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Université Du Québec À Montréal Mémoires Sous UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL MÉMOIRES SOUS SILENCE : LA FRANCE BOMBARDÉE PAR LES ALLIÉS 1940-2014 THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE AU DOCTORAT EN HISTOIRE PAR VICTOR BISSONNETTE JUILLET 2020 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 – Rév.10-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l’article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l’auteur] concède à l’Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l’auteur] autorise l’Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l’auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l’auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail doit beaucoup à plusieurs. Bien entendu, les encouragements constants, les nombreuses discussions, les relectures fréquentes du directeur de thèse, le professeur Andrew Barros viennent en premier lieu. Tout ce qui se retrouve ici a été sujet à ses critiques, a bénéficié de ses suggestions, de ses remises en question. Je suis heureux de souligner l’apport d’historiens chevronnés qui ont montré un vif intérêt pour ces recherches, en ont été intrigués et ont accepté de consacrer un peu de leur précieux temps pour en discuter, pour énumérer quelques pistes. Au tout début de cette démarche, l’historien Henry Rousso a suggéré la piste des associations telles qu’elles existent en France, ce qui a eu un impact majeur par la suite, comme nous le verrons. Sébastien Ledoux de la Sorbonne, auteur d’une étude sur le devoir de mémoire, m’a consacré une longue rencontre dès le départ qui a largement orienté mes démarches. Par la suite, une rencontre avec le conseiller municipal et historien Jean- Baptiste Gastinne au Havre était une étape incontournable. Le cas de cette ville dévastée à un haut degré le demandait. À Caen, c’est une visite au Mémorial de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui était nécessaire, surtout pour une rencontre riche en renseignements avec son directeur, Stéphane Grimaldi. Des discussions très intéressantes avec les historiens Jean-Pierre Azéma, Maurice Vaïsse et Jean Quellien ont été d’un grand apport à cette recherche. Cette recherche doit beaucoup à une série de rencontres des plus pertinentes avec le directeur du Souvenir Français, Serge Barcellini. M’ayant accordé dès le départ et avec enthousiasme l’accès à son fonds au Service historique de la Défense, il s’est montré très sensible et intéressé par le sujet. Il a répondu avec patience à mes nombreuses questions sur la commémoration du second conflit mondial en France, un sujet qui le ii passionne et sur lequel il a travaillé avec acharnement pendant sa carrière au ministère des Anciens Combattants et Victimes de la guerre. Je tiens à souligner aussi l’excellent travail du personnel aux Archives nationales et au Service historique de la Défense. Mes nombreuses demandes de dossiers étranges, compulsés avec ardeur n’ont pas manqué de les faire parfois sourire. En particulier, deux personnes m’ont donné un appui qui allait au-delà de ce qui est normalement accordé. Mme Marthe Bobik au Musée de la Poste m’a ouvert les portes malgré le fait que cette institution était alors en reconstruction et avait préparé à mon intention les dossiers qui pouvaient être en relation avec mes recherches. À la Bibliothèque Nationale de France, devant mon désarroi alors qu’une publication de l’immédiat après-guerre essentielle à mon propos était classifiée incommunicable à cause de son piètre état de conservation, Mme Camille Jove a pris mon parti. Elle a obtenu que l’institution procède immédiatement à la numérisation du document. De tels dévouements en faveur des chercheurs méritent que l’on s’y arrête et qu’ils soient signalés. C’est merveille dans un contexte ou l’indifférence peut facilement s’installer. Finalement, je dois tellement à la tolérance, l’encouragement et ses relectures ardues et systématiques, de ma conjointe Françoise. Son calme a tempéré mes emportements et accès de désespoir. Mon travail est donc aussi le sien. TABLE DES MATIÈRES Liste des figures ........................................................................................................... vi! Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................... viii! Liste des abréviations ................................................................................................... ix! Résumé .......................................................................................................................... x! Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1! Chapitre I Le concept du silence en histoire .............................................................. 12! Chapitre II Historiographies ....................................................................................... 19! 2.1 Historiographie française locale ............................................................................ 20! 2.2 Historiographie française nationale ....................................................................... 25! 2.3 Historiographie hors France .................................................................................. 49! Chapitre III Le silence prend racine: le Général et le CFLN ..................................... 54! 3.1 1940 : Comment bombarder .................................................................................. 56! 3.2 1941 : Faire autrement .......................................................................................... 65! 3.3 1942 : Rationalité .................................................................................................. 71! 3.4 1943 : Un système ................................................................................................. 96! 3.5 1944 : Apocalypse ...................... …………………………..…..………….……123! 3.6 1945 : Le cas Royan ................... …………………………..…..………….……174! 3.7 Le silence s'impose ..................... …………………………..…..………….……183! iv Chapitre IV Le silence perdure : l’après-guerre des sans-parole ............................. 196! Chapitre V Les manifestations du silence français .................................................. 213! 5.1 La reconstruction et le Plan Marshall .................................................................. 218! 5.2 Le silence inscrit dans la pierre .......................................................................... 231! 5.2.1 Un échantillonage du gravé sur pierre ......................................................... 238! 5.2.2 Le tourisme de mémoire .............................................................................. 242! 5.2.3 Ériger un monument: processus .................................................................. 254! 5.3 Le débat mémoriel ............................................................................................... 274! 5.4 Littérature, cinéma, philatélie, enseignement ..................................................... 279 5.4.1 Littérature .................................................................................................... 280! 5.4.2 Cinéma ......................................................................................................... 297! 5.4.3 Philatélie ...................................................................................................... 302! 5.4.4 Enseignement .............................................................................................. 307! Chapitre VI Le silence est rompu? ........................................................................... 313! Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 319! ANNEXE A Mémorandum du CFLN aux Alliés .................................................... 330! ANNEXE B Mémorandum de De Gaulle à l’amiral Stark ...................................... 332! ANNEXE C Circulaire aux préfets – Monuments aux morts .................................. 334! ANNEXE D Note d’Alger – Bombardements sur la!France ................................... 336! ANNEXE E Télégramme - Bombardements à haute altitude .................................. 338! ANNEXE F Journal "#$%#&'()#* - Assassins de l’air ............................................. 339! ANNEXE G CFLN, Opinion publique sur les bombardements alliés ..................... 340! ANNEXE H Le Général Koenig - Bombardements sur la France ........................... 345! v ANNEXE I CFLN - Répercussions des bombardements alliés ............................... 348! ANNEXE J Groupe de la Résistance - Bombardements alliés ................................ 352! ANNEXE K Baku: or the Map Game ...................................................................... 354! Bibliographie ............................................................................................................
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