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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77-24,610 CIMPRICH, John Vincent, Jr., 1949- SLAVERY AMIDST CIVIL WAR IN TENNESSEE: THE DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1977 History, United States University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 (§> Copyright by John Vincent Gimprich, Jr. 1977 SLiWERY iÊilDSÏ CIVIL Y;AR IE TENNESSEE: THE DEATH ÜE AN INSTITUTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State university By John Vincent Cimprich, Jr., -LB. , Ji.-A. The Ohio S tate U niversity 1977 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Merton L. Dillon Dr. Michael Les Benedict Dr. Robert H. Bremner L_ Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Upon completing this dissertation, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my adviser. Dr. Merton 1. Dillon, who throughout ray graduate career has served me as an educator in the most literal sense of the word, %ith much skill, dedication, and patience he has led me through a great deal of intellectual development in a relatively short time. Discussions with Dr. Dillon and several others over this dissertation project greatly aided the crystali- zation and clarification of ray thoughts. The other indi­ viduals who deserve recognition for their comments and sug­ gestions are Drs. Michael Les Benedict, Robert H. Bremner, Bertram Wyatt-Brown, and David D. Lee. Several friends and relatives helped to smooth the rough spots in the bumpy road that researchers must tra v e l. I especially want to thank Jack and Madeleine McKivigan for some research assistance, Pete Maslowski and Leslie Rowland for some bibliographic advice, and my sister Cindy Gimprich for dray/ing the maps in the text. The bulk of the research for this study was com­ pleted at the Tennessee State Library and Archives, the National Archives, and The Ohio State University Library. ii The staffs at all three institutions rendered me excellent service despite my occasional tendency to overr/ork them. A number of other institutions also earned my appreciation during my use of their facilities: the überlin College Library, the University of Cincinnati Library, the Fisk University Library, the Howard University Library, the University of North Carolina Library, the Joint University L ibraries of Vanderbilt University and George Peabody Col­ lege, the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Library, the Presbyterian Historical Society, the wieraphis and Shelby County Public Library, Knoxville's Lawson McGhee Public Library, the Ohio Historical Center, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Memphis City Hall Archives, and the Library of Congress. A special thanks goes to Ohio State's College of Education whose calculator lab I used in making the mathematical calculations in the text. Finally, I am particularly and profoundly grateful to my parents for teaching me the meaning of human dignity and much more as well. I l l VITA dune 26, 19 4 2 ....................... Born - iviiddletown, Ohio 1971............................................ A. B., Thomas More College, Covington, Kentucky 1971-1977 ............................. Teaching Assistant, Department of History, The Ohio State U niversity, Columbus, Ohio 1973 ............................................ ivi. A-, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PIBLDS OF STUDY i.lajor Field: History Sectionalism, Civil uar, and Reconstruction. Professor Merton L. Dillon American Social History. Professor Warren R. Van Tine Early National and Jacksonian Periods. Professor Harry L. Coles History of England since 1714. P rofessor Phillip ?. P o irie r IV TABLE OF CONTENTS F age ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................... i i VITA............................. iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................. v i LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................ v ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................ v i i i INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Chapter I. ThE INSTITUTION AND THE CONFEDERATES. 4 I I . TRji MASTER AND SLAVE RELATIONSiilF AFTER FEDERAL OCCUR RTIOK. .................................. 31 I I I . FEDERAL OCCUR AT ION ANd THE SLAVE CODE . 67 IV. BLiiCA GiiETTOS AiviD CONTRABAND GA.iRS.................... 98 V. THE BEGINNING OF ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION. 128 VI. THE BEGINNING OF SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION. 158 VII. BLACi. MILITARY SERVICE................................................. 183 VIII. THE ROLITICS oF EMANCIRATION................................... 2?6 I à . the END OF A4 INSTITUTION....................................... 273 CRITICAL ESSAI ON MAJOR SOURCES. .......... 3C1 BIBLIOGRAFHÏ ......................................................................... 311 APPENDIA: MAP OF TENNESSEE DURING TiiE CIVIL L AR . 3 3 I V LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Average Slave Prices (Ages 12-40) behind Confederate Lines in Tennessee . ....................... 23 2. Available Numerical Data on Tennessee Contrabands ...................................... 58 3. Contraband Gamp Population Figures ..... 111-112 4. Identifiable Black Political Leaders in Tennessee, 1864-65 .................................. ..... 251-252 5. Average tionthly Mages for Adult Freedmen Hired in Tennessee during 1865 ............................ 286 VI LIST OF FIGURES 'igure Rage 1. Size of County Slave Populations ............................... 6 2. Proportion of Slaves in County Populations . 6 '3. Tennessee during the Civil viar ....... 331 Vll LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APIC American Freedman’s Inquiry Commission Testi­ mony, Record Group 94, National Archives. AMA-Tenn. Tennessee File, American Missionary Association Archives, The Amistad Research Center, Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana. G-.O. General Order GPB Generals' Papers and Books, Record Group 94, National Archives. LR Letters Received LS Letters Sent OR U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion; A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. (131 vole., Washington, 1880-1901). NA National Archives RG National Archives Record Group RG 94: Records of the Office of the Adjutant General RG 105: Records of the Bureau of Refugees, ■'Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands RG 109: Confederate Records RG 393: Records of the United States Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920 8,0. S p ecial Order Tennessee Historical Quarterly TSLA Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville, Tennessee U.S.C.T, United States Colored Troops U.S.C.A.: Artillery U.S.C.I.: Infantry viii INTRODUCTION l 'se had 'n aff o' ole m ass'r. — iinonymous en listee 14th U.8.C.I.1 In the District of Columbia's .Lincoln lark stands the national monument which commemorates the emancipation of merican slaves during the Civil ,, ar. The memorial depicts an erect TLraham Lincoln freeing a crouching slave who begins to look up. The statue accurately portrays American folk h isto ry 's perception of emancipation, but i t does not t e l l the whole story. Slavery was unravelled from within as well as from without. ,.hile only the government could legally abolish slavery, many slaves tool: advantage of America's internal conflict to declare their own freedom wherever Federal armies appeared. These slaves' refusal to continue acting as slaves along with their support of the Union cause placed great pressure
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