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Criminal Justice) ETHICS IN LIFE AND VOCATION Dr. Mark L. Whitman, Social and Behavioral Sciences (Criminal Justice) Alfred State College 10 Upper College Drive Alfred, NY 14802 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ETHICS IN LIFE AND VOCATION Dr. Mark L. Whitman, Social and Behavioral Sciences (Criminal Justice) Alfred State College 10 Upper College Drive Alfred, NY 14802 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ETHICS IN LIFE AND VOCATION Table of Contents Introduction/Preface ..................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 - Why Ethics? .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2 - Virtue Ethics And Ethical Systems ....................................................................... 20 Chapter 3 – Laws/Crime/Deviance & Ethics............................................................................ 33 Chapter 4 – Corruption in the System ...................................................................................... 46 Chapter 5 – Ethical Leadership ................................................................................................. 60 Chapter 6– Criminal v. Racial Profiling & Surveillance ........................................................ 79 Chapter 7 Mid-Term Evaluation. A Case Study: Building a Better York Policy: ............... 94 Project Component ................................................................................................................... 111 Chapter 8: A Case Study: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections Review. .................. 136 Chapter 9 Social Policy in Criminal Justice Systems ............................................................ 201 Chapter 10 Public v. Private Policing: The Ethical Dilemma .............................................. 221 Chapter 11- Police Programs and Homeland Security/Hometown Security ...................... 228 Chapter 12-Finding Ethical People from an Unethical Society ............................................ 248 Chapter 13 Criminal Profiling: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly ....................................... 274 Chapter 14 An Examination of the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: Has it Aided Crafting Social Policy in America, Specifically Equally? ..................................................... 290 2 About the Author Mark L. Whitman, Ph.D. Social and Behavioral Science Alfred State College Dr. Mark Whitman has been a life-long trainer and more recently a professor in Criminal Justice in higher education. He asserts “Therefore, education is a process to provide a blend of experience, skill, reality and training coupled with creativity, innovation and resourcefulness by student and educator alike in order to prepare the student to enter a high speed and at times volatile occupation with change as a key stable sewn throughout the fabric of the system. Paramount to this goal is the reintroduction of critical thinking to our students”. An experienced professional with over 28 years’ as a Police Chief, or Police Commissioner in a near 40 year law enforcement career and 20 years (Full-Time and Adjunct) in higher education he is credited with a strong track record of achievement in improving communities and reducing crime. He has key noted or has been the lead presenter in leadership training, specifically, “Surviving with Honor”. He has done so from the premise that “We begin at Excellence and we move toward perfection collectively”. He has served fellow law enforcement professionals in leadership roles as the President of the NYS Association of Chiefs of Police and on the Executive Board of the International Association of Chiefs of Police as the Chair of the State Association of Chiefs of Police. Dr. Whitman, then Chief Whitman served as the Chair of the NYS Municipal Police Training 3 Council during the introduction of the Americans with Disability Act. He served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam conflict, the only lottery he had ever won. The U.S. Military Draft. He was selected as the Field First in his training company. He completed Non-Commissioned Officer training during Basic Training and served his time at the United States Army Retraining Brigade, Ft. Riley, KS, a military work release correctional facility. Dr. Whitman received numerous training certifications during his long law enforcement career and was a certified police trainer. His formal education includes: Capella University, Minneapolis, MN Ph.D. in Public Safety Leadership (2013) - Graduate with Distinction Alfred University Alfred, NY M.P.S. in Community Service Administration (1980) Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL B.A.S. in Social Science (1972) Monroe Community College, Rochester, NY Associates Degree in Police Science (1971) Graduate of the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Academy 165th and Law Enforcement Executive Development 43rd Class He chose to complete is lifelong goal of achieving his Ph.D. rather than to pursue another position. He did so and has put on paper those items of concern for the reader to unpack their personal capabilities. In most personal situations there resides a leader from within, it is important that the reader discovers that person. 4 Introduction/Preface How might this material fit your educational needs? The purpose of this text is quite simple. It fits my teaching needs and in doing so, I assert that it too may fit your needs. I offer this script in whole or part for your use and would encourage peer feedback. I have written this from the lens of a Criminal Justice practitioner for nearly forty years. My career began in the early 1970’s until 2010. As one can imagine, the ethical significance of each member of a CJ system is critical. I further assert that albeit this was written for self-serving interests to teach in the CJ discipline, I strongly believe that it remains sufficiently generic that it can fit in many other disciplines that accompanies professor imagination splicing your inventive juices. Often professors, teachers, coaches, or trainers are provided a range of written materials (generally text books) that may fit a module or two of the desired material by the instructor. We often find ourselves researching many articles to supplant the selected text rather than to supplement. A major benefit of writing material for Open Educational Resources is that it provides a starting point and peers may add to the submitted material. Herein lies one of my personal interest, I would encourage my peers to provide a counterpoint section for each chapter provided within this material. Thus, we may collectively add to the critical thinking cycle of our future practitioners. Additionally the diction, tone, categories, and fluctuating between first and third person, moderate citations, accompanied with associated humor is hopefully acceptable to the reader. If not, put this material down and fear not, I have been rejected by higher authority. The material is presented in a decipherable conversational style so you may take a breath during this association and the ability to imagine yourself in any of the scenarios. What has been written here is the 5 truth, however I may embellish it a tad in order to make it interesting but the presentation is without fabrications. I must however provide a disclaimer at this juncture: To my knowledge I have never knowingly met with Russian Agents. The actions of government agencies in the criminal justice system are challenged to balance individual due process rights, with the need to provide effective crime control for the larger part of society. The decentralization of the criminal justice system, as displayed in the picket fence model is designed to provide separate but linked services at various government levels. The theme of this course is the challenge for the criminal justice system to balance its efforts in crime control, while acknowledging due process rights. The central premise of the due process model is the presumption of innocence. Due process protects the rights of a defendant while being processed through the system. I will bet that with moderate tweaking this material can fit your discipline as well. The first acknowledgment of any criminal justice practitioner is to understand that “Rules of Evidence are Rules of Exclusion”. By the same token not all evidence excluded from a trial or not seeing the light of day does not necessarily mean that the evidence was obtained illegally. The study of procedural due process has often been intriguing to me. How then why must someone be ethical when no one is looking over their shoulder? I bet this may apply to business, law, medicine as well as policing. This course explores the evolution of ethics, the impacts of ethics within the administration of justice, and how does one maintain a strong ethical center when no one is watching. Sklansky (2006) asserts the demographics of policing has all but removed the "Blue Curtain of Silence" in policing. This author tends to agree with Sklansky, after serving a near 40 years in policing of which 28 years was as the head of an agency. This notion serving some is 6 that most police are honest, which is true, but often never celebrated. Those that make
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