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RANDRIANANDRASANA, Tsiory Andrianina ENS M1 10 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE DEPARTEMENT DE LA FORMATION INITIALE SCIENTIFIQUE CENTRE D’ETUDE ET DE RECHERCHES SCIENCES NATURELLES MEMOIRE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PEDAGOGIQUE DE L’ECOLE NORMALE (CAPEN) ETUDE BIOLOGIQUE ET EVALUATION DES MENACES D’EXTINCTION DE DEUX PLANTES ENDEMIQUES DE MADAGASCAR : Aloe capitata quartziticola et Pachypodium brevicaule SUR LE MASSIF D’IBITY Présenté par : RANDRIANANDRASANA Tsiory Andrianina Année 2010 Date de soutenance : 12 Novembre 2010 ii LES MEMBRES DE JURY Président : Madame RAZAFIARIMANGA Zara Nomentsoa Maître de Conférences Docteur en Biochimie Enseignant Chercheur à la faculté des Sciences Université d’Antananarivo Juge : Monsieur RAKOTONDRADONA Rémi Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur Ph. D en Microbiologie et Physiologie Végétale Ecole Normale Supérieure Rapporteur : Madame RAMANANDRAISOA Laurence Maître de Conférences Docteur de Troisième Cycle en Sciences Biologiques Appliquées Enseignant Chercheur de Biologie Végétale à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure Deuxième rapporteur : RABOTOVAO Andrisoa Sylvain Doctorant en Environnement et Foresterie Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques (ESSA) iii REMERCIEMENTS En premier lieu, nos profonds remerciements s’adressent à Dieu tout puissant, qui nous a soutenu par sa bienveillance et par sa force. Je tiens à remercier les membres du jury : Docteur RAZAFIARIMANGA Zara Nomentsoa d’avoir voulu présider le jury de ce mémoire. Veuillez trouver ici notre considération respectueuse. Docteur RAMANANDRAISOA Laurence, vous m’avez inspiré la réalisation de cette étude, vous avez toujours été disponible à mon égard, malgré vos nombreuses activités personnelles. Veuillez trouvez ici le témoignage de mon immense gratitude. Professeur RAKOTONDRADONA Rémi qui a accepté de juger ce mémoire, soyez assuré de ma profonde gratitude. Monsieur RABOTOVAO Andrisoa Sylvain pour ses conseils et son consentement d’être notre encadreur technique. Je tiens à remercier aussi : Les responsables du MBG, VOI d’Ibity de m’avoir accueilli durant les périodes d’enquêtes, pour toutes les données qu’ils m’ont communiquées, pour le temps qu’ils m’ont accordé afin de compléter mes questionnaires. Tous les étudiants de la promotion FANILO qui ont également contribué à la réalisation de notre mémoire. Mes parents qui m’ont soutenu moralement et financièrement afin de terminer mes cinq années d’étude et ce mémoire. Les personnes qui m’ont permis d’arriver là, en particulier la famille Randrianarisoa et la famille Raobisaona. iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau I : Les espèces végétales utilisées par la population d'Ibity ............................ 15 Tableau II : Les paramètres physiques des espèces cibles ....................................................... 36 Tableau III : Densité d'Aloe capitata et de Pachypodium brevicaule ...................................... 37 Tableau IV : Abondance des deux espèces en fonction du substrat ......................................... 38 Tableau V : Caractéristiques biologiques et dendrométriques d’ Aloe capitata ...................... 39 Tableau VI : Caractéristiques biologiques et dendrométriques de Pachypodium brevicaule .. 39 Tableau VII : Taux de régénération de Pachypodium brevicaule et Aloe capitata ................. 40 Tableau VIII : Evolution de l'exportation de Pachypodium brevicaule et Pachypodium densiflorum de 2000 à 2006 ..................................................................................................... 47 Tableau IX : Résumé de l'évaluation des menaces qui pèsent sur chaque espèce cible .......... 50 v LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1: Localisation géographique de la commune rurale d' Ibity .......................................... 4 Figure 2 : Carte du massif d'Ibity ............................................................................................... 5 Figure 3 : Variation annuelle de la température d'Antsirabe (1991-2000) ................................. 6 Figure 4 : Variation annuelle de la précipitation de la station d'Antsirabe et nombre de jours de pluies (1991-2000) ................................................................................................................. 7 Figure 5 : Diagramme ombrothérmique de la station d'Antsirabe (1991-2000) d'après la modèle de Gaussen P=2T ........................................................................................................... 8 Figure 6 : Variation d'humidité relative de la station d'Antsirabe .............................................. 9 Figure 7 : Le massif de KIBOY ............................................................................................... 11 Figure 8 : Division phytogéographique de Madagascar (HUMBERT 1955) .......................... 19 Figure 9 : Schéma de l'unité d'échantillonnage ........................................................................ 22 Figure 10 : Résumé de la méthode de travail ........................................................................... 25 Figure 11 : Aloe capitata à l'état juvénile ................................................................................. 29 Figure 12 : Aloe capitata adulte en floraison ........................................................................... 30 Figure 13 : Pachypodium brevicaule en floraison .................................................................... 34 Figure 15 : Zone d'occurrence d' Aloe capitata ......................................................................... 42 Figure 16 : Zone d'occurrence de Pachypodium brevicaule à Ibity ......................................... 43 Figure 17: Les principales causes du feu de brousse............................................................... 45 Figure 18 : Photo d'un lavaka ................................................................................................... 46 Figure 19 : Evolution de l'exportation de Pachypodium brevicaule (2000-2006) ................... 48 Figure 20 : Pachypodium brevicaule destinée pour le commerce local ................................... 48 vi GLOSSAIRE Acaule : la tige est absent ou existe mais trop courte Anémochorie : dispersion des diaspores effectuée par le vent. Autochorie : dispersion des diaspores a l’aide de ses propres structures. Barochorie : dispersion des diaspores par la pesanteur. Effet de Foehn : l’alizé perd beaucoup d’humidité en remontant les hautes terres Pachycaule : structure d’adaptation sur la tige : la tige est renflée et gorgée d’eau. Rocaille : étendue jonchée de pierre et cailloux. Sous population : lorsque deux récoltes sont séparées de plus de 10 km, elles appartiennent à deux sous population. Stipule : appendices foliacées ou épineux rencontrés à la base du pétiole de la feuille. Succulente : structure d’adaptation sur les feuilles : les feuilles sont riches en eau. Tépale : ensemble formé par les calices et les corolles Zone d’occupation : superficie occupée par un taxon au sein de la zone d’occurrence. Zone d’occurrence : superficie délimitée par la ligne imaginaire continue la plus courte possible pouvant renfermer tous les sites connus. vii LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS CITES : Convention International on Trade in Endangered Species COBA : Co mmunauté de Ba se DGEF : Direction Générale des Eaux et Forêts GPS : Global Position System MBG : Missouri Botanical Garden NAP : Nouvelle Aire Protégée ONE : Office National de l’ Environnement SVT : Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre UICN : Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature VOI : Vondron’ Olona If otony viii LISTE DES ANNEXES ANNEXE I : Fiche de relevée ANNEXE II : Fiche d’enquête ANNEXE III : Données climatiques de la station d’Antsirabe ANNEXE IV : Positions géographiques des placettes et altitudes ANNEXE V : Formule de Rothe pour l’étude de la régénération naturelle ANNEXE VI : Critères pour les catégories en danger critique d’extinction et en danger (UICN) ANNEXE VII : Technique de mesure de la zone d’occurrence ix SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1 I. GENERALITES ...................................................... 3 I.1. Présentation du milieu d’étude ................................................................ 3 I.1.1. Situation géographique ................................................................................ 3 I.1.2 Climatologie .................................................................................................. 6 a. Température ................................................................................................. 6 b. Précipitations ................................................................................................ 7 c. Humidité relative .......................................................................................... 8 d. Vents .............................................................................................................. 9 I.1.3. Reliefs .......................................................................................................... 9 I.1.4.Géologie et Géomorphologie ........................................................................ 9 I.1.5. Sol .............................................................................................................. 10 I.1.6. Milieu biotique ........................................................................................... 11 I.1.6.1. Flore et végétation .................................................................................. 11 I.1.6.2 Faune .......................................................................................................
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