSINESS

EDUCATION

AGRICULTURE & FOOD COMMUNITY

RESEARCH & FOCUSED ACADEMIA POPU- LATIONS

S Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem Figure 10: The Activity Spheres of the 66 Green Organizations in Jerusalem, 2015

Mapping Analysis in the Jerusalem Model conferences with professional content Framework for the network of activists in the city: The Jerusalem Model describes itself Two large annual conferences and as “a platform of creativity for the several smaller intermediate conferences city’s social activists”. The Model is throughout the year. At the same time, operated by the Leichtag Foundation the Model functions to establish and for the purpose of strengthening and preserve active civil society in the empowering civil society activists in city through a newsletter, a Facebook Jerusalem. It does this by organizing group, and more. The Model conducts or

36 37 provides connections to grant offers or Jerusalem Model’s attention was directed programs encouraging cooperation among to the human network that creates social its members, thus supporting activism action in the city, aspiring to connect the and helping achieve pluralistic goals in social activists to one another. As such, in Jerusalem. Over the course of 2018, for contrast to other independent mappings example, a grant was given to the Letapes engaged in surveying organizations and Kadima (“Climb Ahead”) project, which initiatives, the Jerusalem Model maps brings together Jerusalem residents civil society in Jerusalem using units of from East and West Jerusalem to learn numbers of activists. climbing, with the goal of blurring the boundaries between the communities Moreover, the Model functions as a sort in the city. Likewise, support was given of intimate framework of a professional

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping for a month of ‘Creating Sustainability yet friendly nature, and as such its in Jerusalem’ that took place in April/ data includes personal information that May 2018 and dealt with promoting is unusual to find in other sources. A environmental and urban sustainability categorization of the figures pertaining to issues in the city. the activists’ religious affiliation indicates that the Model has 176 registered The Model’s data presented in this Jews (84% of all registered activists), document are from the end of 2017, 28 Muslims (14%), and four Christians when 210 activists were registered. The (1.9%). Of these activists, 116 (55.5%)

100 95

80

60 Secular Religious 40 30 32 Haredi Traditional 20 16 17 10 1 4 0 Jewish Muslim Christian

Figure 11: Jerusalem’s Civil Society Activists by Religious Affiliation, Number of Activists

38 39 50% 46%

40%

30% Secular Religious 20% 15%16% Haredi Traditional 10% 8% 8%

percentage of of respondentspercentage 5% 2% 0% Jewish Muslim Christian

Figure 12: Jerusalem’s Civil Society Activists by Religious Affiliation, %

define themselves as secular, 74 (35.5%) The Independent Mappings: as religious (some of which are Haredi), Findings and Discussion 17 as traditional (8%), and one as an The mappings that were surveyed in atheist. this document were carried out with a thorough familiarity with civil activity In comparison to other mappings, the in West Jerusalem and therefore better Jerusalem Model presents a more reflect this activity. It seems that the active presence of Arab activists, mappings are deficient and that despite either Christian or Muslim. It more Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem the initiatives and sincere effort, there comprehensively demonstrates the remains insufficient knowledge regarding “Vision of Diversity” of civil society the state of affairs in Arab civil society in Jerusalem. However, similar to in the city. It would be worthwhile other mappings, the dynamism of to further increase the efforts in this Jewish activists and particularly the direction. At the same time, three of the secular ones is also clear from the four mappings deal in one way or another Jerusalem Model mapping. This data re- with promoting tolerance toward different emphasizes the difficulty in establishing Jerusalem communities, with emphasis collaborations among civil society on Jewish and Arab Jerusalem residents. organizations and activists from all The four mappings indicate three major Jerusalem communities. emphases of Jewish civil society in Jerusalem in the recent period:

38 39 1. Collaborations and coexistence and by the Tolerance Coalition and after between sectors and populations eliminating duplications. It is important to re-emphasize that these mappings cover 2. Sustainability and the environment a partial, non-representative sample of 3. Education and social justice civil society in the city, but we believe that it is possible to learn from it about It can be assumed that there is a contemporary trends of non-Haredi civil connection between the engagement society in West Jerusalem. of Jerusalem’s civil society with these subjects and the strategies of The analysis that we carried out philanthropic funds and institutions examined the organizations on the basis supporting civil society in the city. The of the change axis that ranges from a

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping engagement with these subjects, which desire for social stability to a desire for are a pillar of the liberal and pluralistic social change and on the basis of the worldview, can also be seen as the empowerment axis, which ranges from central role of Jerusalem’s civil society in activity controlled by the community to the political and public discourse in the activity controlled by experts. city. The division of the organizations according to Jeffries’ model was carried The characterization of Jerusalem Civil out on the basis of the organization’s Society as Seen through the Independent descriptions of their activities and the Mappings researchers’ familiarity with a significant A characterization using Ann Jeffries’ portion of the registered initiatives. Thus, model (see introductory section), Modes for example, the 'Community Garden of Community Practice, reveals a variety at the Nature Museum' is a community of civil society activities in Jerusalem, development organization, as is the which can be catalogued under all four 'Singing in the Garden' initiative. Both of types proposed in the model; but the them function to shape community life in important question is: What is the main a specific local space, do not undercut the theme of activity in the city and what is hegemony, aspire to enhance the quality its nature? of life of the community in the framework of existing conditions, and their activities In order to address this question, we are promoted by and for the community. conducted a discussion and analysis of The 'Medabrim Bakikar' (Talking in the 111 organizations in the city, on the basis Square) initiative, which was established of the organizations mapped out by ANU in 2014 in light of the rising violence in

40 41 the city, is a social action project. It is an In summarizing the analysis of 111 initiative striving for social change and organizations, the resulting map of a thorough solution to a burning issue. activities reinforces the initial assumption The change activities are carried out and that community activity in Jerusalem controlled by the community and not by is highly developed and that civil experts from a specific field. society activity in the city is structured on community deployment. The main The activity of the 'Association of category of activity in the city is social Community Centers' suits the category action, which is to say community action of “social planning”. The Association striving for social change. In connection is managed by professionals who are with the other community dimension, experts in their fields, such as social and social development, it was found that community work, who act to improve 64% of activity in the city is community services to different communities in based, compared to 36% of activities led the area – without striving to change by an elite of experts. the status quo. Another example of social planning is the activity of A view of civil society activity according 'MATI' – the Jerusalem Business to the change axis also indicates that Development Center, through which the primary activity sphere in Jerusalem professionals conduct training programs aspires toward social change and seeks for establishing businesses and fostering to change the status quo. Combining the entrepreneurship, with the goal of organizations working for social reform training entrepreneurs and increasing (22%) and organizations conducting social their professional capacity, but without action, it is readily apparent that 68%

aspiring to undercut the social order in of the organizations in the mapping are Part 2: Mapping A ctivist Civil Society in Jerusalem any way. working toward social change.

The 'Society for the Protection of This analysis reveals that most of the Nature' in Jerusalem can be defined as initiatives included in the independent a “social reform” organization. While mappings are connected with pluralist- the organization functions for the liberal civil society in Jerusalem and benefit of the Jerusalem community, most of them are led by non-Haredi it is an organization led by experts in Jewish activists. This activity can be an institutional manner, striving for characterized by a double emphasis on structural changes in society and the initiatives based on community activity sphere of environmental planning or the involvement of communities and processes. aims to promote change of the social

40 41 and cultural status quo in Jerusalem. empower different communities in the In summary, the civil society activity city, and to establish inter-sectoral documented in the independent mappings cooperation vis-à-vis what is perceived as seeks to strengthen the diverse and the trends of polarization between groups inclusive nature of Jerusalem, to and religious and nationalist extremism.

Categorization of the Activities of Jerusalem Organizations Based On An Analysis of 111 Organizations

Social Action 46% Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Social Reform 22%

Community Development 18%

Social Planning 14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Figure 13: Categorization of the Activities of Jerusalem Organizations, Graph View

SOCIAL STABILITY

COMMUNITY SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 18% 14% COMMUNITY EXPERT CONTROL CONTROL SOCIAL SOCIAL ACTION REFORM 46% 22%

SOCIAL CHANGE

Figure 14: Categorization of the Activities of Jerusalem Organizations, Model View

42 43 Part 3: Discussion – Civil Society in Jerusalem – Summary of Research Findings & Recommendations

In this study we sought to map civil nonprofit institutions—associations or society in Jerusalem and we examined nonprofit companies that are registered the unique characteristics shaping the and supervised by the Associations fields of activity and practices of the Register at the Ministry of Justice. various organizations and initiatives Other, narrower definitions, relate to the in the past decade. This summary organizational and normative components relates to stage 1 of the research, of civil society. Here the question was which included a general mapping and raised whether to include in the definition recommendations for future research. associations that provide social services The study included mapping based on as subcontractors for the government GuideStar, the broadest national database (such as hospitals or hostels for people of nonprofit institutions in Israel, and with mental illness). Another question presents analysis of four local databases was whether to include sports clubs, that encompass information on activist independent and political organizations, civil society in the city: the databases of and major youth movements. ANU, the Jerusalem Tolerance Coalition, Creating Sustainability in Jerusalem, and These questions raise the main issue the Jerusalem Model. of defining the boundaries of civil society. Namely, what makes different First, it is important to note that we organizations part of civil society, both in encountered methodological difficulties the structural sense and in their essence? defining the research unit studied and In this study we chose to relate to all the question of what is 'civil society', the indicators pertaining to the term civil particularly in light of the existing data society; our basic assumption was that sources. In the broadest definition, civil any association that is a nonprofit in society is the third sector, meaning its various forms can shed light on the companies, organizations, corporations, activity of civil society in Israel in general, and initiatives that are non-governmental and in Jerusalem in particular. and non-businesses. The clearest adherents to this definition are the

42 43 The gap between the various data sources in (primarily West) Jerusalem. Analyzing creates two different views of civil society the different data sources, with their in Israel. The mapping of the active differences and similarities, paints a nonprofit institutions in the city according broad (though incomplete) picture of to the GuideStar database provides a contemporary civil society in the city. comparative macro view, while analyzing Through our analysis, we have gained a civil society according to the local number of key insights into civil society in databases provides a micro view of the Jerusalem: world of liberal-social entrepreneurism

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping 1. Civil Society in a National Capital

The size, nature, and manner of activity of Center, the Israel Academy of Sciences, civil society in Jerusalem are significantly etc.) and many of them have nonprofit impacted by it being a capital city. About status. Here the blurring of lines between 23% of the organizations in Israel are the government sector and civil sector in located in Jerusalem and their budget the city is obvious. ranges between 15 and 25 billion NIS. National organizations in the fields of A significant portion of the large education, health, society, social welfare, organizations registered in Jerusalem and religion choose to establish their are, practically speaking, social-service main offices in Jerusalem due to the providers, funded fully or partially by proximity to government institutions and the government. Nevertheless, it should due to its symbolic status as the capital be noted that in many cases the service of Israel. Just as hi-tech and financial providers were initially established organizations enjoy an advantage in the as independent civil initiatives and greater Tel Aviv metropolitan area, so their status changed over the years as do civil society organizations enjoy real their ties with government agencies geographic advantages in Jerusalem. strengthened (e.g., the Yad Sarah health aid organization and Elad-the Ir David Moreover, a large portion of the national Foundation). Thus, they remain indicators institutions in the fields of education and of wide-spread civil society activity in culture are located in Jerusalem (such as Jerusalem. the Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical

44 45 2. Civil Society in the Large, Religious, and Poor City of Jerusalem

Apart from Jerusalem's relative religious education represent 37% of all advantages as a capital city, the city has nonprofit associations in Jerusalem. some additional characteristics that make it a focal point for Israel's third sector. Another factor that contributes to the Jerusalem is the largest city in Israel uniqueness of Jerusalem is the role and and a metropolitan area of over a activities of the community councils million people. In addition, Israel's within the organizational-administrative largest concentrations of Haredi and system in the city. Jerusalem is the only Arab populations reside in the city. These city in Israel with a system of community attributes create in Jerusalem a critical councils mediating between the municipal mass that justifies the establishment authorities and the various neighborhoods and solidification of large, significant and residents. organizations. Moreover, Jerusalem is a very poor city, with a poverty rate of 46% In many cases, the community (2016). The local population is in need councils themselves serve as the of many welfare and social services space accelerating local social aimed at addressing the socioeconomic and civil initiatives and providing distress. them with the conditions for growth and development. One characteristic Jerusalem is also a religious example is the Time Bank project that was center, and most of its Jewish and Arab established by the Ginot Ha'ir Community population defines itself as religious. Even Council in Jerusalem and that became a this fact serves as a stimulus of third- national project implemented by various sector activity, as religious and religious community centers around the country. education institutions in Israel also function in the framework of nonprofit In addition to the community councils, institutions. This factor is manifested in over the past decade the Jerusalem the multitude of , , Municipality itself has invested in

and religious-social institutions that are developing activist civil society in the Part 3: D iscussion – Civil Society in Jerusalem Summary of Research F indings & Recommendations registered as nonprofit associations in city and has strengthened its connections Jerusalem. The most common sphere of with institutional organizations as activity among nonprofit associations part of various municipal strategies. registered in Jerusalem is religion (21%), One such example is the Jerusalem and organizations dealing with religion or Tolerance Coalition, which brings together

44 45 organizations active in the sphere of inter- The encounter with the other and the sectoral cooperation in Jerusalem. The different stimulates activity aimed Jerusalem Municipality is the primary at cultural preservation and seclusion funding source of this initiative, which is (e.g., separate education systems and maintained by the Young Adults Center in nonprofit associations engaged in Jerusalem. sectoral community development) or at the struggle over the cultural and Finally, the very fact that Jerusalem has national character of the city and its three, main, distinct population groups neighborhoods. On the other hand, the with highly diverse socioeconomic and diversity also stimulates the flow of ideas cultural characteristics—Arabs, Haredi and the development of activity in the Jews, and non-Haredi Jews—functions sphere of inter-religious and inter-sectoral Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping in and of itself as fertile ground for civil cooperation (a sphere experiencing a society activity. certain resurgence in Jerusalem in the past decade).

3. Civil Society & East Jerusalem

At the same time, it should be noted that The weakness of civil society in the city’s while Modern-Orthodox and Haredi Jews Arab sector is one of the social failures of are successful at translating their socio- the city and may express both the political economic and religious characteristics alienation from the system that arranges into well-developed civil society activity, and regulates civil society in Israel (the this is not prevalent in East Jerusalem. As Associations Register) and the leadership our study demonstrates, the percentage of crisis and the continuous process of social Arab nonprofit associations in the city is deterioration in East Jerusalem over much lower than the Arab portion of the recent decades. It should be taken into city's population. The very small number account that our conclusions pertaining to of social enterprises in East Jerusalem is this issue are limited to the databases we also apparent from the local databases examined and we recommend researching that we surveyed in part 2 of this report. civil society in East Jerusalem by means of a more spatial and in-depth view in the next stage of the study.

46 47 4. Pluralistic Civil Society in Jerusalem

As mentioned above, there is an The micro analysis we conducted by ideological and methodological difficulty analyzing the local databases of social in defining the boundaries of civil society enterprises in Jerusalem sheds light and its activities. Ann Jeffries proposes on the unique nature of contemporary a definition in which the term civil activist civil society in Jerusalem. The society often describes social-change various mappings indicate a multitude organizations and initiatives dealing of community-based initiatives and with social planning or reform through activities, motivated by a liberal- community development or professional progressive worldview. This is to say leadership. This conceptualization focuses that the primary activity fields that the discussion on a narrower cross- are expressed in the mappings are section of third-sector organizations. It the fields of improving inter-sectoral does not include the activity of religious relations, social justice, the quality of the and educational institutions or social environment, protection of minorities, service providers, small and large, which and strengthening the pluralistic Jewish are included in the broader definition community. of nonprofit institutions. Organizations engaged in social or political change This characterization also reflects the through the community or by its action strategies of the philanthropic leadership, which is in our view the core institutions advancing this sector of civil activity of civil society, are placed at the society, e.g., the Schusterman Foundation, center. the Leichtag Foundation, the UJA Federation of New York, etc. In addition, Due to the large number of third-sector it is clear that most of these organizations organizations in Jerusalem, the prolific are initiatives of non-Haredi Jewish activity of the associations for social residents, meaning they represent change is not reflected in the numbers. activities stemming from one sector The gap between the abnormally large of the city, often referred to as the number of associations for social change pluralistic sector.

and their presence in the data of all Part 3: D iscussion – Civil Society in Jerusalem Summary of Research F indings & Recommendations the nonprofit organizations in the city Beginning at the turn of the century, one begs for an analysis focused on these observes an increased scope of pluralistic associations. civil-society activity in Jerusalem.

46 47 The data indicates the multitude of thorough study of Jerusalem's pluralistic active organizations and initiatives in a civil society, with an emphasis on the variety of fields, some in new fields in expansion of the circle of activity to which civil society was not previously include the Arab and Haredi populations. engaged. While the first organizations were established as activities intended to respond to religious extremism and * * * the migration of secular people out of Jerusalem (e.g., New Spirit and the In summary, this study presented a Jerusalemite Movement), among the thorough quantitative view of the third newer organizations there is a greater sector and the place of civil society in the emphasis on developing cross-sectoral city. Jerusalem, the capital of Israel, a

Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping partnerships in the city (such as the 0202 religious center, and Israel's largest and Initiative or Runners Without Borders). most diverse city, is fertile ground for Another novelty in recent years is Haredi- civil society activity. Due to the intense sector and Arab-sector organizations encounter of communities, poverty and and initiatives joining the activities of social distress, and the proximity to pluralistic civil society. government institutions, Jerusalem is a suitable breeding ground for social and There are many difficulties in expanding community innovation. It is a place where the activities of pluralistic civil society to groundbreaking social enterprises are the Haredi and Arab groups, since these established, inspiring other cities and are liberal activities that are inconsistent towns throughout the country. with the traditional cultural patterns characteristic of these populations. In light of its active involvement through Moreover, in East Jerusalem, formal various interfaces in numerous fields, activities of organizations working in Jerusalem civil society is of special cooperation with the Israeli establishment importance and influence on the social or Israeli organizations are perceived fabric of the city. We believe that this as expressions of normalization and are trend will continue in the future. We relegated to the realm of non-normative hope that this study will help expand the behavior. impact and activity of the third sector in the city, including sectors and fields of One suggestion for a primary direction activity that are still less visible. of a follow-up study is an expansive,

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50 51 Interviews

Shai Velmer, Director of the GuideStar project of the Israeli Corporations Authority, Ministry of Justice

Michal Almog-Bar, Ph.D., the Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, the Hebrew University Ayala Wohl, Community- Building Facilitator, Association of Community Centers

Paz Cohen, CEO of the ANU organization

Meytal Basson, Assistant to the CEO and Spokesperson, the ANU organization

50 51