Index1

A B Acculturation, 169, 172, 180, 181 Bangladesh, 120 Accumulation, 33, 34, 42, 49, 65, 67, BIA, see Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) 68, 144, 155, 206, 217, 230, Boulding, Kenneth, 65, 68, 70, 72, 235n20, 248 77n2, 79n14, 90, 143, 145–147 Africa, 13, 17, 20–22, 27, 125, 128 Bourgeoisie, 102 Agriculture, 4, 6, 11–13, 15, 17–20, 22, Buckaroo program, 162–165 27, 38, 51, 53, 55n6, 86, 96, 101, Buddhist, 152, 154 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 117, Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 170, 121, 123, 124, 128, 134, 212, 227 181 Amazon, 86 American Indian, 169–177, 180–190, 191n1, 191n11, 192n14, 192n17 C Anarchism, 153 Canada, 56n10, 86 Argentina, 2, 5, 56n10, 119, 121, , 6, 13, 26, 28, 33, 34, 36–38, 136, 217, 219, 223, 224, 40, 42, 47, 48, 52, 53, 56n10, 226–228, 235n11, 235n12, 246 56n11, 57n13, 57n14, 57n17, Asia, 13, 22 58n18, 58n20, 58n21, 65, 72, Asimakopulos, Athanasios, 45 79n14, 86, 89, 93, 94, 97, 99, Assimilation, 169, 172, 180–182, 190 101, 121, 123–125, 133, 141, Australia, 2, 148 142, 144, 146, 153, 155, 173,

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© The Author(s) 2018 255 M.J. Murray, M. Forstater (eds.), Full Employment and Social Justice, Binzagr Institute for Sustainable Prosperity, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-66376-0 256

177, 182, 184–187, 189, 207, 169–172, 175–177, 183–185, 209, 211, 213, 215–218, 223, 187, 188, 190, 201, 231, 224, 227, 234n5, 235n20, 241, 239–252 244, 245, 248, 249 Conservation, 4, 110, 111, 113, 119, Capital , 142, 218, 241 122–126, 131, 132, 135 , 5, 26, 30, 38, 52–54, Consumption, 1, 4–6, 19, 30, 32–34, 56n10, 63, 65, 77n1, 95, 102, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 48, 51, 55n7, 143, 149, 151, 153, 155, 166 57n16, 57n18, 58n19, 58n22, Capitalist, 13, 20, 26, 29, 45, 53, 64, 59n27, 64–66, 68, 70, 72, 76, 66–68, 75, 76, 87, 89, 91, 92, 77n1, 77n2, 79n13, 79n14, 84, 95, 100, 102, 105n9, 139, 149, 88, 91–93, 96, 98, 102, 103, 150, 154, 166, 170–172, 180, 116, 122, 146, 149, 150, 198, 186, 187, 190, 191, 213, 227, 218, 223, 228 240, 241, 248 Costanza, Robert, 140, 142 Carbon, 5, 84–87, 92, 96, 103, 126, Craft Economy, 30–34, 40, 144, 148 46, 48 Caucus of Black , , 4, 11, 51 200, 201 Crisis, 12, 54n3, 64, 66, 68, 84, 100, CCC, see Civilian Conservation Corp 104, 109–111, 113, 114, (CCC) 117–119, 121, 122, 124, 134, Center for Full Employment and 135, 147, 160, 161, 165, 169, Stability (C-FEPS), 162 170, 221, 226–228, 230, 233, , 84 235n15 C-FEPS, see Center for Full Culture, 13, 27, 29, 89, 102, 148, Employment and Price Stability 169, 170, 182, 183, 185, 189, (C-FEPS) 245, 248 , 159, 161, 162, 165 , 127, 159–166, 207, 213, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, 174, 219–222, 224, 225, 228 176, 178 China, 4, 5, 14, 87, 148 Christianity, 182 D Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC), Daly, Herman, 79n15, 90, 92, 103, 187, 197, 201 142, 144–146, 149, 150 , 7, 95, 141, 149, 213 Daoism, 151, 153 Climate change, 4, 84, 85, 97 Dawes Act, 181 Complementary , 159–167 Debt, 83, 84, 88, 159, 160 Commodities, 5, 66, 71, 211, 212, Decentralization, 129 234n4 Default , 160 Community/communities, 1, 3–7, 25, Deficit, 124, 160, 163, 164, 214, 215, 54n3, 76, 77n1, 78n11, 86, 98, 218, 233 110–113, 118–122, 124–129, Degradation, 85, 110, 111, 134, 135, 131–135, 159–163, 165, 166, 142, 148 INDEX 257

Degrowth, 63, 71, 73–76, 76–77n1, 92 Ecosystem, 68, 85–87, 90, 105n9, Depreciation, 73, 221, 222, 228 145, 148, 152, 153 Depression, 6, 68, 70, 99, 223 Ecuador, 87 Deregulation, 85 Education, 1, 4, 6, 18, 19, 28, 55n9, Devaluation, 219, 221, 222, 224, 225, 93, 98, 100, 101, 103, 122, 125, 232 171, 172, 174, 177, 181, 182, Development, 4–6, 12–15, 19, 20, 22, 190, 197, 199, 249 24, 26, 28, 51–53, 54n4, 55n9, Educational, 97, 174, 177, 180 77n1, 79n15, 86, 96, 103, 111, , 45, 59n25, 63–65, 112, 116, 118–123, 125–127, 68, 69, 76, 141, 143, 207–209, 129, 134–136, 139, 146, 147, 222, 223, 243 151, 155, 166, 170, 172–174, Egalitarian, 250 176, 177, 180, 181, 183–191, Employer of last resort (ELR), 2, 69, 200, 210–212, 214, 218, 227, 78n8, 99–104 230, 236n22, 244, 245, 247, Employment, 2–5, 15, 17, 18, 21, 249, 251 28–30, 32, 33, 37, 39–47, 50, Dewey, John, 97, 174, 178 59n25, 59n26, 63–76, 78n8, , 17, 30, 37, 39, 78n9, 78n12, 79n19, 83, 94, 96, 40, 42, 50, 94, 216, 227 97, 99–102, 110, 111, 114, Distribution, 31, 45, 51, 77n5, 93, 117–124, 126, 133–135, 160, 115, 141, 142, 206–208, 212, 161, 165, 166, 172, 187–190, 213, 215–219, 221, 225, 232, 197–201, 207, 217, 223, 224, 233, 239–241, 250–252 226, 227, 229, 231, 233, 239, Domar, Evsey, 47–49, 64–66, 100, 241, 243–248, 250, 252 142, 143 Employment guarantee, 4, 199, 201, 226 EMU, see European Monetary Union E (EMU) Earth, 85–87, 90, 104n2, 147, 149, Energy, 18, 20, 24, 38, 55n7, 86, 87, 174, 175, 188–190, 191n5, 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 105n2, 191n9 105n9, 136n2, 142, 144–148, 186 Ecological, 2, 4–7, 63, 64, 66, 68, 73, England, 16, 208, 218 76, 77n1, 77n4, 78n6, 84, 88, Environment, 1, 28, 63, 67, 69, 73, 92, 95, 102, 104n2, 111, 118, 85, 89, 90, 93–97, 102, 118, 139–145, 152, 153, 155 119, 125, 133, 135, 139–145, Economic Bill of Rights, 196, 197, 148, 153, 171, 176, 186, 211 200, 201 Environmental degradation, 84, 85, , 4, 22, 28, 63, 92, 103, 139, 141 68–70, 73, 76n1, 79n18, 79n19, Environmental limits, 63, 67, 68, 72, 83, 84, 89, 91, 102, 103, 111, 77n1 118, 125, 151, 152, 155, 206, Environmental Protection Agency 215, 216, 218, 222, 223, 241 (EPA), 149, 150 258 INDEX

Europe, 2, 16, 21, 28, 84, 160, 161 Georgia, 87 European Colonialism, 13 Gibson’s Paradox, 30 European Monetary Union (EMU), Global, 4, 5, 20, 54n4, 83, 86, 91, 160 100, 101, 104n2, 118, 126, 170, Exchange rate, 160, 163, 165, 213, 206, 209–212, 214, 215, 221, 217–220, 222–226, 232, 233, 223, 224, 232, 233, 234n4, 234n5, 235n14 235n15 , 21, 26, 27, 53, 54n1 Global warming, 101 F Government, 3, 4, 12, 13, 22, 23, 25, Fiat, 162 26, 45, 50, 53, 55n9, 65, 68, 69, Finance, 3, 6, 49, 59n23, 89, 132, 78n7, 83, 84, 88, 99–101, 133, 135, 161, 173, 184, 187, 109–111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 198, 214, 222 119–121, 123–130, 132–135, Financial, 6, 30, 50, 88, 89, 94, 136n2, 150, 153, 160–165, 167, 97, 100, 101, 104, 118, 125, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177, 129, 133, 160, 170, 177, 186, 181–188, 191, 197, 198, 200, 235n14 201, 210, 248 Firms, 29, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 48–50, , 2, 54n3, 161, 188, 52, 57n13, 57n18, 58n19, 130, 195, 196, 217 132, 133, 216, 217, 226–232, Gross domestic product (GDP), 25, 235n18, 244 26, 71, 78n12, 79n18, 94, 116, , 69 121, 123, 132, 135, 142, 144 Floating exchange, 163 Gross national product (GNP), 26 Forstater, Mathew, 7n1, 70, 100, 118, Growth, 5, 6, 11, 14, 20, 22, 26, 28, 141, 159, 161, 166, 170, 171, 34, 37, 38, 47–50, 54n1, 54n3, 247, 248 57n17, 58n19, 59n24, 60n30, Fracking, 86 65, 67–70, 73, 74, 76, 76n1, Full employment, 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 29, 77n5, 79n13, 79n17, 79n18, 34, 37–39, 42, 46, 49, 64, 65, 84–87, 90, 92, 100, 102, 103, 69, 70, 72–74, 76, 78n8, 79n19, 109, 113–115, 123, 124, 127, 84, 96, 100, 117, 142, 154, 164, 134, 142–147, 149, 150, 165, 172, 187, 189, 197–201, 152–155, 171, 175, 206, 207, 208, 240 210, 212, 213, 215–218, Functional finance, 159, 161, 162 220–222, 225, 232, 233, 235n12, 249

G General Allotment Act of 1887 H (Dawes Act), 181 Happiness, 90, 91, 101, 103, 150–152 General Theory, 100 Harrod, Roy, 47–49, 100 Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 90 Heilbroner, Robert, 150 INDEX 259

Heterodox, 88, 100, 144, 208 , 139 Hicks, J., 11, 56n11, 59n25 Institutions, 1, 6, 7, 11, 23, 53, 56n9, Hicks, J. R., 43, 208 93, 99, 125, 126, 129, 132, 133, , 2, 24, 29, 33, 46, 53, 135, 166, 183, 185, 200, 215, 227, 55n7, 57n18, 59n27, 77n2, 119, 234n8, 240–243, 245–248, 252 121–123, 130–132, 164–166, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 202, 206, 212, 230, 231, 236n22 Change, 84 Humanity, 6, 85, 86, 88, 90, 95, 100, International Labour Organization 104n2, 154 (ILO), 118, 132 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 89 , 4, 6, 15, 19, 23, 28, 29, 32, I 34, 36, 38–42, 45–51, 53, 57n17, ILO, see International Labour 58n18, 58n19, 58n22, 60n31, Organization (ILO) 64–66, 68, 69, 72, 78n7, 88, 93, IMF, see International Monetary Fund 94, 96, 97, 99, 109, 111, 117, (IMF) 118, 123, 124, 133, 134, 142, Incentives, 16, 28, 51, 95, 103, 220 149, 150, 173, 184, 188, 206, Income distribution, 59n24, 117, 214, 218, 220, 224–227, 231, 244 205–210, 212–215, 217, 219, IRA, see Indian Reorganization Act 220, 222, 223, 226, 232, 233, (IRA) 235n14, 236n23 Iran, 87, 109, 110, 112–117, 119, India, 4, 13, 17, 22, 110, 119, 120, 124–136 122, 130, 136, 231 Iraq, 87 Indian, 2, 123, 169, 170, 172–177, Irrigation, 16, 97, 112, 113, 116, 179–190, 191n1, 191n3, 191n4, 117, 119–124, 135 191n10, 192n17 Italy, 160, 164 Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), 177, 180, 184 , 218 J Inegalitarian, 239, 241, 242, 251, 252 Jefes de Hogar (Jefes), 2, 5, 119, 121, Inequality, 6, 7, 63, 66, 77n1, 86, 228, 246, 247 122, 124, 133, 139, 152, 191, Job creation, 69, 99, 100, 152, 159, 199, 244, 250 160, 172, 173, 187, 197, 210, , 53, 74, 124, 130, 131, 187, 243, 244 213, 220, 224, 234n5 Job guarantee, 2–6, 7n1, 63, 160, Information economy, 54 166, 167, 195, 198–202, 239 Infrastructure, 22, 33, 55n9, 93, 97, 101, 109, 117–119, 124, 126, 134, 185, 218, 231 K Innovation(s), 3, 11, 15, 18, 19, 21, Kaboub, Fadhel, 164 26, 30, 40, 43, 50, 94, 144, 149, Kalecki, Michal, 59n25, 78n7, 208, 150, 155, 211, 234n3 211, 222 260 INDEX

Keynes, John Maynard, 39–42, 52, Local, 1, 3, 4, 6, 13, 97, 110–112, 58n22, 59n25, 60n29, 63, 64, 117–120, 122–131, 135, 66, 68, 76, 77n2, 79n19, 89, 92, 160–163, 165–167, 171–173, 99–101, 117, 140–143, 151, 180, 183, 185, 187–190, 206, 152, 154, 155, 207–209, 234n2, 211, 212, 218, 219, 221, 222, 240 224, 225, 230, 232, 235n15, Keynesian, 47, 50, 51, 57n18, 63, 65, 244–246, 251 68, 77n2, 88, 100, 102, Local Job Guarantee, 6, 159–167 140–142, 207–209, 226, 228, 235n20 Kinship, 12, 14, 24, 25 M Knowledge, 24, 54, 95, 97, 112, 113, Machinery, 18, 20, 24, 28, 86, 148 120, 125, 143, 147, 241, 242 Madagascar, 120 Kropotkin, Peter, 154 , 92, 144, 208 Kuwait, 87 Malthus, Thomas, 15, 19, 94, 143 Malthusian, 146 Management, 13, 16, 34, 60n31, 69, L 79n17, 90, 110, 113, 119, 120, Labor, 3, 6, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 127, 128, 161, 177, 185, 198, 21, 26, 28–34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 205, 206, 220, 225, 233 45, 47, 51, 55n6, 56n11, Mankiw, Greg, 110 58n19, 58n20, 59n25, 59n26, Marginalism, 89 59n28, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76, 84, Marginal productivity, 30, 36, 39, 45, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 50, 57n12, 58n20, 59n23, 59n25 102, 114, 116, 118–120, 131, -based, 42, 93 142, 154, 159, 170, 187, 196, Marx, 42, 63, 66, 68, 152, 209, 198, 206, 207, 212, 213, 234n2 215–217, 221, 222, 224, 228, Marxian, 20, 235n20 229, 231–233, 234n8, 235n11, Marxist, 150 236n21, 248 Mass production, 27, 54, 56n10, 71, Labor force, 21, 33, 34, 42, 47, 74, 146 84, 116, 170, 196, 233 Maximum employment, 197 Land, 13, 15–18, 23, 26, 28, 54n3, Mexico, 17, 55n6, 148 85, 86, 104n2, 109–117, 122, Middle East, 15, 21, 22, 125, 128 123, 127, 128, 134, 135, 145, Mill, John Stuart, 33, 144 146, 148, 169, 174, 180–182, Minimum Adjustable Living Wage, 190, 191n11, 192n13, 201, 213, 222, 234n8 224, 227 Minnesota, 90, 172, 173, 176, 177 Leach Lake Nation, 173 Minsky, Hyman, 69, 89, 100, 119, 187, Lerner, Abba, 225n9, 228 201, 239, 243, 244, 249, 252 Lerner, Max, 242, 249 Mitchell, William, 7, 69, 111, 118, Lietaer, Benard, 161, 162, 165 201, 243 INDEX 261

Modern Monetary Theorists (MMT), Nigeria, 87 69, 84 Non-capitalist development, 53 Monetary, 5, 6, 30, 46, 52, 56n10, Normal , 31, 209 64, 66–68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, North Korea, 87 84, 95, 99, 100, 140, 144, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 226, 228, 231, 234n5 O Monetary union, 160, 164 Obama, Barack, 88 , 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 29, 32, 33, Oglala Sioux Tribe of Pine Ridge 37–39, 42, 46, 48, 52, 53, 58n20, Indian Reserva- tion, 174 59n23, 63, 66–71, 75, 76, 124, Ostrom, Elinor, 111 141, 143, 144, 149, 150, 152, Output, 12, 15–17, 19, 29–33, 37, 155, 159, 161, 162, 164, 165, 38, 42–46, 49, 57n13, 57n14, 175, 177, 216, 228, 240, 241 58n20, 59n25, 59n26, 59n28, Morocco, 120, 128 64, 66, 67, 70–74, 76, 77n4, Mosler, Warren, 162 78n9, 78n12, 79n17, 87, 103, , 30, 39, 45, 48, 50, 56n10, 141, 145, 146, 190, 242 59n22, 59n28, 118, 134, 190, 228 Oxygen, 148 Municipal Confederalism, 247

P N Pakistan, 87, 120 National Employment Guarantee Participation, 119, 124 Scheme, 120 Participatory, 119, 126 Nation building approach, 172, 177, Pasinetti, Luigi, 19, 141, 208 183–188 Pecuniary emulation, 149, 154 Native, 148, 172–174, 176, 180–182, Physiocratic School, 94 185, 190, 191n1 Polanyi, M., 97 Natural resource management, 110, Political, 2, 12, 14, 28, 77n1, 78n5, 126, 127, 133 85, 89, 91, 93, 94, 99, 101, 103, Natural resources, 5, 13, 26, 84, 87, 121, 129, 136, 152, 160, 177, 94, 97, 101, 109–113, 117, 119, 183, 185, 196, 201, 202, 206, 122, 124–128, 134, 135, 142, 217, 219, 220, 225–227, 229, 143, 149, 177, 210 245–247 Nell, Edward J., 17, 29, 30, 33, 38, , 208, 234n2 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, Population, 11, 15–18, 20–23, 27, 28, 56n10, 56n11, 56n12, 74 34, 54n3, 67, 84, 85, 87, 93, 96, Neo-chartalist, 160–162 100, 103, 109, 111, 113–116, Neo-classical, 206 118–121, 125, 129, 130, 134, , 89 145, 148, 164, 169, 172, 174, New Deal, 2, 54n3, 119, 187, 246 176, 206, 214, 216, 218, 229, New Economics Foundation, 92, 98 230, 233, 245, 252 262 INDEX

Post Keynesian, 84, 88, 95, 96, 98, , 3, 4, 15, 33, 34, 37–39, 42, 47, 100, 102, 104, 139–144, 150, 58n19, 64–68, 70–72, 75, 78n7, 154 92, 95, 105n9, 110, 118, 126, Poverty, 6, 63, 65, 67, 77n1, 87, 94, 149, 154, 155, 163, 171, 103, 109, 114, 116, 117, 119, 186–188, 190, 191, 209, 218, 121–124, 126, 127, 131, 223, 227, 248, 250 133–135, 152, 155, 169–172, Public works, 110, 111, 117–120, 174, 176, 177, 180, 185, 197, 124, 125, 129–133, 135 243, 246 Pump priming, 102 Prebisch, Raul, 5, 214 Purchasing power, 218, 221, 224, 227 Precautionary principle, 95 Price, 16, 29, 30, 34, 36–40, 42, 43, 47–50, 52, 56n10, 58n20, Q 58n22, 59n23, 87, 102, 110, Quantitative easing, 99 136n2, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214–216, 218–221, 224, 231, 232, 234n6, 239, 241–243, R 245–247, 249–252 Reservations, 169, 170, 172–177, Price rigidity, 207, 208 180–184, 186, 188–190 Primary inputs, 20, 142 Ricardian, 206 Primary sector, 223 Ricardo, David, 42, 144, 208, 209, Production, 1, 5, 6, 15, 21, 25, 213, 218, 219, 234n2 32–34, 36–40, 50, 51, 56n11, Robinson, Joan, 58n22, 118, 209 59n24, 59n25, 64–68, 70–73, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2, 187, 196–198 76, 77n1, 78n10, 78n12, 86, Rosebud Indian Reservation, 174 87, 92–94, 96, 98, 100, 103, Rural, 2, 6, 11, 12, 15–18, 23, 51, 53, 105n2, 105n9, 112, 113, 116, 54n4, 55n5, 86, 109, 111, 122, 124, 126, 130, 139, 141, 113–115, 117, 119–126, 134, 143, 144, 154, 161, 166, 171, 135, 175, 176, 189, 231 190, 209, 210, 215, 217, 219, Russia, 87 221, 222, 226–228, 230, 231, Rustin, Baynard, 199, 200 234n3, 234n9, 235n17, 241, 249, 250 Production function, 32–34, 36–40, S 50, 56n11, 59n24, 59n25, 94 Say’s Law, 66, 209 Productivity, 4, 15–20, 27, 28, 37, Schumpeter, 11 38, 45, 48–50, 53, 54n4, Sen, Amartya, 103, 119, 246 58n20, 70, 71, 73, 74, 78n12, Shaikh, Anwar, 20 93, 97, 99, 111, 118, 119, Shumpeterian, 150 122, 124, 126, 134, 135, 143, Smith, Adam, 67, 94, 150, 154, 186, 147, 152, 209, 216, 219, 224, 209, 222, 234n2 225 Solidarity, 7, 99, 154, 166, 252 INDEX 263

Solow, Robert, 17, 34, 36, 37, 50, Treasury, 160, 163 59n24, 87 Treuer, Anton, 170, 180, 182–185, Solow growth model, 17 190, 191n1, 192n15 Solow-Swan, 50 Tribal, 173, 174, 177, 180–189 South Dakota, 172, 173, 176–179, Truman, Harry, 197–199 191n7 Turkey, 14, 15 Sovereignty, 93, 159, 164, 170, 172, 173, 181–185, 188, 191 Standard approach, 172, 177, 180, 183 U Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, 173, 176, , 49, 51, 52, 54, 55n9, 178 57n18, 64, 89, 96, 140, 141 Steady state, 48, 146, 227 Underemployed, 120, 134 Structural change, 103, 116 UNDP, see United Nations Subsistence, 16, 154 Development Program (UNDP) Sustainability, 5, 7, 70, 79n19, 88, , 2, 6, 7, 12, 20, 21, 113, 143, 152, 155, 207, 212, 26, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 63–70, 72, 217, 223, 225, 232 73, 76, 77n1, 79n19, 84, 89, 92, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 104, 117, 118, 123, 124, 131, 133, 135, T 142, 161, 166, 170–172, 174, Tax/taxes, 13, 18, 21, 23, 84, 85, 88, 175, 177, 180, 183, 185, 100, 102, 103, 161–165, 174, 187–189, 191, 192n16, 197–199, 182, 195, 196, 199–201, 216, 221, 224, 225, 229–231, 235n20, 218, 219, 221, 225 239–241, 243–248, 252 Tcherneva, Pavlina, 69, 99, 121, 187, Unions, 99, 215, 219, 221, 222, 224, 201, 241, 246, 247 233 Technological unemployment, 51 United Nations Development Program Throughput, 63, 70–72, 77n1, (UNDP), 125–128, 133 78n12, 79n15, 79n18, 92, Urban, 11, 13–18, 20, 21, 29, 53, 86, 96–98, 100–103, 144, 146 94, 114 Time, 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, 25, 31, 51, USA, 2, 4, 57n16, 84, 87, 99, 105n7, 52, 55n5, 55n7, 57n18, 58n20, 119, 147, 148, 160, 163, 165, 71, 73, 74, 76, 78n12, 85, 86, 169, 170, 176, 191n10, 192n17, 90, 92, 93, 98, 100, 101, 104, 195, 196, 198, 199 119, 121, 124, 130, 140–142, 146, 151, 163, 165, 166, 170, 182, 186, 188, 189, 205, 207, V 213–217, 221, 222, 225, , 5, 13, 22, 23, 26, 40, 52, 53, 228–232, 234n4, 235n18 66–68, 72, 101, 109, 115, 120, Traditional societies, 13, 52, 87 139, 153, 161–164, 201, 207, Transformational growth, 26, 51, 208, 213, 221, 231, 240, 242, 56n10, 60n30 247 264 INDEX

Veblen, Thorstein, 63, 66, 88, 101, 154, Westernization, 13 163, 241, 242, 245, 248, 249 White Earth Band of Ojibwe, 173, Venezuela, 21, 87 175, 181, 188 Vickrey, William, 201 White Earth Nation, 173, 175, 180, 189, 191n5, 192n19 Wisman, Jon, 4, 89, 171, 189, W 192n16, 246 Wage bill, 32, 33, 39–42, 44 Women, 1, 15, 24, 25, 28, 56n9, 122, Wages, 3, 5, 14, 16, 18, 21, 29, 30, 123, 125, 126, 131, 198, 200, 32–34, 36–39, 42, 44–46, 48, 240, 242 58n19, 59n23, 59n27, 75, 84, Works Progress Administration 99, 102, 104, 118, 121, 130, (WPA), 188, 197, 201 132, 141, 152, 190, 197, 208, , 111, 132, 133 212, 216, 218, 219, 221–224, World Food Programme, 121 229, 233, 235n17 World War II, 14, 29, 30, 54n3, Walras, Léon, 94 198 Water, 4, 65, 86, 97, 105n2, 109–117, WPA, see Works Progress 119–128, 131, 132, 134–136, Administration (WPA) 147, 148, 199 Wray, L. Randall, 65, 69, 70, 100, Watershed, 110, 112, 117, 120–122, 118, 121, 162, 164, 187, 201, 124, 125, 127, 135, 136 246, 247