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Otvoreno Računarstvo Uvod OTVORENO RA^UNARSTVO UVOD MARIO @AGAR Otvoreno računarstvo Uvod Mario Žagar Suradnici na predmetu: Dr. sc. Igor Čavrak Mr. sc. Branko Mihaljević - koordinator Mr. sc. Marin Orlić Ivana Bosnić, dipl.ing. Tomislav Sečen, dipl.ing. Martin Žagar, dipl.ing. Zavod za automatiku i računalno inženjerstvo (ZARI) Grupa predmeta Računalni sustavi i procesi (RASIP),11. kat http://www.fer.hr/rasip 3 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreno računarstvo 4 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Kome je namijenjen predmet ? o Studentima preddiplomskog studija FER-2 o obavezan za modul: Računalno inženjerstvo o izborni za ostale module… o Programerima, menadžerima, ekonomistima, pravnicima i svima onima koji sudjeluju u korištenju računala i računalnih procesa… 5 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Zašto otvoreno računarstvo? o Pokušati odgovoriti na pitanja poput: o Što mogu očekivati od otvorenog računarstva? o Što mogu zahtijevati od otvorenog računarstva? o Što mogu napraviti s otvorenim računarstvom? 6 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: o U čemu/kome je tu problem? o računarstvo je dakle zlo !?!? o Kako ga riješiti? o maknuti računarstvo !?!? 7 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvorenost u drugim strukama o Zrakoplovi - zračne luke (piloti, kontrolori,...) o Airbus, Boeing, ... - Aljaska, Dubrovnik,... o Telefax poruke - telefaks uređaji (korisnici,...) o Glagoljica, Arial... - Zagreb, Lisabon,... o Ima toga još: o folije - grafoskopi, o telefonski brojevi - telefoni, o vijci - matice, ... o Nije sve idealno: o utičnice - utikači ??(adapteri), o vlakovi - tračnice??... 8 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvorenost u računarstvu o operacijski sustavi - računala (korisnici,...) o UNIX/Linux, Windows,.. - Intel, SUN, IBM, Atmel,.. o dokument - uređivači/prikazivači teksta (autori, čitatelji,...) o Č,č,Ć,ć,... - Word, OpenOffice, Acrobat, Explorer,... o Problem: o Može li se prakticirati računarstvo bez dodatnih pitanja, znanja,...? 9 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreni i zatvoreni sustavi Otvoreni sustav Zatvoreni sustav 10 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Zatvoreni sustavi o Primjer : o FONT UGLATA GLAGOLJICA PRIMJER JE ZATVORENOSTI U RA^UNARSTVU o Razumljiviji primjer : o Skype 11 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreni sustavi o Primjer: o Internet o Što je tu dobro? o Preduvjeti: Imate li računalo? Web preglednik? 12 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreni sustavi o World Wide Web Apache Web server Microsoft IIS Internet Information Server Netscape Enterprise Server … HTTP Web klijenti Web poslužitelji 13 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: mjerenje temperature o Strana posluživača - Rabbit na RASIP-u 14 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: mjerenje temperature o Korisnička strana - preglednik 15 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Korisnička strana 16 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Zatvoreni oblici zapisa o Primjer: o .doc – oblik zapisa Microsoft Worda o Što je tu loše? o Preduvjeti: Imate li Windowse? o Onda nemate problema o Nemate? o Sve što se zna saznalo se putem “obrnutog inženjerstva” (eng. reverse engineering) o Problem: Sve nikada ne može biti dokumentirano 17 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreni oblici zapisa o Primjer: o .odt – određeno ISO normom ISO/IEC 26300 o Što je tu dobro? o Svatko može implementirati svoj program za čitanje i pisanje zapisa. Oblik zapisa nitko ne može jednostrano promijeniti (ISO norma) o Programi: OpenOffice.org, Google docs, IBMS WorkPlace, mobioo v0.1,… 18 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Zatvoreni protokoli o Primjer: o CIFS (Common Internet File System), poznatiji pod SMB (Server Message Block) o Što je tu loše? o Preduvjeti: Imate li Windowse? o Onda nemate problema o Veza: Vista <-> Vista koristi SMB 2.0 koji je brži od SMB 1.0 o Nemate? o Sve što se zna saznalo se putem “obrnutog inženjerstva” o Problem: Sve nikada ne može biti dokumentirano 19 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreni protokoli o Primjer: o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – temeljni protokol mreže Internet o Što je tu dobro? o Preduvjeti: Imate računalo? 20 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Zatvoreno sklopovlje o Primjer: o Igrača konzola o Što je tu loše? o Preduvjeti: Zadovoljni ste sa svim komponentama? o Onda nemate problema o Niste? o Onda morate kupiti novi model, a stari možete baciti 21 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreno sklopovlje o Primjer: o Osobno računalo (PC) o Što je tu dobro? o Bilo čije sklopovlje sukladano normama, neovisno o proizvođaču o Primjer: Moje računalo ima komponente sa 4 kontinenta i sve radi besprijekorno o Što je tu loše? (može li biti bolje?) o radi li program za PC na Appleu i obrnuto? 22 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Zatvorena programska podrška o Primjer: o Većina instaliranih programa i igrica o Što je tu loše? o Zadovoljni ste svim ponuđenim mogućnostima i ne zanima vas kako program uopće radi? o Onda nemate problema o Želite znati što se doista događa s vašim podacima i kamo se oni šalju? 23 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvorena programska podrška o Primjer: o GNU/Linux, OpenOffice.org... o Što je tu dobro? o Ne sviđa vam se kako radi? o Promijenite to o Zanima vas kako radi o Zavirite u programski kôd 24 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: razlozi za otvoreni kôd o Jimmy Wales (suosnivač Wikipedije 2001.) o važan izvor informacija (zbog svoje koncepcije ne uvijek i najpouzdaniji) o Wikia Search (od 2008-01-07 - http://www.wikia.com) o profitabilan projekt uz programsku podršku besplatnu i dostupnu svima o problem varanja ali i mogućnost zaštite od varanja o Google – patentirana tehnologija pretrage o detalji algoritma za rangiranje stranica (vrh rang liste) stroga tajna o Vjerujemo li im bez zadrške? Kome? 25 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreno računarstvo nije: o proizvod o ne može se kupiti na komade o ne postoje stare i nove inačice o nema vrijeme objavljivanja o nema cijenu niti svoju jedinstvenu definiciju o Pitate li bilo kojeg proizvođača računalne opreme ima li otvoren proizvod, odgovor će biti pozitivan! 26 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Otvoreno računarstvo je: o sloboda u razmišljanju o način razmišljanja i pristupa problemu o neovisnost o proizvođačima o Može se graditi, poboljšavati, prilagođavati, surađivati o Može svekoliko pomagati korisniku kojem je namijenjeno i olakšati mu rješavanje problema 27 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Što je otvoreno u računarstvu? o Otvoreni: o sustavi o zapisi o protokoli o sklopovlje o programi o ali i: o ideje o ljudi o … 28 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Sve zajedno možemo opisati i kao OTVORENO RAČUNARSTVO (eng. Open Computing) 29 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Definicija (jedna od): "OTVORENI SUSTAV je onaj koji sadrži dovoljan broj otvorenih specifikacija za sučelja, servise i formate podataka, kako bi se aplikacijama omogućilo: o da sa što manje promjena budu prenošene na druge računalne sustave (portability) o da uspješno surađuju s drugim aplikacijama na vlastitim i udaljenim sustavima (interoperability) o komuniciranje s korisnikom na njemu ugodan način, uz lako privikavanje na rad s različitim sustavima (user portability)." POSIX 1003.0 (IEEE .88 i ISO .90) 30 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Definicija (jedna od): o Autor ovog teksta slaže se sa prethodnom definicijom uz jedno proširenje: o definicija bi trebala vrijediti ne samo za operacijske sustave i aplikacije već i za računalnu opremu, ali i za ljude koji tu opremu koriste! 31 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: OR - sklopovlje o lokalno - računalno sklopovlje - procesori: o Pentium, Sparc, PowerPC, ARM,.... o picoJava (Java Virtual Machine - JVM) o globalno - infrastruktura - mreže: o niže razine, sklopovlje, konektori, žice,.. o više razine, protokoli (IP, TCP,...) o razdoblje totalnog umrežavanja Žagar je već godinama uporan: o "Svaka kutija mora imati dvije žice!" 32 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: OR - operacijski sustavi o CP/M, DOS, MAC, VMS, MVS o Windows 1.0, 3.0, NT, 95, 98, 2000, XP, Vista o UNIX (SCO, ULTRIX, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, Linux) o pozivi sustava(POSIX), programiranje 33 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: OR - programski jezici, aplikacije o WWW, HTML, XML o 1G stranica WWW na Internetu (kako doći do prave - pretraživači, ljudi) o Java - otvorenost na više razina o Jezik Java o razvojna okolina, IDE = Eclipse o aplikacija, applet, midlet,... o aplikacije ( AutoCad, CorelDrow, WordPerfect, Word, editor vi :-) o praktični problemi i rješenja (kontradikcije): o otvorenost i sigurnost o otvorenost i kompresija podataka 34 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Primjer: OR - ljudi o protokoli o propisi, norme o ponašanje o svakodnevno o profesionalno (č, ć, [, {, ], š) o politika o interesi o materijalni o idejni 35 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Tko treba OR? o Pojedinci o Tvrtke o Državne institucije 36 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Pojedinci o Pojedinci o Mogućnosti jednostavnijeg učenja o o Tvrtke radu programske podrške o Državne institucije o Mogućnost korištenja kombinacije više sustava za sličnu namjenu (poput sprava za vježbanje) 37 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Tvrtke o Pojedinci o Uvid u rad sustava o Tvrtke o Državne o Troškovi zapošljavanja, obuke i institucije doškolovanja se smanjuju o Smanjuje se trošak održavanja i podrške 38 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Državne institucije (i tvrtke) o Pojedinci o neovisnost o proizvođaču o Tvrtke o promjena proizvođača je relativno o Državne institucije jednostavna, zbog toga su izravne posljedice da proizvođač: o povećava razinu usluge korisniku (bori se za korisnika) o nudi svoje proizvode po pristojnim cijenama o smanjuje se mogućnost ucjenjivanja od strane samo jednog ponuđača (u skladu sa zakonom o javnoj nabavi) 39 Otvoreno računarstvo - Uvod Zašto NE OR? o Otvoreno računarstvo temelji
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