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ENSIKLOPEDIA BASIS DATA Dan PROGRAM KOMPUTER ENSIKLOPEDIA BASIS DATA dan PROGRAM KOMPUTER Dr. Janner Simarmata, M.Kom Haviluddin, M.Kom., Ph.D Ansari Saleh Ahmar, M.Sc Rahmat Hidayat, M.Sc.IT Daftar Isi Kata Pengantar Daftar Isi A……………………………………………………………….. B… ………………………………………………………………... C…………………………………………………………………... D…………………………………………………………………... E… ………………………………………………………………... F… ………………………………………………………………... G…………………………………………………………………... H..…..……………………………………………………………... I……..……………………………………………………………... J…..………………………………………………………………... K…………………………………………………………………... L….……………………………………………………………….. M…………………………………………………………………. N………………………………………………………………….. O………………………………………………………………….. P…………………………………………………………………... Q………………………………………………………………….. R…………………………………………………………………... S…………………………………………………………………... T…………………………………………………………………... 2 Kamus Istilah Basis Data dan Program Komputer U……..…………………………………………………………… V…………………………………………………………………. W………………………………………………………………… X………………………………………………………………….. Y………………………………………………………………….. Z………………………………………………………………….. Lampiran A Produk-Produk DBMS…………………………... Lampiran B Program-Program Sertifikasi…………………….. Lampiran C Diagram Bahasa Pemrograman………………… Lampiran D Bahasa Pemrograman dan Pembuatnya……….. Lampiran E Daftar-Daftar Singkatan…………………………. Daftar Isi………………………………………………………… A Abend Singkatan dari Absent By EnforcedNet Deprivation atau Ketidakhadiran disebabkan oleh paksaan ketaktersediaan jaringan. Istilah Abend untuk mendefinisikan proses penghentian sebuah program atau proses yang tidak normal diakibatkan oleh terjadinya kesalahan input data oleh user atau crash program. Abend berhubungan erat dengan error yang terjadi pada suatu perangkat lunak. Misalnya ketika sebuah perangkat lunak yang sedang beroperasi tiba-tiba hang atau berhenti secara mendadak, mengalami crash sehingga harus di tutup. Abstract Data Model Sebuah model data konseptual, jenis data, dan organisasi data. ADM tidak terikat pada media penyimpanan fisik atau lingkungan pemrograman. Abstract Entity Suatu entitas yaitu model relasi antara entitas-entitas lainnya. Abstract Operation Menggambarkan bentuk atau protokol dari operasi, tetapi tidak pada implementasinya. Abstraction Suatu cara untuk melihat suatu object dalam bentuk yang lebih sederhana. Sebagai contoh kita tidak melihat sebuah mobil sebagai ribuan komponen elektronik, sistem mekanik dengan empat buah ban, 2 Ensiklopedia Basis Data dan Program Komputer jok, stir kemudi dan sebagainya. Dengan Abstraction, suatu sistem yang kompleks dapat dipandang sebagai kumpulan subsistem-subsistem yang lebih sederhana, seperti halnya mobil merupakan suatu sistem yang terdiri atas berbagai subsistem, seperti subsistem kemudi, subsistem pengereman dan sebagainya. Access (1) Operasi dari pencarian, pembacaan, atau penulisan data pada unit penyimpanan. (2) Tindakan membaca data dari atau menulis data ke memori. (3) Koneksi ke Internet atau jaringan atau sistem lain. Access Control Mekanisme untuk membatasi akses ke item informasi tertentu atau ke kontrol tertentu berdasar pada identitas pengguna dan keanggotaannya dalam berbagai kelompok yang sudah dikenal. Access control biasanya digunakan oleh administrator sistem untuk pengontrolan akses pengguna ke sumber daya jaringan, seperti server, direktori, dan file. Lihat: Access Privileges dan System Administrator. Access Control List (ACL) Suatu daftar yang terkait dengan file yang berisi informasi tentang pengguna atau kelompok yang mempunyai ijin untuk mengakses atau memodifikasi file. Access Database Suatu aplikasi basis data yang mudah dalam pengunaannya yang terintegrasi dengan beberapa produk Microsoft® Office. Access adalah sebuah pilihan yang baik jika Anda ingin menggunakan data dari produk Microsoft Office yang ada atau jika Anda tidak memiliki jumlah data yang besar. Access Method Teknik yang digunakan untuk mentransfer rekord fisik dari atau untuk mass storage device. A 3 Access Pattern Urutan umum di mana struktur data diakses (sebagai contoh, dari baris ke baris, dari record ke rekord, dari segmen ke segmen, dan sebagainya). Access Privileges Jenis operasi yang ditentukan dan mengijinkan pengguna untuk sumber daya sistem tertentu pada jaringan atau file server. Berbagai operasi, seperti kemampuan untuk mengakses server, melihat isi dari direktori, membuka atau memindahkan file, dan menciptakan, memodifikasi, atau menghapus file atau direktori, dapat diijinkan atau ditolak oleh sistem administrator. Penugasan access privileges untuk pengguna membantu sistem administrator untuk memelihara keamanan pada sistem, seperti halnya privacy informasi rahasia, dan untuk mengalokasikan sumber daya sistem, seperti ruang disk. Access Rights Secara umumnya dapat diimplementasikan dengan memberikan izin (permisi) dan hak terhadap objek secara spesifik. Izin diberikan terhadap objek untuk menentukan siapa saja yang dapat mengakses objek tersebut dan sebatas apa ia berhak mengaksesnya. Izin tersebut, dapat diaplikasikan oleh sistem atau pemilik objek tersebut (orang yang membuat objek). Jenis izin yang dapat diaplikasikan bergantung pada objek yang hendak diamankan. Accuracy Suatu penilaian kebebasan kwalitatif dari kesalahan atau suatu ukuran kwantitatif dari kesalahan besar, dinyatakan sebagai fungsi dari kesalahan relatif. ACID Dalam ilmu komputer, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) adalah seperangkat sifat yang menjamin bahwa basis data transaksi diproses andal. Dalam konteks basis data, operasi logis tunggal data disebut transaksi. Sebagai contoh, transfer dana dari satu rekening bank ke bank lain, bahkan melibatkan beberapa perubahan seperti mendebet satu account dan mengkredit lain, adalah satu transaksi. Semua transaksi Oracle mengikuti propertis ini. 4 Ensiklopedia Basis Data dan Program Komputer • Atomicity - Mensyaratkan bahwa setiap transaksi adalah "semua atau tidak": jika salah satu bagian dari transaksi gagal, seluruh transaksi gagal, dan negara basis data yang tersisa tidak berubah. Sebuah sistem atom harus menjamin atomicity dalam setiap situasi, termasuk gangguan listrik, kesalahan, dan crash. Ke dunia luar, transaksi berkomitmen muncul (oleh dampaknya pada basis data) tidak dapat dibagi ("atom"), dan transaksi dibatalkan tidak terjadi. • Consistency - Memastikan bahwa transaksi akan membawa basis data dari satu negara ke yang lain yang valid. Setiap data ditulis ke basis data harus berlaku sesuai dengan semua aturan yang ditetapkan, termasuk namun tidak terbatas pada kendala , cascades , pemicu , dan kombinasi dari semuanya. Ini tidak menjamin kebenaran transaksi dalam segala hal pemrogram aplikasi mungkin ingin (yang merupakan tanggung jawab dari kode aplikasi-level) tetapi hanya bahwa kesalahan pemrograman apapun tidak melanggar aturan yang ditetapkan. • Isolation - Memastikan bahwa pelaksanaan bersamaan dari hasil transaksi dalam keadaan sistem yang akan diperoleh jika transaksi dieksekusi secara serial, yaitu satu demi satu. Memberikan isolasi adalah tujuan utama dari kontrol konkurensi. Tergantung pada metode kontrol konkurensi, efek dari transaksi yang tidak lengkap bahkan mungkin tidak terlihat oleh transaksi lain. • Durability - Sekali transaksi telah dilakukan, itu akan tetap demikian, bahkan dalam hal kehilangan kekuasaan, crash, atau kesalahan. Dalam basis data relasional, misalnya, pernah sekelompok pernyataan SQL mengeksekusi, hasilnya harus disimpan secara permanen (bahkan jika basis data crash segera setelahnya). Untuk mempertahankan melawan daya yang hilang, transaksi (atau efek mereka) harus dicatat dalam memori non- volatile. Active Data Informasi di dalam basis data yang secara konstan diakses oleh aplikasi, seperti transaksi sekarang, di dalam basis data OLTP. Active Framework for Data Warehousing (AFDW) A 5 Suatu solusi data warehouse yang dikembangkan oleh Microsoft dan Texas Instruments yang menyajikan standar Microsoft untuk mengatur meta data. Active Server Pages (1) Active Server Pages (ASP) adalah teknologi Microsoft yang mengijinkan para programmer untuk mengembangkan kode kustom yang bekerja dengan Internet Information Server (IIS). Para programmer boleh menggunakan salah satu dari dua bahasa scripting untuk menciptakan halamaan ASP: VBScript (yang didasarkan pada Microsoft's Visual Basic) atau JScript (didasarkan pada Sun's Java). Halaman ASP sering menggunakan ActiveX Data Objects untuk menghubungkan pada Database Server SQL dan sumber data lainnya. (2) Sebuah kombinasi dari HTML dan pernyataan bahasa scripting. Beberapa pernyataan tercakup di dalamnya <%…%> penerjemah pada server. Yang digunakan Internet Information Server (IIS Microsoft). Ad Hoc Report Sebuah laporan yang diatur oleh pengguna setelah implementasi aplikasi. ADA Bahasa pemrograman komputer generasi ketiga. Versi awal dari bahasa PL/SQL Oracle didasarkan pada struktur dan sintaks bahasa ADA. ADF Oracle adalah Application Development Framework (ADF) - bagian dari JDEVELOPER 10g (juga yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan Oracle e-Business Suite). ADF menyediakan suatu lapisan produktivitas untuk pengembang J2EE dalam membangun aplikasi yang well- architected, portable, dan high-performance. Ad-hoc Query Sebuah query yang dikirim ke basis data oleh pengguna akhir atau pengguna kuasa, hanya berusaha untuk mendapatkan beberapa informasi dengan cepat. Ad-Hoc Query diperlakukan untuk basis data di mana isi, struktur, dan performa dari query, tidak perlu disediakan untuk model basis data. 6 Ensiklopedia Basis Data dan Program Komputer ADM Lihat: Abstract Data Model ADO Singkatan untuk Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects. ADO memungkinkan aplikasi klien Anda untuk mengakses
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