CIVIL SOCIETY IN JERUSALEM METHODICAL RESEARCH AND MAPPING Lior Regev, Marik Shtern, and Erela Ganan Jerusalem, July 2018 Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Lior Regev, Marik Shtern, and Erela Ganan Jerusalem, July 2018 Publication no. 487 Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Lior Regev, Marik Shtern, and Erela Ganan This research was made possible by the generous support of the Leichtag Foundation © 2018, The Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research The Hay Elyachar House 20 Radak St., 9218604 Jerusalem http://www.jerusaleminstitute.org.il http://www.en.jerusaleminstitute.org.il E-mail: [email protected] Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................7 PART 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ..........................................................................9 1(A). WHAT IS CIVIL SOCIETY? ......................................................................................................9 1(B). CIVIL SOCIETY IN JERUSALEM...............................................................................................11 Jerusalem’s Unique Characteristics ...........................................................................11 1(C). CIVIL SOCIETY: MODELS FOR ANALYSIS ..................................................................................12 Civil Society: The Avrutsky & Ashkenazi Model .........................................................12 Ann Jeffries’ Model of Community Practice ..............................................................14 PART 2: MAPPING ACTIVIST CIVIL SOCIETY IN JERUSALEM ................................17 2(A). ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO THE GUIDESTAR DATABASE ...............................................................18 2(B). ACTIVIST CIVIL SOCIETY IN JERUSALEM - INDEPENDENT DATABASES .............................................30 Independent Mappings: Characteristics of Information Sources ...............................31 The Independent Mappings: Findings and Discussion ...............................................39 PART 3: DISCUSSIon – CIVIL SOCIETY IN JERUSALEM – SuMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................43 1. CIVIL SOCIETY IN A NATIONAL CAPITAL ..................................................................................44 2. CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE LARGE, RELIGIOUS, AND POOR CITY OF JERUSALEM ......................................45 3. CIVIL SOCIETY & EAST JERUSALEM .......................................................................................46 4. PLURALISTIC CIVIL SOCIETY IN JERUSALEM ..............................................................................47 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................49 INTERVIEWS .....................................................................................................................51 4 5 Executive Summary The purpose of this research project is to city, religious center, and the center map and analyze the nature of civil society of higher education, along with its in Jerusalem. This paper summarizes the relatively large religious and poor first part of the study and presents data populations. from several relevant databases that help shed light on the activities of this sector 4. Organizations dealing with community, in the city. The following is a summary of social, and political activities, the findings presented in the paper: which are often referred to as civil society organizations, are also well 1. Jerusalem is an epicenter for NGOs represented in Jerusalem but their in Israel, with approximately 23% of presence is small, in absolute terms, active NGOs in Israel headquartered compared to those dealing with the in the city. In 2017, 4,077 NGOs were fields mentioned above. active in Jerusalem, compared to 1,600 in Tel-Aviv. 5. Analysis of local databases of activist civil society organizations (NGOs or 2. NGOs in Jerusalem are of great informal groups engaged in social economic importance. The estimated change and community activity) total annual budget of all NGOs in the indicates a unique pattern of activity city is between 15 billion NIS and 25 in Jerusalem. Specifically, there is a billion NIS, and together they employ prominent presence of community- between 100,000 and 200,000 people controlled organizations in Jerusalem (about one-third of all employed working for sociopolitical change at people in the city). the neighborhood, municipal, and national levels. 3. NGOs in Jerusalem are active in a very wide variety of fields, such as higher 6. Most activist, civil-society education, health, and community organizations in Jerusalem are led and social welfare. Nevertheless, the by non-Haredi Jews, are active in leading fields for NGOs in Jerusalem non-Haredi Jewish communities, and are religion, education, and social represent the core values of liberalism welfare. These fields reflect the and pluralism. The most common unique nature of Jerusalem as capital fields in which these organizations 4 5 operate include community 7. Our recommendation for the next development, interfaith or intercultural stage of this research project is coexistence, and environmental to conduct a thorough, qualitative sustainability. Relatively few study among the activist civil society organizations that appear in the organizations in the city, placing local databases represent the needs emphasis on the obstacles and and values of the Haredi and Arab limitations facing civil society activists communities. in the Haredi and Arab sectors. Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping 6 7 Introduction Jerusalem is the city with the largest throughout the many years of struggle population in Israel. There are three and negotiations over the nature distinct populations that live side by of the city. In the 1970s and 1980s, side in the city with diverse social, young Jerusalemites living in poverty economic, and cultural characteristics: (the Black Panthers) came together to Arabs, Haredi Jews, and non-Haredi form a broad protest movement. The Jews (Choshen, Korach, 2017). Jerusalem movement’s purpose was to improve the is a governmental city, housing the socioeconomic state of young residents Knesset and major national government and their living conditions (Hasson, 1993). institutions. Capital cities, including Simultaneously, in those years awareness Jerusalem, play an important role in to the need to preserve the historical and shaping the economic and political visual landscape of the city increased. systems. The junction of the civic, private, As a result, local residents, together and public sectors attracts many parties with professionals, organized civil action interested in influencing public policy, and harnessed the media to their cause. including third-sector institutions and They protested building plans that were activists (Mayer, et al, 2016). liable to damage the social fabric of historic neighborhoods, impinge upon The special character of the city of open spaces, or harm buildings of unique Jerusalem and the interaction of the architectural value (Kroyanker, 1988). different population groups often lead to conflicts and increase the desire of each The activities of civil society organizations group to defend its values and goals. active in the environmental field At the same time, this diversity offers increased in the 1990s and 2000s. These opportunities to establish joint ventures, organizations led various campaigns formulate and promote values shared by to conserve and protect urban nature all of these groups. in Jerusalem and preserve open areas around the city, which peaked with A tradition of active involvement and the rejection of the Safdie Plan for participation of residents and institutions construction in West Jerusalem (Furst, in the public and social spheres exists 2014). in the city. This tradition developed 6 7 This tradition of increased civil As presented below, civil society lacks a involvement of the city residents in uniform definition, and various viewpoints shaping the city physically, politically, and emphasize different aspects of its activity. socially continues to define Jerusalem's As such, this section will discuss various character to this day. In the past decade, definitions of civil society and will present the city has witnessed a proliferation of the mapping projects conducted according civil activity that has greatly impacted the to these definitions. city's social and urban politics. Several social initiatives founded in Jerusalem In order to carry out the mapping, we used have also had a nationwide social impact, two complementary research methods: such as the ‘Hashgaha Pratit’ private First, we conducted interviews with kashrut initiative and the Time-Bank (Bank professionals from the field, from public Civil Society in Jerusalem: Methodical Research and Mapping Hazman) program. However, the size and institutions and from academia, who effect of Jerusalem's civil society have contributed to defining the characteristics not yet been studied empirically. of civil society. Second, we analyzed and processed official information This research project, commissioned by and databases on civil society and the Leichtag Foundation, aims to fill this data collected