* , AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE * JOURNAL * * 1 NO ROAST BEEF HERE

What do you think your wife would say if she we’re buying food for your 20-cent breakfast snack happened to look over the Hotel New Yorker’s in our speed-counter Coffee Shop—or for your meat and grocery bills? We’ll tell you. Her first de luxe dinner in our formal new Terrace Res¬ remark would be, “My! you certainly pay high taurant. It’s always the best—whether we’re buy¬ prices for everything you buy!” And she’d be ing banquet squabs or everyday staples like sugar right. We do pay top prices—because we insist and salt. on buying and serving only the pick of everything Perhaps you’d think that because our food stand¬ edible. ards are so high, our meal prices would Take the roast beef on our menus. It’s be high. Quite the contrary. Prices in our all government-graded “prime” beef . . . 25^ reduction restaurants are as popular as the food to diplomatic and itself. As for the Hotel New Yorker’s and it’s generally at a premium. Some¬ consular service times we could save as much as fifty room standards, they are just as exact¬ NOTE: the special rate per cent by buying medium grades. But reduction applies only ing. And the rates are figured with an no, sir! It’s always the best—whether to rooms on which the eye on today’s pocketbooks. rate is $4 a day or more. HOTEL NEW YORKER 34TH STREET AT EIGHTH AVENUE • CITY Directed by National Hotel Management Company, Inc. • Ralph Hitz, President Private Tunnel from Pennsylvania Station

OTHER HOTELS UNDER SAME DIRECTON: HOTEL LEXINGTON, NEW YORK • NETHERLAND PLAZA, CINCINNATI . BO OK-CADI LLAC, • THE ADOLPHUS, DALLAS • HOTEL VAN CLEVE, DAYTON THE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

CONTENTS (FEBRUARY, 1936) COVER PICTURE WOODWARD & LOTHROP Photograph by Belden S. Howell 10th, 11th, F and G Streets Street Scene, Patzcua.ro, . WASHINGTON, D. C., U. S. A. THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENTAL CONTROL OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE ”A Store Worthy of The Nation’s Capital” By James W. Gantenbein 61 DWIGHT MORROW A GREAT PERSONALITY .... 64 “To EXTEND OUR EXPORT TRADE” By Mahlon Fay Perkins .... 66 Would You Like THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS TOURS CENTRAL MEXICO By the Honorable 70 to Have Choice PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRADE AGREEMENTS By Jay Pierrepont Moffat _ 74 American Foods HUNGARIAN CAVALCADE By Cece Goddard 76 The Food Shop Offers a Most Complete PYRRHA: HORACE: ODES: BOOK I: 5 Stock—and Our Personal Shopping Translated by Herbert O. Williams 80 Service Will Choose for You NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT ...... 81 NEUTRALITY (Photograph) __ 83 A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF Having good American foods in foreign lands is Cyril Wynne, Review Editor indeed a palatable pleasure. The Woodward & “Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters” Lothrop Food Shop is most exacting, both as to Reviewed by Carlton Savage 84 quality and variety, in the delicacies it offers. Hun¬ “Neutrality. Its History, Economics, and Law” dreds of different vegetables, fruits, preserves, Reviewed by Francis Colt De Wolf 115 cheese spreads, fish, and hors d’oeuvres are here. “The Sino-Japanese Controversy and the League of Nations” Space permits us to mention but a few of our Reviewed by C. W. 116 canned foods—however, we will do our best to fill “The Education of Native and Minority any order you care to place. (Ncroups 99 Reviewed by Yale O. Millington 118 Premier Apricots, No. 2 Vi tin ... 30c NEWS FROM THE FIELD ... 85 Premier Bartlett Pears, 1-pound tin 19c FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 88 Kings Fancy Peaches, No. 2V2 tin 25c BIRTHS, MARRIAGES - 90 Golden Tap Orange Juice, No. 2 tin 15c IN MEMORIAM 90 Premier Fancy Tomatoes, No. 2V2 tin 20c LETTERS 104 Lily-of-the-Valley Tiny Refugee Beans— No. 2 tin 25c CORINTHIAN GULF, Verse Premier All-Green Asparagus, No. 2 tin ... 30c By Mariquita Villard 110 Patriot Fancy Maine Corn, No. 2 tin 15c AFRICAN WIND, Verse Patriot Coffee, vacuum packed, 1-lb. can ... 35c By Edwin C. Kemp 110 ISSUED COMMISSION TO CONSULAR Prices Subject to Change Without Notice AGENT 112 SERVICE VISITORS 120 Address your order or communication to Mrs. LAND’S END, ENGLAND Marian Tolson, Woodward & Lothrop, Washington, Photograph by Thomas M. Wilson 120 D. C., of America. She will person¬ TEN YEARS AGO IN THE JOURNAL 120 ally shop for you, and send your order according to your instructions. Issued monthly by American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter August 20, 1934, at the Post Office, in Washington, D. C., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 57 IN THIS day of fast-moving motor cars, safety from blowouts and skidding is of vital importance. To assure motoring safety for you and your family, Firestone builds tires that are made blowout-proof by the patented process of Gum-Dipping. The scientifically designed tread will stop a car 15% to 25% quicker than other well-known makes. Take no chances, equip your car now with Firestone High Speed Tires—the Masterpiece of Tire Construction. Listen to the Voice of Firestone Monday evening over ShortWave W2XAF—9530 kc. yircstone

58 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

To Patronize Our cAdvertisers Is to Insure a digger and ‘■Better GRACE LINE yournal for Our Service. "SANTA" SHIPS SERVE INDEX OF ADVERTISERS NEW YORK American Security and Trust Company__ 89 Atlas Engraving Company 117 KINGSTON, JAMAICA Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 119 HAVANA, CUBA Baltimore Mail Line 99 Brewood (Engravers) 98 PANAMA CANAL ZONE Cathay Hotel—Shanghai 119 ECUADOR Chase National Bank 114 Chesterfield Cigarettes 60 PERU A Continental Hotel—Paris > 119 CHILE Crillon, Hotel—Paris 119 COLOMBIA Dunapalota Hotel—Budapest 119 Federal Storage Company 96 EL SALVADOR Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. 58 COSTA RICA France et Choiseul Hotel—Paris— 119 Export Co. 101 GUATEMALA Goodyear Tire & Rubber Export Company 93 MEXICO Grace, W. R., and Company : 59 LOS ANGELES Harris and Ewing 98 Hungaria Hotel—Budapest 119 SAN FRANCISCO International Telephone & Telegraph Co. 107 Le Boissy D’Anglas Restaurant—Paris 119 Storage and Warehouse Co 90 Martinique Hotel 114 Mayflower Hotel 91 Merchants Transfer and Storage Company 103 Metropole Hotel—Shanghai . 119 Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, Inc. .. 111 Munson S.S. Lines 90 National Geographic Magazine 95 EUROPE-SOUTH AMERICA New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. . 98 New Yorker Hotel II Cover via NEW YORK Pagani’s Restaurant—London 119 Palace-Ambassadeurs Hotel Rome 119 Through tickets at no extra cost Pan-American Airways, Inc. 102 Shortest,fastest route between NewYork and Park Hotel—Shanghai 119 Plaza Hotel 97 Buenos Aires, via Valparaiso and across the Rockefeller Center III Cover Andes by train or Pan American-GRACE Airways. Sapp, Earle W., C.L.U. 98 Savoy-Plaza Hotel 97 Regular service of de luxe, first class, and Sea Captains’ Shop, The—Shanghai 119 cabin class ships, meeting every demand of Security Storage Company of Washington 89 time and purse. Smith’s Transfer and Storage Co 115 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 113 Strasbourg, Restaurant Brasserie de—Marseilles 119 Tyner, Miss E. J. 98 Underwood Elliott Fisher Company 109 GRACE LINE United Fruit Company 111 New York, , Washington, D. C., Pittsburgh, , Los LInited States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 111 Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and in Mexico, Guatemala, El United States Lines . 102 Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Havana, all Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover West Coast South American Countries, London, and Paris. Woodward and Lothrop 57 59 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

iiiiili

Pilliglill)

■Dun-curing Turkish leaf tobacco. The tobacco is strung ^ leaf by leaf and hung on long racks like you see here.

he aromatic Turkish tobaccos used in Chesterfield cigarettes give them a more pleasing taste and aroma.

CHESTERFIELb-A BLEND OF MILD RIPE HOME-GROWN AND TURKISH TOBACCOS 1 " 'tWl — ‘ i 1936. LIGGETT St MYERS TOBACCO CO. THE

FOREIGN S JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. XIII, No. 2 WASHINGTON, D. C. FEBRUARY, 1936

The Causes aud Effects of Governmental Control of Foreign Exchange

By JAMES W. GANTENBEIN, Third Secretary, Santo Domingo

I. MEANING OF EXCHANGE This essay was adjudged the best sub¬ various activities of Govern¬ CONTROL mitted on this subject in the recent ments, whether by restrictions, prize essay competition, referred to on AT THE first World Eco- interventions, regulations or page 692 of the December JOURNAL. , nomic Conference held at monetary policies, designed to Geneva in 1927, representatives interfere with the free func¬ of fifty countries, after agreeing that a return tioning of foreign exchange. The most conspicu¬ to the effective liberty of international trading ous direct terms are restrictions upon the obtain- was “one of the primary conditions of world pros¬ of exchange or the export of monetary metal, in¬ perity, adopted resolutions urging cluding such measures as transfer in emphatic terms the elimination moratoria, embargoes on gold and nn of trade barriers. Since that con¬ silver exports, “standstill’ arrange¬ ference, so many additional restric¬ ments, blocked accounts, exchange tions have been imposed upon the clearing agreements, and various freedom of international commerce, banking regulations; and interven¬ that it is difficult to imagine that tion in the international money in 1927, when production and con¬ market to influence rates, particu¬ sumption were increasing, it was larly by employment of “equali¬ generally recognized that world zation” and “stabilization” funds. trade was being strangled by gov¬ Less direct, but of hardly less ernmental interferences. The suc¬ consequence, is the control exert¬ ceeding years have witnessed not ed by monetary policy intended simply large increases in protec¬ to serve domestic purposes through tive tariffs and the extension of voluntarily altering exchange par¬ quota systems, but also the devel¬ ities. opment along new and advanced II. APPLICATIONS lines of a regime of far-reaching BEFORE 1931 exchange measures, instituted at first as monetary protective expedi¬ In 1914, the monetary systems ents, but later developed to serve of most of the western nations other purposes as well. were on a gold standard. This Governmental control of foreign meant a free gold market as well exchange might be defined as the as comparatively unrestricted re- 61 demption of notes in gold. Furthermore, costs III. CAUSES OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN 1931 and prices had become adj usted to exchange The present system of exchange control is funda¬ parities over a considerable period of time. Un¬ mentally a product of the financial crisis of 1931, der these favorable conditions, governmental in¬ and its chief causes lie, notwithstanding subsequent terference in exchange was limited to such relatively ramifications, in the forces producing the monetary mild measures as the discount policy of the Bank breakdown which rendered so large a measure of of England in influencing gold movements and the control seemingly necessary. These forces com¬ so-called “Devisenpolitik” practices of certain cen¬ prise a number of basic and immediate causes ex¬ tral banks in buying and selling exchange to combat erting themselves in complex relationships. seasonal fluctuations. During the war, systems of exchange control de¬ a—Direct Effects of the War veloped in most belligerent countries from embar¬ The World War, aside from its influence on trade goes on gold exports for preventing loss of gold re¬ by re-organizing political maps and creating un¬ serves, customarily declared upon the outbreak of usual industrial problems, and besides its imme¬ hostilities, to various restrictions, largely to prevent diate effects on most currencies, produced two last¬ trading with the enemy, and “pegging” operations ing financial problems. The first was the changed for avoiding fluctuations in rates. Need for greater distribution of gold. During the war, large ship¬ restriction apparently did not arise, as patriotic ments of the metal had been made by belligerent considerations and somewhat corresponding uncer¬ Governments in payment of war supplies. As a re¬ tainties in foreign countries tended, in the absence sult, by the end of 1918, the central gold reserves of more highly developed speculative practices, to of the United States had risen from 32.4% of the restrict large capital movements. world’s total, excluding Russia, at the end of 1913, to 39.0%, and substantial proportionate increases Monetary history from the end of the war to the were made in several other countries. On the other financial breakdown in 1931 embraces in general hand, the proportion of France had dropped from two parts: the years of chaos immediately follow¬ 17.0% to 9.8%, and certain other countries had ing the conflict, and the more fortunate period of experienced considerable decreases.1 In the years currency stabilization. that followed, concentration became more pro¬ During the former period, while Great Britain nounced as France regained and greatly increased and the other Allied nations discontinued “peg¬ its pre-war ratio at the expense of reserves of other ging” operations, most of the former belligerent countries, not including the United States. countries, confronted with severe fiscal and indus¬ trial problems, and at the same time deprived of Secondly, the reparations and war debts created the former co-operative support of their allies, a problem which would have been difficult under attempted to limit flights of capital by various even favorable circumstances. From the beginning restrictions. of 1925 to the middle of 1931, the United States alone received $1,362,000,000 from war debts. As These expedients, however, proved generally to the effect of such payments upon the further mal¬ inadequate against the movements of newly-organ¬ distribution of gold, the Gold Delegation of the ized speculative forces. In Germany, intervention League of Nations, after studying the gold problem in the market was attempted, but it failed to avert for two years, went so far as to state in its report in the German financial collapse in 1923. 1932 that “In the normal course of international In the second period, one currency after another trade and in the absence of these abnormal influ¬ was stabilized, due largely to ardent international ences, such a surplus in the balance of payments co-operative efforts. As early as 1922, the Czecho¬ could never have arisen,” adding that “Reparation slovakian crown was stabilized. Later instances in¬ and war debt payments had, in fact, laid such an cluded the German mark in 1923 and 1924, the enormous burden on the gold-standard system of English pound and the Netherland guilder in 1925, the world that it was impossible for this system to the French franc in 1926 and 1928, and the Italian carry it, and therefore the system had to break lira in 1927. With stabilization, there was a gen¬ down.” eral return to the gold basis, and as this implied b—Growth of Economic Nationalism comparative freedom of exchange operations, con¬ trol by restrictions was for the most part discon¬ Closely related to these two subjects was the con¬ tinued. Intervention, however, was employed by spicuous growth of economic nationalism. Ironical-

many European central banks to maintain the new iFrom figures of Federal Reserve Board, World Almanac, 1935, parities. page 298. 62 ly, this movement was requirements, found it im¬ gaining momentum at the possible to deflate suffi¬ very time when newly- ciently to compete satis¬ established and reduced factorily in world mar¬ nations of Europe were kets, as illustrated by struggling against the the general strike in consequences of finding 1926. Consequently, the their previous domestic disproportionately high markets separated by exchange parity of the frontiers. Many Govern¬ pound, as well as of the ments held that the lira in Italy, contributed soundest economic course to abnormal balances of lay in the protection not payments, while the un¬ only of the numerous do¬ dervaluation of the franc mestic industries born of had corresponding effects war, but also of new or upon the balances of increased production France. Ultimately, in which would absorb un¬ the absence of interrup¬ employment and make tion, these margins would for general prosperity. have been corrected by Without adequately per¬ gradual adjustment of ceiving that one country’s Harris & Ewing costs and prices to the imports were another’s exchange parities, al¬ exports, creditor and JAMES W. GANTENBEIN though the lack of flexi¬ debtor nations alike were bility of the post-war making every effort to economic system did not encourage exports and to curtail imports. facilitate such adjustment. This widely-adopted trade policy had especially d—Gold-Exchange Standard unfavorable effects upon the payments of repara¬ tions and war debts. As the Banking Committee Another weakness in the post-war stabilization which met at Basle in the summer of 1931 observed: was the extensive employment of the gold-exchange “. . . . in recent years the world has been endeavor¬ standard. The Genoa Conference of 1922 recom¬ ing to pursue two contradictory policies in permit¬ mended that in the stabilization of currencies, the ting the development of an international financial gold-exchange standard, which had been employed system which involves the annual payment of large in several instances before the war, be given wide sums by debtor to creditor countries; while at the use as a means of economizing in gold. In the sub¬ same time putting obstacles in the way of the free sequent adoption of this standard by a number of movement of goods.” The tariff policy of the United European and South American countries, a system States played no small part in this movement both was built up which could hardly withstand severe directly and by stimulating the adoption of similar tests. While the proportion and nature of gold ex¬ policies by other countries. change permitted to be held as monetary reserves varied in different countries, a common weakness c—Post-War Exchange Parities was that the system interfered with the proper func¬ At least several of the exchange parities estab¬ tioning of corrective movements of gold, for such lished in the post-war period are now generally held gold exchange as gold-exchange countries received to have been placed, owing largely to failure to from favorable balances was not necessarily con¬ appraise changes produced by the war, at points verted into gold. Besides contributing to further which hindered the striking of equilibria in inter¬ maldistribution of gold, this practice tended to national trade. The pound and the lira, for exam¬ cause a pyramiding of credit on gold, with an un¬ ple, were probably overvalued in relation to pur¬ natural expansion of bank credit and resultant in¬ chasing power, while the French franc was under¬ flation. Another objection was that the fall of a valued. The margins between these exchange pari¬ gold-standard currency, as of sterling in 1931, auto¬ ties and purchasing-power parities had pronounced matically pulled gold-exchange currencies down effects upon trade balances. Thus, Great Britain, with it. while profiting by lower sterling prices for import (Continued to page 92) 63 Dwight Morrow

THE recent appearance of ’s He also inscribed the date: Mexico, Sept. 29-28. Life of the late Ambassador Dwight Mor¬ Viewed through the lens of memory, the words row has attracted general attention, and naturally of friendship there inscribed have an added sig¬ the volume has been read with special interest nificance of hope and immortality which re¬ by those who knew the subject. flects in peculiar degree the essential fibre of Mr. Nicolson’s literary gifts and his experience their writer. as a biographer naturally fit him for tasks of I was a resident of Mexico City in 1927 when this character. But it must be admitted that to Mr. Morrow came to that tormented country. I many folk his efforts in this instance will seem first saw him the day of his arrival, and the im¬ inadequate and a little disappointing. Failure pression I then formed of his unflagging optimism arises not alone from the biographer’s freely con¬ and quiet strength reinforced the growing admira¬ fessed lack of knowledge of the American scene tion which I had for his spiritual and mental and of the background against which his picture qualities, which continues unabated. is drawn—lacks which even Mr. Nicolson’s bril¬ In various conversations which I had with Mr. liance and capacity cannot supply—but from a Morrow I was constantly struck by what seemed native inability to understand the nature and fibre to be an unusual and, to me, novel intensity of of a man such as Dwight Morrow. Yet, in jus¬ desire to give full weight to the viewpoint of his tice to Mr. Nicolson, it may be remarked that to auditor, whether this coincided with his own almost any biographer Morrow’s character would opinion or not; added to this was his evident prove a baffling and elusive one; in the first craving to approach every subject with as com¬ place because his life was not, despite his ac¬ plete preparation and background as possible. To tivities, an objective one, and secondly, and not¬ illustrate; when he was lending his unofficial good withstanding the roles he played, because in many offices to both sides in an endeavor to effect a set¬ respects he was not of his age. There was much tlement of the thorny church question in Mexico, of the recluse in him; yet he was called to labor he read copiously concerning the political rela¬ in a world of men. He was a mystic, yet in con¬ tions of church and state in various countries stant contact, if not conflict, with the stark realities of Europe, the range of his study covering many of his day, especially as these were manifest in centuries; but since the task became a huge one, the conduct of a great war and an aftermath of he ended by apportioning certain phases of the confusion. Unfortunately, therefore, for his ad¬ question among others, assigning, for example, to mirers, as for the world, the one person who by in¬ one, a close reading of Lord Acton’s works, with timate knowledge and by special gifts of expres¬ reference also to the latter’s personal relations sion, allied to a poet’s sensitiveness, is best quali¬ with the ; to another certain economic fied correctly to portray this outstanding Ameri¬ aspects of the dissolution of the monasteries under can has as yet remained silent. Henry VIII; to a third, the application of taxes Therefore, while awaiting a definitive life of on religious houses and corporations in latter-day this great American, perhaps a fuller comprehen¬ France. As a result, he brought to these discus¬ sion of Morrow’s life and character might be sions a breadth of knowledge possessed by no found by assembling and recording the impres¬ other man. sions of those men and women who in his full In argument, or rather in conference, for he and rounded life were in contact with him for never seemed to argue, although he pressed his varying periods. It is this idea of a composite point of view unceasingly, he had a characteristic picture that emboldens me to give to the readers way of turning and staring at his opponent with of THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the following a look on his face of wondering bewilderment notes concerning Dwight Morrow as representing that such ideas—in opposition to his own—could a single viewpoint of a many-sided character. be advanced by a sensible person! The effect was Above the desk at which I write hangs a pho¬ disconcerting! tograph of Dwight Whitney Morrow with the fol¬ In a large or small group, he seemed to have lowing inscription in his handwriting: the power of turning his personality on or off as To and _ with affection¬ if it were an electric lamp; he would sit in a ate regards and with the hope that sometime, room and be as unobtrusive as a piece of furni¬ somewhere, (in this world or the next) I may ture, and a few moments later, without changing serve with both of them again. his posture or uttering a word, be as vital and DWIGHT W. MORROW. dynamic as a Leyden jar. 64 ^HE /^ME RICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

Fragments of his table-talk come back to me “I cool my lips against a cloud.” with freshness and vividness. One day we were On another occasion when talking with him of discussing the law as a profession. He remarked , 1 asked him what were the portentous that New York was perhaps the easiest city in “special instructions” said to be given an Ambas¬ the country in which a young lawyer with req¬ sador when starting for his post. He smiled and uisite ability could get ahead; the aspirant, be¬ said, “The only special instructions received by cause of the me from vastness of P resident the place, be¬ C o o 1 id ge ing less de¬ were those pendent for given me success on orally just family ties before I left or similar W ashington, contacts. But, when the he continued, P r esident, “he must be with a half- prepared ‘to caressing scorn de¬ touch on my lights and arm, said, live labo¬ ‘Dwight, rious days,’ don’t get me spending into war with long hours in Mexico!’” the various The visit law libraries of Lindbergh and dulling to Mexico, h i s hearing following an to the siren i n v itation voices of the from Mr. great metrop¬ Morrow, was olis.” naturally of One day— special inter- one of the e s t to the last times I American ever saw him colony, quite in Mexico— apart from I found him its romantic in a pensive results. 1 well mood and he recall the day quoted with of his arrival. emphasis and The young feeling an Icarus was epitaph from nearly six the Greek hours late Anthology, and fears which I have were felt for since identified (although of this I am not quite his safety; as the day wore on the anxiety and suf¬ sure) as the lovely lyric beginning, “A gentler old fering registered in the Ambassador’s face were age and no dulling disease quenched thee, and thou moving beyond words. When the young hero finally didst fall asleep in the slumber to which all must landed and came through the multitude up to the come.” After this he was quiet for a while and stand where a large group awaited him, the transfor¬ then quoted a brief poem by his younger daugh¬ mation seen in Mr. Morrow’s expression was strik¬ ter, Anne, (“the starry-eyed,” my wife and I used ing, and there came to my mind the familiar story to call her). Of this I only remember the line: (Continued to page 91) 65 SS (9ur Export cJmcle

By MAHLON FAY PERKINS, Department of Stale Sketches by Major John W. Thomason, Jr., U. S. M. C.

AMERICAN EXPORTS TO CHINA FOR THE YEAR, 1934 (“Foreign Trade of the U. S.”—Department of Commerce) QUANTITY VALUE TOBACCO, LEAF 53,627,000 lbs. $8,909,000 TOBACCO, STEMS AND SCRAP 11,120,000 lbs. 433,000 CIGARETTES 93,000,000 pcs. 250,000 ILLUMINATING OIL 1,356,000 bbls. $2,638,000 GAS AND FUEL OIL 188.000 bbls. 226,000 LUBRICATING OIL . 216.000 bbls. 1,258,000 GASOLINE 257.000 bbls. 665,000

THE GREEN-HULLED “VENEZUELA” TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO CROSS. SHE LURCHED ALONG TOWARDS THE ORIENT, AT THE SPEED OF A BUGGY AND HOSS.

Nelly was bound for Shanghai— ’Twas a lad in the B.A.T.* That She had promised to marry Back in Sault Ste. Marie.

You could hardly call Nelly youthful; Yet you could not say she was old; But the charms of her mind and her person Had hitherto left the boys cold.

Benny was destined for business; His decision had been made. So he snapped up a chance in the Orient To extend our export trade.

It was all understood between them That, as soon as Benny made good, He’d wire the price of her passage And she’d sell her Underwood.

*“British-American Tobacco Company." 66 HE 1H T AMER^AN FOREIGN (SERVICE JOURNAL

THE GREEN-HULLED “VENEZUELA” TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO CROSS. SHE WALLOWED THROUGH THE LONGITUDE AT THE SPEED OF A BUGGY AND HOSS.

Through a turn of fate unexpected, Her ivealthy aunt was struck By a Packard “Twelve” in the twilight As she dashed in front of a truck.

So the wire went from Nelly to Benny, And not from Ben to Nell.

“I'm taking the very next steamer”—- But all Benny said was “Hell.”

For a year had passed in China And Benny had shifted around. Shanghai, Mukden, Errhshihlipu :* He was slowly learning the ground.

And Benny’s viewpoint had shifted From that of Sault Sle. Marie.

*B. A. T. Tobacco Growing Experimental Station in Shantung. His hours were not any longer, But his code was a bit more free.

THE GREEN-HULLED “VENEZUELA” TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO CROSS. SHE MOVED AROUND THE RIM OF THE SEA AT THE SPEED OF A BUGGY AND HOSS.

Ben had come to prefer “BLACK LABEL”; He said gin gave him a “head”; And the hours he spent at poker Were those that you spend in bed.

The tie that bound him to Nelly Was fast becoming a chain. Her letters were even more frequent, While his showed a nervous strain.

But Benny’s idea of a contract Was the Anglo-Saxon type. He answered “I’ll meet you at Kobe”— Took a drink and a pull on his pipe.

Her steamer had scarce left the harbor; They were just off the Farallones IF hen a mutual friend presented A Mr. Henry Bones.

THE GREEN-HULLED “VENEZUELA” TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO CROSS, WITH A LIFTING SHOVE FROM THE N. E. TRADES AT THE SPEED OF A BUGGY AND HOSS.

67 Henry was right out They would labor of Harvard; on the Yangste, Jobs were then to Each province pen¬ be easily had. etrate In promptly select¬ Till every Chinese ing SOCONY* village He felt that they They could all il¬ ought to be glad. luminate.

Now Henry burned But first one little like a zealot; problem His great life pur¬ Vexed their minds pose was OIL. that night till Four hundred mil¬ late— There was just one lion heathen— His a i m was to little treaty lighten their toil. That they first must terminate. Nelly proved an at¬ tentive listener So they worked till From the “Gate ’ long past mi d - past the S and - night, wich Isles, Got into a frantic And Oil went up state; and Cigarettes But they found, to down void a contract, As they covered six You must ACT, not thousand miles. ruminate.

It is said that the THE GREEN-HULLED vast Pacific “VENEZUELA” Has a “life force” TOOK HER SWEET all its own, TIME TO CROSS. That a month there¬ SHE PLOUGHED THE on will do to a HENRY WAS RIGHT OUT OF HARVARD WATERY ELEMENT girl AT THE SPEED OF A Things she may never have NELLY PROVED AN ATTENTIVE LISTENER BUGGY AND HOSS. known. As they got under way for THE GREEN-HULLED “VENE¬ Kobe, ZUELA” A wire —■ which was meant TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO to be kind—- CROSS. Said “It breaks my heart, SHE PLUNGED THE SPRAY- dear Benny. SWEPT COMBERS I’ve decided to change my AT THE SPEED OF A BUGGY mind.” AND HOSS. But meanwhile Benny’s con¬ The mysteries of Providence science We shall not here debate. Was weakening under the As they entered Yokohama, fight— Nell said she’d be Bones’ Two days from Shanghai to mate. Kobe With the wedding almost in ♦Standard Oil Company of New sight! York. He was nearing Shiminoseki; THE GREEN - HULLED “VENE¬ Visions bejore him passed ZUELA” Of that stream-lined girl in TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO Mukden CROSS. Whorn he knew he loved at last. SHE PICKED HER WAY THROUGH THE ISLAND SEA. “I know it’s rotten to do it, AT THE SPEED OF A BUGGY AND To do Nelly this great wrong; HOSS. But marry her 1 cannot: My will is not that strong.” And now in the heart of China After years of married life, THE GREEN-HULLED “VENEZU¬ ELA” The Bones have made an TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO agreement CROSS. With their neighbors — Ben ENVELOPED IN AN AUGUST FOG, and his wife— AT THE SPEED OF A BUGGY AND HOSS. 7 o employ the selfsame tutor. Then he radioed a message (For their children total eight) From Moji in . Ten thousand miles from the The words were few and sim¬ home land, ple. THAT STREAM-LINED GIRL IN MUKDEN RACE is stronger than LOVE And thus the message ran. or HATE.

“I know that 1 am yellow, And the “Henry’s” and “Benny’s” foregather; A bounder and a cad. Both men say ’twas all a huge joke. But, in truth, l love another. But our dear, dear, dearest Nelly I’ll arrange things with your dad.” Still claims “those fumes” make her choke.

So Nelly was married in But back in old Sault Ste. Kobe Marie,

To Ellery Henry Bones— The friends—not of Nelly Vice Consul Stampe at¬ —of Ben tending— Still speculate and philoso¬ By the Rev. Adolphus phize Jones. On the ways of women with men. The “Tamba Maru” en¬ THE GREEN-HULLED “VENE¬ tered Kobe ZUELA” As the “Venezuela” pulled out. TOOK HER SWEET TIME TO CROSS. The Consul gave Benny IN HURDLING THE VAST her message; PACIFIC, He reeled—then uttered a WHY NOT—NOW AND THEN shout. -—SWAP A HOSS?

SO NELLY WAS MARRIED IN KOBE 69 ISLAND OF JANITZIO, PATZCUARO The statue of General Jose Marfa Morelos is thirty-nine meters in height and can he seen for eighty miles. The architect was Ing. Guillermo Ruiz.

The Diplomatic Corps Tours Central Mexico in the Presidential Train

By THE HONORABLE JOSEPHUS DANIELS, American Ambassador to Mexico

ON October 11th, at the President’s invitation, fore the firing, the Emperor Maximilian directed the Diplomatic Corps boarded the famous General Miramon to exchange places with him, “Olivo” or Presidential train and left for a ten- since only in this way could the Emperor repay day trip in order to become better acquainted with Miramon for his loyalty to him. Thus it was that Mexico and its people. General Miramon was shot at the spot where Our first stop was Queretaro. It is one of the Maximilian should have stood. The story goes oldest cities in Mexico, having been founded by that the Emperor begged leave to give the pieces of the Otomi Indians in 1440. It is famous not only gold which he carried on his person to the mem¬ for its architecture but for its connection with bers of the firing squad if they would not fire into Mexican history, as here were formed the plans his face. The men respected his wish and he was for national independence. One interesting legend shot in the breast directly below his long beard connected with the place is that during a feast in which he had parted in the shape of a “V” as a honor of Santiago (St. James) an angel was ob¬ target. served in the sky standing beside a cross of red Next to being important as the place of the exe¬ and gold. The vision was regarded as an omen cution of Maximilian, Queretaro is interesting as that Saint James had taken the city under his pro¬ possessing the only heroine of Mexico honored bv tection and the Chapel of Santa Cruz was built to a statue in the national capital. She is Josef a mark the site. In the Palace we saw the blood¬ Ortiz de Dominguez. It is said that she stopped stained coffin where Maximilian was placed after at nothing in her devotion to secure the indepen¬ he was shot; the benches on which the Mexican dence of her country, including taking advantage generals Miramon and Mejia sat during the court of information obtained through her husband’s martial; the table and ink stand used by the judge; official position. She was the one who warned the keyhole through which went the whispered Hidalgo that his plans had become known, and command that plunged Mexico into a ten years’ that it was time to ring the bell, the signal that war; and finally the death sentence of the em¬ the time had come to rise against the government. peror of the phantom crown. There is a story told with enthusiasm by the citi¬ The object of most interest was the Chapel on zens of Queretaro, that when Josefa Ortiz de the Hill of the Bells, erected by Austria to enclose Dominguez was offered the honor of being first the site of Maximilian’s last hours on earth. Be¬ lady-in-waiting at the Court of Iturbide she replied, fore the small and simple chapel was built, the “A woman who is sovereign in her own house can¬ place was marked by three stone shafts, which not be lady-in-waiting to an Empress.” have been replaced by three flat stones before the It was in Queretaro that the Mexican Constitu¬ altar of the chapel. The stone on the left hears tion of 1917 was drafted and promulgated. Car¬ the name Mejia, the center Miramon, and the one ranza found in the city an atmosphere favorable on the right Maximilian. It is said that, just be¬ for putting in form the principles for which the 70 Revolution was fought. The drafting of this Con¬ his right arm, the victory gave Obregon distinction stitution was begun in Mexico City, but when Car¬ and power and helped advance his ambition to the ranza became convinced that there was a disturb¬ Presidency. Celaya is also noted as the birth¬ ing influence at work he organized his government place of the painter Francisco Eduardo Tresguer- on wheels, carrying it to Queretaro. When asked ras, whose work can be seen in the Cathedrals and the reason he responded: “When we were at work churches of many cities. His body lies in a little in Mexico City I noticed that some of my asso¬ mortuary chapel built and decorated by himself ciates changed their minds and began to express beside the church of San Francisco. The product foreign ideas, American aims. I felt the American of Celaya most widely known is “Dulce de Celaya” influence, remembered Madero, his friends, his (a sort of thick condensed milk), which is shipped fate. I decided to come to Queretaro.” in large quantities to all parts of Mexico. The next city visited was Celaya, noted for its Our next stop was Morelia, the capital of the climate and churches. This place loomed large in state of Michoacan. A formal session of the As¬ the in April, 1915, for here sembly had been called in our honor and the di¬ Obregon defeated Villa in a decisive battle. This rector of the military hospital in an interesting victory was the end of Villa’s career and within address described the high lights in the history of three months the United States gave its recognition the Indian race of Michoacan, better known as to the Carranza government. Although it cost him “Tarasca.” He explained that although the exist-

NATIVE FISHERMAN IN HIS DUG-OUT CANOE ON LAKE CHAPALA, NEAR GUADALAJARA JHE ^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

ARRIVAL AT PATZCUARO The son and daughter of the mayor in the welcoming group. Ambassador and Mrs. Daniels are seen in the group with Sr. Jose Ramoz Chavez, Col. Carlos Moya and U. P. Correspondent William Lander. ing data are meager the Tarascan civilization was We then visited many of the churches, the Cathe¬ great and powerful. The story of their hero dral and the Governor’s Palace, and finally stopped Morelos, who fought against the Spaniards for the before the aqueduct built in 1785 comprising 254 liberty of the Indians, is well known. So is that arches and costing a hundred thousand dollars. of Nuno de Guzman, who came to Michoacan and We were told that the aqueduct was built during demanded six hundred gold ecus (Escudos) from a time of distress in order to provide work for the Caltzonzin, the king of the Tarascans. On the destitute. “It must have been this example that promise of freedom from persecution the king inspired your New Deal,” said one of my col¬ gave the gold but later when a like demand was leagues. made and he refused he was killed by having his That same afternoon we moved on to La Huerta, feet tied together and being then dragged by a where we visited the agricultural school. The horse. buildings were well constructed, the grounds splen¬ The director concluded his address by saying, didly laid out, while the dairy was conducted on “At this time, the Revolution is concluding its past the most approved sanitary lines. Interesting ex¬ to enter upon the new era. . . . We have the enor¬ periments were being made in electrical cultiva¬ mous satisfaction to have as a chief executive of tion, in an endeavor to make seeds germinate more our nation a descendant of these Indians.” quickly by charging the ground in which they After the Governor had spoken, the Mayor pre¬ were planted with 6 or 8 volts. sented the gold keys of the city to Mrs. Daniels We returned that evening to Morelia and a re¬ and requested that she accept them for herself and ception given at the House of Crystal. Rarely have all the diplomats and guests of the party. I seen a scene more brilliant. We sat at tables 72 arranged on the terrace which encircled the build¬ Our next stop was in the colorful city of Urua- ing of glass, listened to Zapadores bands playing pan. Flowers were everywhere. Tea was served beautiful Mexican airs, and ate delicious Mexican in a beautiful private home where a group of full food. Colored lights were strung throughout the blooded Purepecha Indian maidens in picturesque building and deep into the pine trees, while a “Guaris” carrying baskets on their heads executed beautiful full moon made the place a fairy scene. the rhythmic dance known as the Canacuas, the Reluctantly we boarded the train that night, loath dance of the Gifts. When the entertainment was to leave a scene of so much beauty. at its height the leader of the group stopped before The next morning found us en route to Patz- my wife and said, “I have brought a bag of tejo- cuaro I in Tarascan language meaning “place of cote and I will give it to you to make some jelly delight”). It is well named, for upon our arrival if you will let your man dance with me.” She we were greeted by the Mayor surrounded by a added that she hoped also my wife would dance bevy of beautiful young ladies. We were driven with her husband. Such an appealing invitation in cars to Lake Patzcuaro, where we boarded could not be declined and, though my wife and I launches for the Island of Janitzio. Here stands are none too skilled at tripping the light fantastic a heroic statue of Morelos, designed by Guillermo toe we did our best on the pine-needle covered Ruiz and built by the order of President Cardenas. floor. The other diplomats were likewise claimed On the shores of this lake is the home of Presi¬ as partners and the evening was one of merriment. dent Cardenas, surrounded by hundreds of trees, At its conclusion the Indians distributed to all the for forestry has always been one of his passions. guests gifts from the baskets they had been car- We drank tea at the “Quinta Erendira” to the rying. music of a native band and examined with inter¬ “Where Flowers are Blooming” is the Tarascan est a collection of rare old swords belonging to for Uruapan and it is correctly named. The cli- the President. (Continued to page 110)

YOUNG LADIES OF URUAPAN, MICHOACAN. IN TYPICAL COSTUME, BEARING THE FAMOUS LACQUER TRAYS OF THE REGION 73 Practical Aspects of Trade Agreements Address recently delivered by Jay Pierrepont Moffat, American Consul General, before Millions Club of New South , , .

I CANNOT tell you what a pleasure it is to be This program is indissolubly linked with the your guest today. Since reaching Australia, name of the present Secretary of State, Cordell less than two months ago, I have been receiving Hull. It has been my rare privilege to work personal evidences of your far-famed hospitality, under him from the time he assumed office in and many of the acquaintanceships made are al¬ March, 1933, until my term was up on July 1, as ready ripening into real friendships. This in Chief of one of the Divisions in the Department of a way is natural, as there is no country, unless State. Seeing him daily, in periods of success and it be Canada, in which an American feels so discouragement, when he was overwhelmed with much at home as Australia. There is a simi¬ work, or when he had the leisure to relax a trifle larity of temperament and of outlook which, from the cares of office, I came to have for coupled with the fact that we have not only the him not only feeling of high admiration and same language, but the real affection, but also same literature, system the realization that of law, and traditions here was a statesman o f self - government, who had a definite make us approach vision of how we could given problems in reverse the vicious cir¬ much the same way. cle of decreasing trade More than that, many and restore interna¬ of our national prob¬ tional commerce, slow¬ lems are essentially ly but steadily, to¬ similar and none more ward its former fig¬ so perhaps than our ures. That vision Mr. problems of trade. Hull has never al¬ Both of us are coun¬ lowed to grow dim, tries dependent for our and his entire policy prosperity on our ex¬ has been directed to¬ ports. Both of us have ward converting it in¬ seen our foreign trade to reality. Many and reduced by the depres¬ many a time just as sion to figures that in it seemed to him that the late twenties would a forward step had have seemed incredi¬ been achieved, some ble. Both of us are extraneous force en¬ being hard pressed by tered into the picture, nations with which we and caused him to be¬ trade to grant them special concessions to increase gin anew. Discouragement has come both from or even to retain that trade. Both of us are being abroad and from forces at home. But he has per¬ urged to agree to individual balancing of trade or severed and, knowing the man, I can assure you payments. that he will persevere. Now I haven’t been here long enough to have A quiet, slow-spoken man, with white hair, a gained more than a superficial knowledge of how kindly expression, a thoughtful word for every¬ you are meeting this problem. Conversely, I one, Mr. Hull is the “economic scholar” in have found here some lack of knowledge of how American politics. If you search through his we are meeting it in America. So, with your record in WHO’S WHO you will merely find that permission, I am going to tell you today about he entered Congress at the age of 35, that he out Trade Agreement Program, what it aims at, stayed there twenty-four years, advanced to the how it works, and the limitations placed upon Senate, which he left after only two years to be¬ it by legislative prescription and by public come Secretary of State. You will not find there, opinion. however, an indication of his activities—how for 74 those 24 years he was constantly studying our If the principle of equality of commercial tariff system, usually from the minority view¬ treatment everywhere were observed, there could point, fighting against what he considered exces¬ be no such thing as discriminations. Historically, sive protectionism, but in the process familiariz¬ this principle has formed the basis of most of ing himself year after year not only w'ith the tariff the trading of the past hundred years, and it has as an abstraction, but with individual rates and been incorporated in a network of treaties, many schedules of all sorts. Toward the end of his of which are still in force. I believe that the term in Congress he saw a new development be¬ United States alone has 45 of such treaties. ginning to raise its head, which threatened to But, as 1 said, a contrary movement has been stifle world trade—namely, the imposition of a developing in the world, namely preferential bar¬ series of quotas, monopolies, exchange restric¬ gaining. A number of countries have denounced tions, etc., designed to develop in different coun¬ their most-favored-nation treaties and entered into tries what came to be called “economic self-suffi¬ a system whereby, in return for compensation, ciency,” and which in addition to cutting down lower rates on the same product were accorded international trade tended to divert what was left some foreign nations and higher rates imposed on from natural to artificial channels. He gradu¬ others. Now what has been the result; a steady ally became convinced of the immutability of sev¬ tendency to boost the maximum rates higher and eral basic principles of trade, such, for instance, higher in order to gain greater trading advantage, as (1) that to continue to export it is necessary and a consequent lessening of the total volume of to import, (2) that the bilateral balancing of trade. Phrased in another way—economic prefer¬ commerce against natural trends always reduces ence implies discrimination. And discrimination trade to the lower figure, (3) that it is the sum gives rise to counter measures since no nation total of world trade that is the true barometer will willingly see its exports, on which it may de¬ of prosperity, and (4) that without the principle pend for its economic life and well-being, arti¬ of equality of commercial treatment the total of ficially displaced by the exports of another coun¬ world trade cannot be restored to its former fig¬ try. In the opinion of the American Government ure. He set out as soon as he was installed in no nation which seeks increased outlets in foreign office to urge the passage of legislation which markets for its domestic surpluses (such as our¬ would enable him to carry out a comprehensive selves) can afford to follow a policy of bargain¬ program for the increase of world trade. This ing in preferences. As one of our Assistant would involve, of course, the reduction of Ameri¬ Secretaries of State said in a speech the other day: can duties on many products. “Just as preferential bargaining leads to economic Now I don’t want you to think that this legis¬ conflict, so the system of equal treatment under lation was passed easily or without serious mis¬ the most-favored-nation policy leads to economic givings in America. You cannot overnight change peace and stability.” Accordingly, the principle the traditions of a country, which had been taught of equality of commercial treatment has become for generations the sanctity of protection, which and will remain the guiding star of American had assumed the existence of foreign markets as policy. almost a natural right, and which had not read¬ Now the next question is: How do we explain justed its economic mentality from that of a the value of concessions to a given country, if the debtor to that of a creditor. But pass it did, and same concession is promptly given to all other the Roosevelt Administration, through Mr. Hull, foreign countries which do not discriminate is now engaged in the process of convincing the against us. The answer is twofold: first, we do doubting and affected elements through results not give away something for nothing; we get just that the program it has adopted is the right one. what we give; in other words, we extend our The Trade Agreements Act of June 12, 1934, is most-favored-nation treatment to countries which the legislation under which we can act and it au¬ do the same to us. Under this policy for every thorizes the President to enter into trade agree¬ series of concessions we grant to third states, we ments with foreign countries, one purpose of which receive in return the concessions which they may is the reciprocal reduction of trade barriers. Note have granted to other countries. Do you see how the word reciprocal, which is an essential element this policy little by little, treaty by treaty, will re¬ in the act, but which from time to time has been duce the sum total of trade barriers and increase overlooked by certain European countries. A trade to that extent? The converse, of course, second objective of the Act is the removal or pre¬ must hold true; if a country does not give us vention of discriminations against American com¬ equality of treatment, we do not generalize to it merce. (Continued to page 100) 75 plunge in the pool to cool one off, then a drink to warm one up, and everyone went to rest and dress for supper. The supper gong called us to the most beautiful THE first of June the Stewart fam¬ buffet for seeing and eating I have ever met. It ily started out on the ninth annual was on a par with the officers in their gorgeous ride through Hungary, sponsored by full dress. I was quite bowled over by meeting a the National Farmers’ Association real live dragoon. He was a Swede in powder and led by General Horthy, the elder blue and silver, and up until then I had always brother of the Regent. The riders been quite sure that such as he existed only in the met at the castle of Baroness Hatvany well known story books. After the last crumbs in Hatvan, who was our hostess for the night. We had disappeared, a gypsy orchestra lured us into drove the 60 kilometers from Budapest to Hatvan in the lovely Maria Theresa ballroom, where I was our car and arrived in the late morning to find many swept, whirled and spun in more varieties of the of the riders already there and more coming all the waltz than I knew existed; in fact I spent the time. The entire group numbered around 35, and next two weeks trying to break the record set by for the greater part was made up of Swedish, Dutch, the “insatiable elephant’s child” for finding out German and Hungarian officers, civilians and a things. Bed time was much too premature, as the few ladies. We were the only Americans. elder Stewarts are conscientious parents and the A delicious al fresco dinner was served in the ride was to start at 4 A. M. Most of the party, garden at one long table decorated with the flags however, only casually met their beds in changing of the countries represented. We were amused to from evening clothes to riding kit. find a most original assortment of Stars and Mary and I were struggling with sleep and rid¬ Stripes in our national emblem. After dinner ing boots at 3:30, and with an envious peek at those of us who were able to move from the table the sleeping parents, who were to follow later by were introduced to the horses which were to be car, we joined the horses. The start was very our more or less constant companions for the next colorful with the officers in uniform and carrying fourteen days. The beast I drew, by the name of the flags of their countries, and me doing the best “Little One,” looked to be quite a well mannered I could with a very fresh horse in one hand and animal. This introduction was followed by a the Stars and Stripes in the other. We were 76 started on our way under arches of flowers and the gates of an estate and found nectar and manna led by the bands of the firemen and the boy spread for us under huge old oaks. Tremendous scouts, with the entire village cheering us on. Rid¬ pitchers of milk and beer, sausages and all kinds ing so early on the morning was glorious and I of little pastries went the way of our flesh. Then felt as if I had the world by the neck, quite the to horse, too painful a proceeding to dwell on, reverse of my feelings when I tumbled off my and forward to the twin villages of Karl and horse at the end of 60 kilometers. Kompolt, the goal for the day, which was reached Every village along our route turned out to about two in the afternoon. At Karl we had a welcome us, for our coming had been widely her¬ magnificent reception with two bouquets apiece, alded and was a big event, since most of the vil¬ after which we were shown our quarters. Our lagers had never seen so many foreigners before. family was sent to Kompolt, but to different Our receptions depended on the size of the vil¬ houses, Mary, the C. G. and spouse to the houses lages. There were always welcome arches span¬ of officials of the large vineyard there, who pos¬ ning the road, flowers strewn for the horses to sessed the only bath tubs in town. I went to an walk on, and bouquets for the ladies presented by old widow. The roads of Hungary seemed loath girls dressed in the national costume. Speeches to leave me, particularly my ears, but when this were delivered in varying degrees of oratorical was accomplished I joined the party, wine cellar eloquence by the chief official, and replied to by bound, where a little research on the comparative General Horthy amid much cheering. The school merits of old and new Muscatel was done. To fill children were usually lined up along the sides of the gap between wine cellars and dinner I under¬ the road cheering, singing, and waving the flags of took to take the young of the village riding in a our countries. And again we were impressed with car, and was soon the most sought after guest in the originality used in the aforesaid flags, particu¬ town, as none of the children had ridden in a car larly in one village where the Stars were on the before. Once, momentarily distracted while tak¬ bottom. ing on a new load, I came to to find the car so As the morning and the sun advanced my up¬ full that the doors wouldn’t close; this necessitated lifted feeling steadily dropped and at the moment the extraction of a child here and there, but soon that I had concluded I would also, we turned into I was under way with as thrilled a bunch of young

ELIZABETH BRIDGE, BUDAPEST 77 JHE AMERICAN FOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

ON A TYPICAL HUNGARIAN HIGHWAY ones as I ever hope to see. Din¬ Inset: “Csikos” (Hungarian Horse ner was served in the local inn Wrangler) to gypsy music and many toasts. Much fun was had over the few more experimental twrists food, for it was as strange to showed me that sleeping under the other foreigners in the party one of those things requird a as it was to us. Here I am go¬ technique that must be learned, ing to pause to say that if I preferably when one is very seem to place undue emphasis young. Having neither the ex¬ on the food it is as it should be, treme youth nor inclination to for the preparing and serving commence right then, I climbed of delicious things to eat is the chief way a Hun¬ on the top myself, and in so doing greatly distressed garian entertains, and can you think of a better my respectable widow when she came to wake me way? After dinner the csardas was danced, but in the morning and insisted that I put down a very as we all were feeling our kilometers sleep seemed potent drink to ward off a cold. more to the point. 1 returned to the arms of my The next day Mary and I split the day’s march, hostess, who showed me my bed. I was on the verge a mere 30 kilometers, between us, Mary riding out of asking her to show me how to sleep in it, but on of Karl amid cheers and I entering Mezokovesd in second thought refrained, as we had no common full glory. There we had a stupendous reception, language to meet on. Having always been known as as the town is quite large. As it was Sunday, we a resourceful girl, I tackled the problem for myself. were all gently but firmly ushered into church, The top of the bed was made out of a huge puff where practically the entire party fell asleep. with what appeared to be the top sheet all neatly Mezokovesd is quite tourist conscious, as it is only buttoned onto it. This was going to be easy. I got about a two-hour drive from Budapest and boasts under and placed my head w'ith a self satisfied feel¬ of an awfully attractive guest house decorated in ing on a tremendous pillow. All now went well the Hungarian peasant manner. Here we had our until I wanted to turn over, then off slid the top. A lunch and were entertained with folk dancing, 78 which was climaxed by the village belle and Gen¬ As the evening approached, so did another banquet eral Horthy doing the csardas. The costumes of which was held in the fire station. Lots of speeches this district are unlike those of any other. The were given, including one by the Consul General. girls wear the multipleated skirt and many under¬ Songs were rendered by the local glee club, and the skirts, but the skirt is long and bell-shaped. The evening was capped off with more dancing. I am tight puffed sleeved bodice has a very full peplum here to state that it is really something to dance the that ripples around the waist. The headdress is csardas with a brawny village youth in one of governed by the state, pro or con, of matrimony those trick costumes, as the csardas danced in the wearer happens to be in. It may be a sort of Mesokovesd was done with a whole lot more aban¬ a floral coronet for the engaged, an elaborate ker¬ don than the one we had learned in the Hatvan chief with a mane of wool fringe running up the ballroom. I shall go into detail about this dance, hack or a small conical dunce cap for the more or for I feel quite an authority on it, having per¬ less married. I lie young men wear very full em¬ formed it in ball rooms, on dirt floors of rustic broidered trousers, boots, shirts with extremely bowers, concrete, cobblestones, the open road, and long embroidered sleeves and tiny hats like high even on the banks of the Danube while clad in a crowned derbies trimmed with flowers and stream¬ bathing suit. In the dance you face your partner ers, stuck on the side of the and place your hands on either head and giving them the side of his neck; he puts his jauntiest air imaginable. on your waist and twists you In Mesokovesd, Mary and I from side to side as you do a were entertained in the home of step that is a combination of a young man who had been in the Charleston and black bot¬ London, so spoke some Eng¬ tom with a dash of flea hop, lish. His family ran an indigo (Continued, to page 106) dying plant and the whole men¬ age had sort of a bluish tint. LILLAFURED fnset: Coming Off a Tisza River

79 HORACE According to a number of authorities, 1936 marks the 2,000th anniversary of the birth of Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus). JOURNAL, Vol. XIII The on the occasion of the anniversary, FEBRUARY, 1936 is gratified to be able to publish a translation by Consul Herbert 0. Williams, Gibraltar, of one of PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN the Odes of Horace: SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. PYRRHA The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscrip¬ tion in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a Horace: Odes: Book I: 5 gear, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. O. Pyrrha of the golden hair, This publication is not official and material appearing herein represents only the personal opinions of its authors, or of indi¬ Dressed with elegance and care, viduals quoted, unless otherwise specifically indicated. What youth now, with perfumed tresses, Copyright, 1936, by the American Foreign Service Association Is enjoying your caresses In some cave with roses strewn? JOURNAL STAFF Well I know that all too soon He will find his Pyrrha cold, HERBERT S. BURSLEY Editor All her kisses fairy gold. PAUL H. ALLINC I Drifting trustful, sails untrimmed, HOWARD BUCKNELL, JR. ^Editorial Board Soon he’ll feel a shifting wind. LOWELL C. PINKERTON. - Pyrrha of the golden locks HARRY A. MCBRIDE Business Manager Drives his bark upon the rocks. C. PAUL FLETCHER Treasurer Foolish, inexperienced youth, Thinks that you are his, forsooth! All are hapless whom your smiles The American Foreign Gladden ere they learn your wiles. Service Association Once I followed, fool as he, Out on Cupid’s untried sea: Shipwrecked too. Now on the wall The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and Of Love’s fane, in sight of all, voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fos¬ I have hung my garments dripping, tering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Serv¬ ice and to establish a center around which might be grouped the Like a votive tablet, fitting united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. Pledge that I’ll hereafter be Ware your siren witchery. Honorary President HERBERT 0. WILLIAMS, CORDELL HULL Secretary of State Gibraltar.

Honorary Vice-Presidents Another of Mr. William’s translations (Horace, Odes I-ix, Permitte Divis Cetera) appeared in the January, 1934, issue WILLIAM PHILLIPS Under Secretary of State of the JOURNAL. WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State ROBERT WALTON MOORE Assistant Secretary of State FRANCIS B SAYRE Assistant Secretary of State EUROPEAN NEWS IN ENGLISH SUMNER WELLES Assistant Secretary of State The largest short wave audience in the world, reachable through a single language, is the United JOHN CAMPBELL WHITE President DOUGLAS JENKINS Vice-President States. As a result, the government broadcasting RUDOLF E. SCHOENFELD Secretary-Treasurer stations in Europe are furnishing 5,000,000 Ameri¬ can short wave listeners with an increasing num¬ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ber of news broadcasts in English—and with high¬ er power—giving this audience their conflicting, T. M. WILSON, Chairman; E. L. REED, Vice-Chairman, J. F. SIMMONS, H. S. BURSLEY, RUDOLF E. SCHOENFELD. but first hand, views. Alternates Six European countries—England, France, Ger¬ many, Italy, Russia and Spain—are now trans¬ J. F. MCGURK, LOWELL C. PINKERTON mitting to their overseas listeners seventeen English broadcasts daily. These broadcasts run from 4:45 Entertainment Committee: JOHN FARR SIMMONS, Chairman, JULIUS C. HOLMES and DAVID MCK. KFY A. M. to 11:20 P. M., E. S. T. 80 News from the Department

The Secretary of Slate and Mrs. Hull left Wash¬ Government, and the Swiss agreement was signed ington on December 20 for a short vacation on on January 8 by Secretary Hull and Mr. Marc the south Atlantic coast, returning on December Peter, the Minister of . 30. The Honorable Wilbur J. Carr was Acting Secretary of State during his absence. Assistant Secretary of State Sayre made an address in Philadelphia on December 28 on the When the question of the political situation in subject of “Woodrow Wilson and Economic Dis¬ Cuba was raised by a correspondent on Decem¬ armament.” After summing up statements made ber 30, with particular regard to charges in the by Woodrow Wilson during his administration Cuban press by various political candidates in concerning the necessity of removing economic Cuba that the United States was taking too deep barriers to trade and the establishment of an an interest in Cuban political affairs, the Secre¬ equality of trade conditions among all nations, tary of State said that he could only express a Mr. Sayre traced the development of the United little surprise that there should be speculation or States tariff policy for the last fourteen years. He rumors of the kind described by the correspondent. then outlined the purposes of the Trade Agree¬ He said that naturally if we had any motive in ments Act as an effort to regain our lost trade interfering in Cuban affairs in any way by taking through reciprocal reductions of tariff barriers. part among the candidates or in any other manner He concluded with the following remarks: we would have thought about that when we were “Discriminatory practices must be eliminated, taking the initiative in getting rid of the Platt and concessions granted to one must be granted Amendment and in pursuing our subsequent pol¬ on equal terms to all other nations which do the icies in accordance with that policy. He con¬ same in return. Equality must be reciprocal; if tinued that this Government is proceeding in the a nation is to enjoy equal treatment at the hands most impartial way toward all groups and ele¬ of others it is under an equivalent obligation to ments and individuals including candidates in afford the same treatment in return. As expressed Cuba. It is not, and has no motive to be other¬ by the representatives of over fifty nations as¬ wise than absolutely impartial and so far as sembled at Geneva last summer, the ‘removal of candidates are concerned has no partiality for the impediments to the exchange of goods’ through anyone or prejudice against anyone. ‘bilateral agreements having as their objective the application of a more liberal policy . . . based Trade agreements were signed recently with upon the principle of the most-favored-nation Honduras, the Netherlands and Switzerland. That clause’ is ‘indispensable if economic recovery is with Honduras, the first agreement with a Central to be developed.’ American republic, was signed in Tegucigalpa “With regard to the colonial and other non¬ on December 18. The agreement with the Nether¬ sovereign areas of the world, one might hope for lands was signed on December 20 by the Secre¬ a more thoroughgoing program. The problem tary of State and Mr. Arnold Theodoor Lamping, here is one of assuring to nationals of all coun¬ Director of Trade Agreements of the Netherlands tries complete equality of access to markets and 81 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL equality of treatment for those desiring to live can market is already in force and that in view of or do business within such areas. The idea that the assurance of the Japanese exporters that they colonies are necessary as an outlet for surplus would continue to hold such shipments to moder¬ populations is, under present world conditions, ate levels, there is little likelihood of a repetition a myth. In actual fact nationals do not emigrate of such abnormal increase in exports of cotton to colonial areas in sufficiently large numbers to textiles to the United States as occurred during relieve home congestions. For example, in twenty the first six months of 1935. years before tbe war only some 50,000 Germans settled in German colonies. “Another aspect of the problem, though per¬ Mr. Henry F. Grady, Chief of the Division of haps a relatively minor one, is access to colonial Trade Agreements, addressing the Northeastern raw materials. During peace time this is not as Dairy Conference in Philadelphia on January 7, vital and critical a problem as has been some¬ said in part as follows: “Although the trade agree¬ times supposed. Under present world conditions ments program is a vital part of our national the vital difficulty is not securing raw materials recovery program, its importance is not fully ap¬ to buy but securing markets in which to sell. But preciated until it is realized that it has an impor¬ in time of war, shortage of raw materials raises tant bearing also on world recovery. The United supreme difficulties. The problem of raw ma¬ States has taken the lead in liberating interna¬ terials, therefore, becomes largely one of guaran¬ tional trade from the excessive restrictions which teeing peace, and thus transcends the economic have been imposed upon it. The eyes of the world sphere. are upon us. Upon the outcome of our efforts “It is non-discriminatory access to colonial will largely depend whether other countries will markets and equality of opportunity for all in follow the same course. There are already indi¬ colonial areas which must constitute the really cations, according to the recent World Economic vital issues. The support of dense populations Survey of the League of Nations, that policies of without lowering their standards of living is de¬ trade restriction are being liberalized in both pendent not on emigration to colonial areas but Europe and South America.” on access to markets. The problem that goes to the heart of the matter is how to formulate and make practically secure positive guarantees of The Secretary of State gave a luncheon at the non-discriminatory access to colonial markets and Carlton Hotel on December 9 in honor of the air of equality of rights to all desirous of living in missions from Great Britain, Canada, and the colonial areas. This raises difficult and diverse Irish Free State. issues; but upon these attention and constructive thought must be focussed if we are to make lasting progress. The Annual Diplomatic Reception was held at “If we are to have peace we must build for it— the White House on December 17, to which offi¬ and build constructively. Otherwise comes break¬ cers of the Department and their wives and For¬ down—and war. If our civilization can buy eign Service officers and their wives were invited. peace by the liberalization of trade and the aban¬ donment of colonial preferences, all will be the gainers.***” Mrs. Hull held an at-home on the afternoon of January 8 at the Carlton Hotel, in the patio, for The Japanese Ambassador called on Mr. Francis members of official, diplomatic, and Washington B. Sayre, Assistant Secretary of State, on Decem¬ residential society. ber 21, 1935, with reference to the suggestion which had been made by the Department of State that some agreement be reached providing for “ST. WAPNIACL” voluntary control by Japanese exporters of their This name is merely a convenient device for re¬ shipments of cotton textiles to the United States. calling in the customary order the secretaries of The Ambassador informed Mr. Sayre that his the ten Government departments, the letters in this Government authorized him to say that Japanese name being the initials of the offices of the Cabinet manufacturers and exporters of cotton textiles members, as Secretaries of State, Treasury and have decided voluntarily to restrict their exports War; Attorney and Postmaster Generals, and Secre¬ to the United States. He said further that this taries of the Navy, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce self-imposed restriction of shipments to the Ameri¬ and Labor.—Washington Post. 82 A NEW AMBASSADOR MINISTER KEENA COMMENDED In appointing John V. A. MacMurray to be Upon the recent conclusion of a Reciprocal Trade American Ambassador to Turkey President Roose¬ Agreement between the United States and Honduras, velt has given another important post to a pro¬ the Secretary of State sent the following letter to fessional diplomat and has chosen one whose Minister Leo J. Keena, Tegucigalpa: special knowledge fits him well for his work. It was as Minister to China that Mr. MacMurray MY DEAR MR. KEENA: first won fame. He was there at a time when the I have been particularly gratified by the Hon¬ Russians were successfully dominating much of duran agreement, since it is the first we have signed China and when Russian policy tended toward with a Central American country as well as the first Asiatic expansion. As Minister to China Mr. to be negotiated and signed outside the United MacMurray had many opportunities to study States. The latter circumstance reflects great credit Russian policy in the East. on you, the officers and the staff in Tegucigalpa, Three years ago Mr. Roosevelt sent him as and gives added justification to my belief that the Minister to the Baltic stales. Here, also, he had Foreign Service is responding effectively to the new exceptional opportunities to follow Russian policy. responsibilities devolving upon it. In Turkey today Russia happens to be the most Sincerely yours, influential of the foreign nations. For years Soviet (signed) CORDELL HULL. policy has striven for a close understanding with The Honorable Leo J. Keena, the Turks. In his new post, therefore, Ambassador American Minister, Tegucigalpa. MacMurray will once more find Russia’s foreign policy of special interest. Whether or not this was one of the determining factors in his selection PICTORIAL REGISTER as Ambassador to Turkey, the choice of Mr. Mac¬ A report will be published in the March JOUR¬ Murray for this important post deserves com¬ NAL on the encouraging response to its register mendation.—New York Herald-Tribune. proposal.

DISCUSSING PROPOSED NEUTRALITY LEGISLATION Senator Key Pittman, Senator William E. Borah, Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Assistant Secretary of State R. Wal¬ ton Moore. Standing: Walter C. Lamb, Secretary to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 83 A Political Bookshelf

CYRIL WYNNE, Review Editor

WOODROW WILSON, LIFE AND LETTERS. Volume States to be “neutral in fact as well as in name,” five. Neutrality, 1914-1915. By Ray Stannard to be “impartial in thought as well as in action.” Baker. (Doubleday, Doran and Company, Garden In this appeal he expressed the belief that the City, New York. 1935. $4.00.) United States should hold itself ready to “play a President Roosevelt has recently written to part of impartial meditation” and to “speak the Mr. Baker concerning this latest volume of the counsels of peace and accommodation.” authorized biography of Woodrow Wilson: “I The author records President Wilson’s reaction shall read every line with interest because, as you toward and action upon the tremendous problems aptly observe, the problems of American neutral¬ which arose during the first half of the neutrality ity which confronted Woodrow Wilson at the be¬ period of the United States: domestic questions ginning of the World War were very much like affecting neutrality; controversies with Great the problems which face the administration today Britain beginning with the first months of the and are likely to assume increasing gravity in the war; controversies with Germany beginning early period just ahead of us.” in 1915; and difficulties encountered in efforts to Immediately upon the outbreak of war in 1914, bring about peace. The President’s significant according to Mr. Baker, President Wilson deter¬ four-point program for the w'orld upon the return mined upon two courses of action: (1) to main¬ of peace, formulated soon after the beginning of tain the neutrality of the United States, and (2) hostilities, is set forth. to aid in every possible way to bring peace again “1. No nation shall ever again be permitted to the world. During the first month of the war to acquire an inch of land by conquest. the President accordingly charted the course of “2. There must be recognition of the reality the Government in a series of momentous pro¬ of equal rights between small nations and great. nouncements and decisions. On August 3 he “3. Munitions of war must hereafter be manu¬ stated to Washington newspaper correspondents: factured entirely by the nations and not by pri¬ “I want to have the pride of feeling that America, vate enterprise. if nobody else, has her self-possession and stands “4. There must be an association of the na¬ ready with calmness of thought and steadiness of tions, all bound together for the protection of the purpose to help the rest of the world. ’ On the integrity of each, so that any one nation breaking following day he prepared a message for the heads from this bond will bring upon herself war; that of belligerent governments informing them that he is to say, punishment, automatically.” should “welcome an opportunity to act in the interest of European peace, either now or at any The author appraises the work of Bryan, House, other time that might be thought more suitable.” and Lansing, and discusses the effect on President The President issued a proclamation of neutrality Wilson of the advice they gave. He deals with on August 4. This proclamation included a state¬ the differences of opinion between Wilson and ment that “all persons may lawfully . . . manu¬ Bryan which culminated in Bryan’s resignation as facture and sell within the United States arms and Secretary of State during the “Lusitania” contro¬ munitions of war.” On August 6 the President versy. A letter written by the President a few approved a message inquiring whether the bel¬ days before the resignation indicates clearly his ligerent governments would agree that the laws feeling toward Bryan: “I hope that you realize of naval warfare laid down by the Declaration of how' hard it goes w’ith me to differ with you in London of 1909 should be applicable during the judgment about such grave matters as we are now existing conflict. On August 15 he drew up a handling. You always have such weight of rea¬ statement that “in the judgment of this Govern¬ son, as well as such high motives, behind what ment, loans by American bankers to any foreign you urge that it is with deep misgiving that I nation which is at war are inconsistent with the turn from what you press upon me.” true spirit of neutrality.” Three days later the In the preparation of this most interesting and President appealed to the citizens of the United (Continued to page 115) 84 GUATEMALA CITY PARIS Vice Consul Davis B. Levis celebrated his seventieth birthday on November 23, 1935, at which time the staff of the Consulate General at Paris presented him with a handsome silver cigarette box. In presenting this souvenir Consul General Gauss, at an informal ceremony, briefly traced Mr. Levis’ service record and neatly ex¬ tolled the many virtues which have endeared him to his colleagues. All of Dave Levis’ many friends throughout the Service, who through the years have learned to appreciate his splendid qualities, and especially his grand good humor and ready sympathy, will be delighted to know that he is entering his seventy-first year with the same freshness of spirit and vigor which have always characterized his service. By Executive Order, Mr. Levis’ service period was extended to December 1, 1936. R. D. M.

O. Gaylord Marsh Inspector Nathaniel P. Davis, not to be outdone CALCUTTA by other Foreign Service Officers pictured as de¬ stroying condemned official seals, is here silhouet¬ Mr. Edward M. Groth, Consul in Charge of ted throwing seals of the Consulate General at the Consulate General, proceeded to Simla on Guatemala City into the fathomless volcanic lake official business for a few days in September. of Amatitlan, it appearing that in his conscien¬ While there he was entertained at luncheon by the Viceroy and the Countess of Willingdon. tious effort to lose the seals beyond all forces, ex¬ cept eruption, he threw off one of his hands. Mr. Rufus H. Lane, Jr., spent part of his local leave on a “trek” into Tibet. BOMBAY Messrs. Robert Coe and J. J. Macdonald spent a week-end at Darjeeling in October. Recent service visitors have included Consul General and Mrs. Arthur Garrels, proceeding on Mr. F. Russell Engdabl departed on home leave home leave from , Vice Consul Robert D. early in October. Shortly after he left news ar¬ Coe, en route to his post at Calcutta, Vice Con¬ rived that he had been transferred to Shanghai. sul and Mrs. Joseph E. Newton, en route to The staff of the Consulate General recently Washington from Singapore, Vice Consul F. attended a Durbar at Government House where Russell Engdahl, proceeding on home leave from the Governor of Bengal invested the recipients of Calcutta, and Vice Consul George W. Renchard, various honors. on local leave in India. T. J. H. (Continued on following page) 85 Consul General and Mrs. Byington, with their two youngest children, Janice and Ward, were extended a warm welcome upon their recent arrival in Montreal. And the fact that the Chief’s acquaintance throughout the Service includes vir¬ tually the complete Foreign Service List meant that the number of reunions held after his arrival equalled exactly the number of officers stationed at Montreal. During the Christmas holidays Mr. and Mrs. Byington were joined by their eldest daughter, Miss Jeannette Byington, who motored up from her arduous duties as Assistant Professor of Ro¬ mance Languages at Wells College.

As a pleasant variation in a considerable pro¬ gram of official luncheons, receptions, dinners, calls of ceremony, etc., the Chief was called upon to “face the puck” in the Yale-McGill hockey match played here in early December. Despite the presence of a small hut not silent contingent of Yale supporters the result was a 10 to 0 vic¬ Clerk Marcel Rigal of the Bordeaux, France, tory for the McGill skaters. However, the sting Consulate has just been awarded the medal of the of defeat was materially assuaged by a visit to Aero Club de France for motorless flying. His the home of Consul and Mrs. James Keeley. record for time elapsed, which was also the French time record in 1933, was five hours 37 minutes. The American Minister to Canada and Mrs. The nature of the terrain at Pilat Plage, Gironde, spent Thanksgiving Day in where the record was made, makes flights for dis¬ Montreal and were the guests of honor at a din¬ tance impracticable. ner given by the American Women’s Club. The Mr. Rigal and his associates themselves con¬ Minister was the speaker on this occasion, as he was structed the record breaking glider. some days later at a luncheon given in his honor In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the by the Canadian Club of Montreal, and his inter¬ Bordeaux Consulate is pleased to claim for Mr. esting remarks and their enthusiastic reception by Rigal the record time gliding performance in the local audiences bespeak frequent future demands Service. upon him by the people of Montreal. —H. 0. F. After a stormy passage from Algiers, Consul ANTOFAGASTA and Mrs. Joseph I. Touchette arrived in Montreal Ambassador and Mrs. Hoffman Philip visited one wintry morning in December, and reported the Consulate on their way to Santiago and were considerable difficulty in explaining to their two entertained at dinner by Vice Consul and Mrs. children, Nancy and Robert, the phenomenon of Garvin together with the Intendente (Governor) Canadian snow. One problem usually facing new of the Province of Antofagasta and Mrs. Carlos arrivals was solved for them by their being able Souper. Former Minister Dr. Dana Munro called to procure for immediate occupancy the house at the Consulate en route to La Paz and also vacated by Consul General and Mrs. Frost. Miss Mary Skinner, of the Treasury Department. Congressman Robert F. Bacon arrived on Mr. Recent departures from Montreal include Consul George F. Baker’s yacht the Viking en route to Joseph Burt for his new post in Ottawa, and Vice Mollendo and Cocos Islands. He was met on Consuls Edward Anderson and Hartwell Johnson board by Vice Consul Garvin and the Captain of on home leave. Recent arrivals include Vice the port. While Mr. Baker played golf, Con¬ Consul and Mrs. Andrew B. Foster, Vice Consul gressman Bacon called at the Consulate and was and Mrs. Russell W. Benton, Vice Consul M. W. taken on a shopping tour for Bolivian furs and Blake and his mother, and Vice Consul Henry old silver. J. T. G. P. Kiley. 86 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL El

GUAYAQUIL SHANGHAI Commander George L. Weyler, American Naval At 2:30 p.m. on December 20, 1935, on The Attache at Lima, arrived at Guayaquil on Decem¬ Bund, a guard of honor from the Fourth United ber 28th for a visit to Quito and fortunately so¬ States Marines snapped to attention as Consul journed in Guayaquil a few days longer than an¬ General E. S. Cunningham took official leave of ticipated. He gained many friendships in this Shanghai and was shortly thereafter whisked away city most significant of which was his meeting in a U. S. Navy gig toward the President Lin¬ with Captain Colon Eloy Alfaro, Ecuador’s high¬ coln and a comfortable suite for the long jour¬ ly esteemed Minister at Washington, who set ney to New York where he disembarks on Janu¬ sail for the United States on January 4th. ary 26, 1936, a retired foreign service officer. He Guayaquil had the pleasure of the visit of will proceed first to Washington to renew old Consul General Harold D. Clum and Mrs. Clum, acquaintances and then return to his childhood formerly serving at this post, while en route to home at Maryville, Tennessee, to survey the possi¬ their new post at Lima, in November. They were bilities of further activities in the service of the given a very warm reception by their numerous people. friends in this city. Shortly thereafter the staff of the Consulate General at Guayaquil exchanged greetings with Consul General and Mrs. Young LONDON while in port en route from Lima to Vienna. Consul Franklin C. Go wen, of London, in the Mrs. Young was given valuable assistance by the United States on home leave, was temporarily de¬ staff in affixing postage stamps for her numerous tailed to the Division of Current Information of farewell letters to friends in Peru. the Department for a period of three months from F. L. R. November 22.

“UNCLE BILLY” FOOTE INTRODUCES VICE CONSUL L. RANDOLPH HIGGS TO THE HONORABLE W. H. VAN HELSDINGEN, PRESIDENT OF THE VOLKSRAAD (PEOPLES’ COUNCIL) OF NETHERLAND INDIA 87 Foreign Service Changes

The following changes have occurred in the Consul at Luxemburg, died in London December Foreign Service since December 14, 1935 and up 27, 1935. to January 15, 1936: Calvin H. Oakes of Charleston, S. C., American Arthur J. Bowen has been appointed Acting Vice Consul at Kingston, Jamaica, now in the Consular Agent at Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to United States, ’ designated Third Secretary of succeed Mr. Arthur L. Bowen, American Consular Legation and American Vice Consul at Tirana, Agent, deceased. Albania. Carl Breuer of Locust Valley, Long Island, N. Harold Shantz of Rochester, N. Y., First Secre¬ Y., Third Secretary of Legation and American tary of Embassy at Moscow, U.S.S.R., now in the Vice Consul at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, designated United States, assigned American Consul at Third Secretary of Legation at Ottawa, , Athens, Greece. Canada. Maurice L. Stafford of Coronado, California, John M. Cabot of Cambridge, Mass., Second American Consul at Cherbourg, France, assigned Secretary of Embassy at Rio Consul at Rio de Janeiro, de Janeiro, Brazil, and now Brazil. in the United States, designated Sheridan Talbott of Bards- Second Secretary of Legation town, Kentucky, American at , Netherlands. Consul at Habana, Cuba, as¬ Carl A. Fisher of Salt Lake signed Consul at Leghorn, City, Utah, Second Secretary Italy. of Legation at The Hague, as¬ Henry S. Villard of New signed to the Department of York City, American Consul at State. Rio de Janerio, Brazil, desig¬ Raleigh A. Gibson of De¬ nated Third Secretary of Lega¬ catur, Illinois, Second Secre¬ tion at Caracas, Venezuela. tary of Legation at Teguci¬ Avra M. Warren of Ellicott galpa, Honduras, assigned in City, Maryland, American Con¬ addition American Consul at Tegucigalpa. sul General at Buenos Aires, Argentina, assigned Theodore Jaeckel of New York City, American to the Department of State. Consul General at Victoria, British Columbia, Orme Wilson of New York City, American Canada, on leave in the United States, died in Consul General at Prague, Czechoslovakia, now in California December 26, 1935. the United States, designated in addition First John S. Littell of Yonkers, N. Y., American Secretary of Legation at Prague. Consul at Shanghai, China, now in the United PROMOTIONS States, assigned Consul at Kingston, Jamaica. Milton Patterson Thompson of Chattanooga, Reginald P. Mitchell of Jacksonville, Florida, Tennessee, American Vice Consul at Matanzas, American Vice Consul at Hankow, China, now in Cuba, and Edward P. Maffitt of St. Louis, Mis¬ the United States, designated Third Secretary of souri, American Vice Consul at Sao Paulo, Brazil, Embassy at , . have been promoted effective January 1, 1936, Thomas Ewing Moore, former American Vice within the unclassified grade of the Foreign Service. 88 Ill THE AMERICAN FOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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BIRTHS LARGEST LINERS Born to Mr. and Mrs. Theodore C. Achilles, at Washington, D. C., on January 14, 1936, a son, TD Theodore C. Achilles, Jr. Born to Consul and Mrs. Edward Callery at SOUTH AMERICA Niagara Falls, Canada, a daughter, Lila DeLesse- OFFER LOWEST FARES'EVER line, on December 4, 1935. Born to Consul and Mrs. Prescott Childs in Visit South America this winter! There’s an excellent idea for you. And there are many reasons why it’s a practical Berlin on November 23, 1935, a son, William idea, too. Prescott Childs. While the north freezes in the face of winter’s 1st relentless drive, South America basks in the glories of summer. MARRIAGES South America offers all any traveler could wish 2nd for^-beauty, excitement, romance and surprises Merrell-Choate. Married in Peiping, January in abundance. 18, 1936, George Robert Merrell, Jr., and Mrs. Fares to this amazing continent have never been Nathalie H. Bishop Choate. Mr. Merrell is First 3rd so lowl Secretary of the American Embassy in Peiping. Munson’s quartet of sister-ships, each of 21,000 HrXn tons, has been modernized. Bright and cheer¬ ful, with every facility for complete ocean Kent-Caballero. Married at Asuncion, Decem¬ comfort, they assure an enjoyable voyage. ber 14, 1935, Donald Stevens Kent and Miss Alice Plan to go now. Fortnightly sailings via Bermuda, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Montevideo and Buenos Aires with a north¬ Maria Ferreira Caballero. bound call at Trinidad. Apply to your travel agent or Gunsaulus-Haughin. Married on November 9, 1935, at Detroit, Michigan, Vice Consul E. N. MUNSON i LINES Gunsaulus and Miss Jane Haughin. 67 Wall Street, New York, N. Y. Burt-Jackson. Married on July 26, 1935, Con¬ sul Joseph F. Burt and Mrs. Virginia Olive Jackson.

The IN MEMORIAM Mrs. Alice Appleton Meyer, widow of George Manhattan Storage & von L. Meyer, former American Ambassador to Italy, died at the age of seventy-three, in Rome, Warehouse Company on November 28, 1935. She is survived by two daughters and a son. 52nd Street and Seventh Avenue 80th Street and Third Avenue Consul General Theodore Jaeckel died of pneu¬ monia on December 26, 1935, at La Jolla, Califor¬ New York City nia. Mr. Jaeckel, who was to have retired on ♦ ♦ April 30, 1936, had been ill for some time and was on leave from his post at Victoria, B. C. SUPERIOR FACILITIES FOR STOR¬ He is survived by his widow and three sons. AGE OF HOUSEHOLD GOODS, PACKING, MOVING, SHIPPING Thomas Sammons, 72, former American Consul AND LIFT VANS General to Japan, China and Australia, and brother of J. H. Sammons of Washington, died October 4- ♦ 15, 1935, in Chicago. SPECIAL SERVICE TO MEET Mr. Sammons had entered the foreign service in PERSONAL REQUIREMENTS 1902, serving continually until 1923, when he re¬ tired because of ill health. ♦ ♦ Besides his brother, Mr. Sammons had two sis¬ • Prices Most Reasonable • ters living, Misses Margaret and Elizabeth Sam¬ mons, his widow and a son, Wheeler. 90 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

DWIGHT MORROW (Continued from, page 65) of One who, looking on a certain young man, loved him. A few days later, Mr. Morrow in¬ troduced Lindbergh to a gathering of Americans and Mexicans, and with a voice vibrating with feeling, spoke of him as one who had brought healing in his wings. A word concerning Mr. Morrow’s physique. He was not tall, yet he possessed in positive degree that inescapable, if indefinable, thing called pres¬ ence, a gift possessed by other men of small stat¬ ure, for example, Napoleon and Lord Roberts. Add to this unusual quality the high-domed head, the piercing and fearless eye, the mobile lips, the glowing intelligence of the whole face, and you have a picture in barest outline of one of the most vivid personalities I have ever known. Foreign Service Officers

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FOREIGN EXCHANGE exchange and movements of capital, including the development of a forward exchange market. These (Continued from page 63) activities largely accounted for the amount of so- e—Unsound International Lending called “bad money,” which became so conspicuous Not only were numerous international loans after in roaming from country to country with unwhole¬ the war attracted by high yields to economically un¬ some effects upon stability. They were also applied sound purposes, but also there developed an ex¬ to raids, which constituted a continuous threat tensive practice of applying short-term credits to against all currencies. long-term uses. This practice was the result of a g—The Economic Depression number of factors, including: the difficulty of vari¬ ous European countries to obtain long-term loans; The economic depression could perhaps more the preference of certain countries, as France, for logically be considered a severe test of the world’s short-term lending; the opportunities offered by the monetary system than a basic cause of the financial call-loan market in New York prior to the stock breakdown, but it nevertheless was an important market collapse in 1929; discrepancies in interest factor. The fall of prices meant that foreign debts rates in different international centers; the holding contracted in the years shortly after the war had, as of sight balances as monetary reserves of gold- measured in the values of goods with which they exchange countries; and the advent of the economic could be repaid, become by the summer of 1931 far depression, which served to limit materially the more burdensome than when contracted. Added to making of long-term investments. this were the decreased international demands for The extensive employment of short-term lending merchandise and services. Another important con¬ was, like the use of the gold-exchange standard, a sideration was the influence of the depression upon fair-weather practice. During the comparatively curtailment of foreign loans, particularly by the prosperous years of the stabilization period, it United States. could be pursued with little difficulty, but once con¬ h—Immediate Causes fidence was threatened and general liquidation be¬ The immediate causes of the breakdown were a gan, its unsoundness became grimly apparent. series of events, beginning with the news in May, f—Lack of Co-Ordination and the Development of 1931, that the old and highly regarded Credit- Speculation Anstalt of Vienna had had to apply to the Austrian Before the war, London held a dominant position Government for assistance. The revelation of the in world finance and was thus enabled to exercise a difficulties of this hank not only disclosed the weak¬ large co-ordinating influence on credit and mone¬ ness of the financial structure of Austria, whose tary policy. Although a measure of this influence financial rehabilitation had been considered one of was retained in the post-war period, the former the outstanding achievements of the post-war pe¬ dominance had been destroyed, and it became neces¬ riod, but also sounded an alarm for liquidation of sary to share financial leadership with New York credits throughout Europe. and Paris. Notwithstanding co-operative efforts in Serious repercussions were immediately felt in the stabilizing of currencies, the lack of unity after Germany, where the financial situation had been the war was an important factor in the situation rendered particularly vulnerable by heavy with¬ that led to the monetary breakdown. The Bank for drawals in 1929 and 1930, the Government’s mount¬ International Settlements has even characterized ing indebtedness, and unsatisfactory trade condi¬ the post-war operation of the gold basis as anarchic tions. The German banks were unable to withstand “in that, speaking broadly, each country considered the avalanche of withdrawals, and by the middle of that the mere fact that its currency was tied to gold July, various restrictive measures had been adopted, with effective gold import and export points was including a partial transfer moratorium. all-sufficient to make it part of the international The German financial collapse gave, in turn, the system, and that in every other respect it could signal for recalling extensive short-term balances freely disregard its neighbors and the effect upon in London, which had become confronted with large them and their currencies of a succession of violent frozen credits in Germany. Various expedients changes in tariff policy, in credit policy, and even proved inadequate as the situation became aggra¬ in the gold content of the national currency itself.”2 vated by the publication of the MacMillan Report, exposing the weakness of the international position The effects of this absence of co-ordination were of the London market, and the mutiny of a part of intensified by the material increase during post-war the British fleet, with the result that Great Britain years of speculation and speculative practices in was obliged to suspend the gold standard in Sep¬ 2Annual Report, 1934, p. 8. tember. All the other British currencies, excepting 92 This is an actual PHOTOGRAPH of | a “G-3” Tire taken after 21,792 miles. Original on file at Goodyear Head Of¬ fices.

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The world over more people ride on Goodyear Tires than on any other make the South African pound (which fell at the end of to save the gold pound in the summer of 1931, the following year), and the currencies of the Scan¬ Great Britain found later in the year that its foreign dinavian countries quickly followed suit. By the trade was being facilitated by the depreciation of end of 1931, a majority of the countries had aban¬ sterling. Although the announced purpose of the doned the gold basis either expressly or in effect, equalization fund was to “meet any sudden move¬ and a large number had adopted various kinds of ment of short-dated capital and check and repel the exchange restrictions.3 speculative movements,” British comment, includ¬ The measures at first adopted were for the pur¬ ing statements in official circles, during the last pose of meeting immediate protective needs. Near three years indicate that the fund has also been em¬ the end of 1931, the Secretariat of the League of ployed to hold down the pound, which since early Nations was able to record that “The rapid succes¬ in 1932 has shown tendencies to rise.5 sion in which monetary or customs restrictions have In the United States, the monetary policy of the recently been applied by the majority of Euro¬ Government, insofar as gold is concerned, has con¬ pean countries is explained—even as regards those stituted an application of exchange control of a countries whose financial position is strongest—by somewhat similar nature. The abandonment of the the desire to protect or redress the balance of pay¬ gold standard in April, 1933, is generally believed ments and thus prevent any risk of monetary in¬ to have been due not to force of circumstances, such stability.”4 The next step was the wide application as had driven various other countries off the gold of intervention in efforts to prevent day-to-day basis, for there was no immediate threat to necessary changes in the new rates, which had previously been gold reserves. The first declarations of the Amer¬ allowed to fluctuate without interference. At about ican Government with respect to the new monetary the same time, as will be noted later, new causes of policy have been taken to indicate that the primary exchange control developed as currency deprecia¬ purpose was to increase prices. The President, tion began to be found useful for other purposes. however, in his proclamation of January 31, 1934, placing in effect the Gold Reserve Act of 1934, dis¬ IV. CAUSES OF SUBSEQUENT EXCHANGE CONTROL closed two reasons, stating that “the foreign com¬ a—Protection from Control Measures of Other merce of the United States was adversely affected by Countries the depreciation in the currencies of other Govern¬ As various kinds of exchange control have been ments” and that “an economic energy requires an adopted, pressure has been brought to bear upon expansion of credit.” other countries adversely affected to adopt defen¬ Among similar instances are the devaluation of sive measures. This has been true particularly with the Czechoslovakian crown in February, 1934, for respect to the export advantages derived from de¬ the announced purpose of enabling competition in preciated currencies. Countries thus placed at dis¬ export trade with countries having depreciated cur¬ advantage, not unlike that of countries with over¬ rencies, and that of the Danzig gulden last April, valued currencies in the years preceding, were which has been attributed to the desire to gain com¬ obliged to seek corresponding advantages by other petitive power over the Polish zloty. means, to attempt the difficult process of deflation, c—Protection from. American Silver Policy or to depreciate their own currencies. It is difficult, A more limited category of control has resulted however, to say when depreciation or the mainte¬ front the silver-purchasing program initiated in nance of a depreciated currency has been designed 1933 by the American Government. Although this merely to protect and when it has been intended to policy is hardly to be considered of the character of secure additional advantages, especially such as to exchange control, it has produced control expe¬ aid in combating the depression. dients in other countries. In China, the increasing h—Trade and Price-Raising Benefits loss of silver, caused largely by the rise in the mar¬ Trade benefits besides those to be derived from ket price, and serious deflationary effects, led the currency stabilization are, for example, said to have Chinese Government to impose in October, 1934, a formed one of the principal considerations in the tax and an equalization fee, tantamount to an em¬ operation of the British equalization fund estab¬ bargo, on silver exports. Mexico also felt obliged lished in April, 1932, with assets of £175,000,000 to place an embargo on exports of the metal in (increased to £375,000,000 in May, 1933, follow¬ April, 1935, to prevent disappearance of silver ing the depreciation of the dollar). After struggling coins, but as Mexico is a large silver-producing country, this was merely a temporary expedient.6 8 For restrictions of various countries, see Bulletin of the 5 Banque Nationale Francaise du Commerce Exterieur, of Paris, See “The Defense of Sterlingaria,” by Alzada Comstock, Cur¬ Bee., 1934-Jan.. 1935; also League of Nations document E-757, rent History, March, 1934. Jan. 8, 1932, with supplements 835, 859 and 887. 8Peru was obliged to adopt similar measures last May, but ‘League document E-757. Jan. 8. 1932. Peru is not on a silver basis. 94 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

V. EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE CONTROL a—Protection of Currencies The primary and immediate purpose of govern¬ mental control of foreign exchange since May, 1931, viz., to prevent loss of metallic reserves, has, on the whole, met with success, although at heavy costs. Ingenious methods devised to evade restrictions have been met by continuous tightening of govern¬ mental requirements, and it may be said that at pres¬ ent, the extensive highly-organized system of ex¬ change control has, with few exceptions, succeeded in reducing exchange transactions to prescribed for¬ mulae for preventing extreme adverse balances of payments. In China, however, where custom and usage require the circulation of silver, the silver embargo has not prevented a drain of the metal through smuggling channels. With respect to efforts to prevent fluctuations in rates by means of intervention, a relatively high degree of stability has been achieved within the gold group, embracing the so-called “gold bloc” as a nucleus, and within the sterling group, but the exchanges between members of the groups have been less stable. Sterling in relationship to gold fluctuated by about ten per cent from March, 1934, to March, 1935. Notwithstanding, the graph of sterling-gold fluctuations is much straighter for 1934 than for 1933 or 1932.7 b—Other Benefits to Individual Countries The general principle that a depreciation of a Photograph by Maynard Owen Williams currency facilitates for a time the volume of exports A Little Maid of Hue, French Indo-China 1 and gives exporters higher prices in terms of domes¬ " ' tic currency can hardly be challenged, but it is sub¬ ject to three limitations: (1) similar exchange or A Million Homes Invite You trade interferences are invited on the parts of other countries adversely affected; (2) the tendency for If you like to observe the differences in peoples, places, costs and prices to rise in the country with a depre¬ and customs, and to record by word and camera your knowledge of the world about you, then you have an ciated currency reduces the margin of advantage unusual opportunity, as a Foreign Service Officer, to gained in export markets; and (3) there is a ten¬ provide photographs and personal narratives for publi¬ dency for costs and prices to decline in other coun¬ cation in THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. You tries maintaining relatively high currency values. will receive liberal payment for all material accepted. In addition, you will enjoy the satisfaction and pres¬ In the United States, the gold value of exports tige of cooperating with the National Geographic declined from $1,279,500,000 in 1933, when the Society and its million members in a world-wide edu¬ dollar was depreciated (or $1,576,200,000 in 1932), cational endeavor—the increase and diffusion of geo¬ to $1,253,100,000 in 1934, but in terms of new dol¬ graphic knowledge. lars, the 1934 figure is about 40% over that for For advice on the suitability of your material, write 1933 and exceeds the 1932 value. Imports as valued the editor a brief outline of your proposed narrative, and request a copy of our booklet describing and illus¬ in gold dollars decreased from $1,118,900,000 in trating the types of photographs desired. 1933 to $975,000,000 in 1934, with the result that the favorable trade balance in gold rose from $160,- THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 600,000 in 1933 to $278,100,000 in 1934.8 GILBERT GROSVENOR, LITT.D., LL.D., Editor 7 Bank for International Settlements, 1935 report, p. 8. Washington, D. C. 8League of Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, April, 1935, p. 148. C«*4. ■ ■ 95 To consider one other country, in the United Kingdom, the maintenance of the depreciated pound appears to have had less conspicuous effects, but it evidently helped to arrest the decline in export values as measured in pounds and to improve the trade balance. The gold-dollar value of exports, which was $2,777,600,000 in 1930 and $1,772,100,- 000 in 1931, when the gold standard was abandoned, declined further to $1,279,500,000 in 1932, $1,217,- 200,000 in 1933, and $1,190,100,000 in 1934, al¬ Svery modern facility for the safe handling though British exporters received in pounds in 1932, and care of household treasures. 1933 and 1934 aggregates only slightly under the 1931 figure. The unfavorable balance of trade was reduced from $1,813,300,000 in 1931 to $857,400,- FEDERAL STORAGE 000 (gold dollars) in 1934.® As to price-raising benefits, in neither the United States nor the United Kingdom does there appear to COMPANY have been the influence that might have been antici¬ pated. In the former, there has been a material in¬ crease in prices from the time of the depreciation of the dollar in 1933, but this is usually attributed rather to the operation of certain recovery legisla¬ Steel for Safety tion and to the severe drought in 1934 than to the "Bowling Green” steel lift vans for the effects of the new exchange. The general wholesale price level at the end of March, 1935, was about transportation of household effects any¬ 20% above the average for 1933, while the cost of where is a preferred service — inter¬ living is said to have increased during the same period by about 10%.10 It will be recalled, how¬ nationally known — and available only ever, that the gold value of the dollar declined by through us in Washington. Sealed in almost 40%. In the United Kingdom, the average steel for safety. wholesale price level in 1934 in pounds was about the same as in 1931 (although there was a slight in¬ crease from 1931 to 1932), while cost-of-living in¬ TRANSIT INSURANCE dices reflect a drop of several per cent from 1931 10 FORWARDING AGENTS to 1934. It is logical to assume, however, that prices in both countries would have been somewhat lower had the currencies remained unchanged. c—Defensive Measures by Other Countries OFFICERS Whatever may have been the temporary benefits E. K. MORRIS HENDERSON S. DUNN President Cashier derived by individual nations from exchange con¬ HAROLD N. MARSH S. WEBSTER ADAMS trol, advantages over any period of time have be¬ Vice-Pres. & Counsel Superintendent JAMES M. JOHNSTON A. RUSSELL BARBEE come largely neutralized by the adoption of similar Vicc-Prcs. t£ Treasurer Asst. Treasurer H. RANDOLPH BARBEE MXVRIAN TRUMBULL measures by countries adversely affected. The ef¬ Secretary Asst. Secretary forts of one nation to improve its balances of pay¬ ments have meant correspondingly less favorable DIRECTORS balances of other countries, and the expedients often CHARLES S. BAKER JAMES M. JOHNSTON deemed necessary by the latter to afford protection H. RANDOLPH BARBER HAROLD N. MARSH DANIEL L. BORDEN CARROLL MORGAN have, in turn, operated to stimulate still further in¬ HANSON E. ELY, JR. E. K. MORRIS HENRY P. ERWIN CHARLES G. TREAT terferences in vicious circles. Great impetus has as D. P. GAILLARD GRIFFITH WARFIELD a result been given the international commercial war, about which the President of the Cunard Com¬ 1707 FLORIDA AVENUE pany recently observed that “each change in a tariff, WASHINGTON 9League of Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, April, 1935,, p. 149. 10Ibid., pp. 169-172. 96 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL 13

a quota or currency is nothing more than a move— a hostile move—in this war.”11 d—Decrease and Dislocation of World Trade Although it is difficult to estimate to what extent exchange control has contributed to the reduction of world trade, there can be little doubt that since the Distinguished members of system has served to increase trade barriers, as well as to create uncertaintaies and bureaucratic require¬ the Diplomatic Service fol¬ ments discouraging international commerce, its in¬ low tradition in selecting fluence has been considerable. The annual gold The Plaza as their New values of world trade have decreased continuously York home. They find here a from 1929 through 1934. In 1930, the year before standard of excellence that the extensive adoption of exchange control, the is known in all countries. world’s imports and exports aggregated $55,559,- 000,000. In 1931, the figure fell to $39,703,000.- Single rooms from $5. FACING CENTRAL PARK 000, and in 1934, it was only $23,375,000,000 (gold • A 25% discount from room charges is dollars).'- Although the drop in volume has been allowed members of the Foreign Service. considerably less, the decrease from 1929 to 1934 13 is estimated to have been about 25%. These fig¬ HENRY A. ROST. PRESIDENT ures become even more pronounced when one con¬ siders that the growth of population and the normal increase of standards of living tend to augment in¬ ternational trade. The control system has also had a material effect P L fl Z upon the distribution of commerce. This has been FIFTY-NINTH STREET AND FIFTH AVENUE conspicuous with respect to the clearing agreements, mostly bilateral, initiated among a number of coun¬ tries since the autumn of 1931. Although these arrangements have facilitated the release of frozen credits, they have been instrumental in canalizing international trade at the expense of more profitable triangular and multilateral circuits. The Joint HOMELIKE Committee for the Study of Clearing Agreements of with a. yanotama unequalled the League of Nations in its report of last April estimated that in the aggregate trade of twenty-two elsewleie ut y\lewdjotk beauty . . . countries, representing nearly three-fourths of world trade, the percentage ratio of the triangular mer¬ # Tho Savoy-Plaza provides the chandise trade decreased from 18.3 in 1929 to 14.2 homelike warmth and charm that informed travellers demand, plus in 1933. This decline does not, of course, reflect the superior service and an unsurpas* more recent effects of clearing and similar arrange¬ sed cuisine. Single rooms from $5. ments. A 25% discount from room charges is allowed members of the Foreign The Joint Committee pointed out further that the Service. clearing system had rendered it difficult for certain Henry A. Rost, Managing Director countries, as Germany, Hungary and Bulgaria, George Suter, Resident Manager which had entered into such agreements with other FIFTH AVE., 58th TO 59th STS. European countries, to obtain exchange with which to purchase required raw materials from overseas. This difficulty has naturally been shared by the countries normally supplying such products. As another institution of the League has declared: “The world’s productive forces are intact or improved, but with the partial destruction of the system which OVERLOOKING CENTRAL PARK nLe Monde, May 1, 1935. p. 3. ]-League of Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, April, 1935, p. 149. 13Bank for International Settlements, 1935 report, p. 12. 97 once mobilized these forces in the transfer of amounts due to creditor countries or in the triangu¬ lar exchange of certain products against others or services, numerous countries have difficulties in find¬ ing the means of acquiring the foreign products they need and markets in which their own products may be sold at remunerative prices.”14 e—Effects on the International Money and Capital Markets The existing system of exchange control has re¬ sulted also in a marked decline in the functioning of the international money market, which has been largely replaced by governmental agencies. This market had served two particularly useful purposes. First, by reducing to a minimum the friction of con¬ tact between buyers and sellers of short-term cred¬ its, it had facilitated correspondingly the financing and thus operation of international commerce. Sec¬ ondly, it had been a requisite of the international capital market. Although the latter has become non¬ existent owing largely to other causes, including the uncertainties created by the exchange control system itself, the disintegration of the money market is a factor preventing the revival of the capital market. /—Further Maldistribution of Gold The maldistribution of gold, which existed at the end of the war and had become aggravated for vari¬ ous reasons at the time of the financial crisis of 1931, to which it contributed, has subsequently be¬ come further intensified as a result of exchange control, including the American gold-buying pro¬ gram. At the end of March, 1935, the central gold reserves of the United States amounted to approxi¬ mately 40% of the world’s total, excluding Russia (for which complete figures are not available), as compared with 36.5% at the end of 1931. The per¬ centage of France increased in the same period from 24.1% to about 25.5%. Thus, the combined proportions of the two countries rose from 60.6% at the end of 1931, then considered an excessive figure for the proper operation of the world’s mone¬ tary system, to about 65.5% at the end of last March (excluding Russia at both times).15 g—Political Consequences Apart from the various economic considerations, it cannot be overlooked that the existing interna¬ tional currency war, with its role in the broader commercial war, has done much to increase friction among nations, particularly inasmuch as Govern-

14Economic Intelligence Service: ‘‘Balances of Payments* 1933,” p. 31. 1BLeague of Nations Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, April, 1935* p. 150. 98 ments have been taking direct parts. The lack of equality with which a large proportion of the ex¬ change control system has been enforced has con¬ tributed to the destruction of the most-favored-na¬ tion regime and led to political contention, with resultant ill-feeling, in an already troubled world. As Adam Smith wrote more than a hundred and fifty years ago of another period of excessive trade restriction: “Commerce, which ought naturally to he, among nations as among individuals, a bond of union and friendship, has become the most fertile source of discord and animosity.”16 ENGLAND FRANCE GERMANY CONSULAR MESSENGER DECORATED AT BATAVIA You get more solid travel comfort for every travel dollar on fine American One Class liners. Larger than ordinary state¬ rooms, all outside on upper decks, all with deep-springed beds, hot and cold running water, 60% with private baths. Spacious public rooms and decks. Fine food, spot¬ less cleanliness. Choice wines and liquors at moderate prices. And so convenient, too — sailing from or debarking at Baltimore, you are only an hour distant from Washington.

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^Wealth of Nations, Routledge ed., p. 377. 99 PRACTICAL ASPECTS There is still another organization set up under the terms of the Act: It is provided that before (Continued, from page 75) any foreign trade agreement is concluded (and the concessions we have made to others. If a in practice we have modified that to say that be¬ nation chooses to discriminate against our com¬ fore actual negotiations are commenced) public merce, in favor of other foreign countries, it can¬ announcement of intent shall be given in order not expect to gain what we have given others. that any interested person or company shall have I read in the papers the other day that we had an opportunity to make his or its point of view withdrawn the benefit of the generalization of con¬ known. This may be done either by brief or by cessions which we had granted Belgium, Sweden, personal appearance or both. This has served as and other countries with which we had concluded a valuable check to the administrators of the Act. treaties, from Germany on the ground that she On the one hand it is clear that no administration was not granting our commerce the same treat¬ could afford to reduce protection on a given in¬ ment that she was granting other countries. dustry or a given agricultural product below what The second way we reconcile concessions with was necessary for its continued existence and generalization has been to lay down as a cardinal reasonable profit. On the other hand, the claims rule that we give concessions in the first instance of special interests must be examined in a judi¬ only to the principal, or at least a very important, cial spirit, so that protection of excess profits to supplier of a given product. Secondary suppliers a few may not impair the general gain that a of the same product benefit, if they grant us equal¬ concession might mean to the many. ity of treatment. Assume that a country is not the You will see from the foregoing that our pro¬ principal source of supply of any important com¬ gram is being carried out slowly, scientifically, modity, but has a general trade with us. By simply and with a full knowledge of the advantages and waiting and watching trading agreements con¬ disadvantages it brings in its train. We are being cluded with other countries it can, at no greater constantly pressed from Europe and elsewhere cost than granting us most-favored-nation treat¬ to hurry, to enter into negotiations rapidly and ment, gain the benefit of everything we give the without full preparation, and without the assur¬ others. Let me make my point doubly clear: ance that negotiations were susceptible of being what the Roosevelt Administration, what Mr. Hull carried to happy fruition. But in our opinion it and the State Department are seeking, is not a is a case of less haste, more speed. We are system of individual bargains, but the completion anxious to see each treaty broaden the base of of a broad program that will be world-wide in its world trade. Moreover, there is a physical limit effects and reduce existing barriers to international to the number of negotiations that can be car¬ trade. ried on simultaneously. It has been estimated So much for the general principles behind the that all told we have some 150 men in the differ¬ program. Now what machinery has been evolved ent government departments working directly on to carry the program into effect. the Trade Agreements Program. And a harder- In the first instance, the program is under the working lot 1 have yet to see. When I left Wash¬ general supervision of an Executive Committee on ington in July they were still working full blast Commercial Policy, which is responsible to the in the torrid, almost tropical heat, without thought President, where all the interested heads of De¬ of let-up, without thought of holiday, with the re¬ partments—State, Treasury, Agriculture, Com¬ alization that they were still at the beginning of merce, the Tariff Commissions, etc., are repre¬ a vast program, and that its success or failure sented. rested on their shoulders. Under the aegis of this Committee are set up, Thus far we have completed treaties with six prior to the inception of individual negotiations, countries, namely, Cuba, Brazil, Haiti, Belgium, what are known as “Country Committees,” their Sweden and Colombia. Negotiations are under membership drawn from subordinate representa¬ way with a number of other countries, including tives of the same departments. These country the Netherlands, Switzerland and Spain, and these committees must familiarize themselves not only negotiations are in various degrees of completion. with every item of trade between the United States Once an agreement is signed and, if necessary, and their individual country, but with the relation ratified by the other country (the Congress hav¬ of those items to the total trade in that particular ing delegated its powers in this respect to the commodity. The actual negotiation, as distinct Administration, with certain well-defined limita¬ from the preparation, is more largely concen¬ tions, it does not require ratification by us), then trated in the Department of State. it is proclaimed and the day the new rates go into 100 r 1 hrough its world-wide organization of assembly plants, sales offices, distributors and dealers, General Motors is in a unique posi¬ tion to facilitate delivery and subsequent ser¬ vice on its products in any part of the world.

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GENERAL MOTORS EXPORT COMPANY 1775 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY effect they are generalized to all countries who do not discriminate against us. Cuba is in a special situation, recognized by treaty, but the concessions we have given Sweden and Belgium, for example, are just as available to Australia, for instance, as they are to Sweden and Belgium themselves. With each new treaty concluded those benefits will grow more and more apparent. Now, how has American public opinion reacted to this program to date? How does one gauge public opinion? Chiefly, I suppose through the editorial comment of newspapers, from expres¬ sions of opinion of associations, leagues, clubs, chambers of commerce, etc. It can be safely stated that on the whole the preponderance of public opinion is favorable. There is always some oppo¬ AMBASSADORS OF AMERICAN sition stirred up by special interests, high pro¬ COMMERCE tectionists, etc., and there have been some mis¬ AS AMERICAN export business with Latin America continues to move forward, ahead of it givings on the part of our agriculturists, who go these new “flying ambassadors.” are still suffering severely from the effects of the Transporting passengers, mail and express at a cruising speed of nearly three miles a minute, depression, who are still having to make the sac¬ they again reduce the time between the United rifice of reduced production in order to avoid States and 33 countries and colonies to the South. demoralizing surplus. But as the Secretary of Agriculture, Mr. Wallace, pointed out in his fa¬ mous phrase “America must choose,” we have lHH i\S SYSTEM two alternatives: either the continuation of our

Executive Offices: 135 E. 42nd St., New York international commerce, which means the liberal¬ izing of our commercial policy, or else the pur¬ suit of a policy of economic nationalism, recog¬ nizing that we cannot therewith continue to main¬ tain export surpluses in the manner we have been doing since the war. Such is a brief picture of our Trade Agreement Program and I hope that it may have given you some better idea of the aims and aspirations it represents, and the method and manner in which it is being carried out. When we are criticized The popular ships to EUROPE! either at home or abroad for not moving more swiftly, those critics are apt to overlook two fac¬ WASHINGTON tors—first, that it takes two to make a bargain, and, second, that no one trade agreement is viewed MANHATTAN as an independent negotiation, but only as one link tl 7C WITH SHOWER in a chain, which has a direct connection with ^1 #0 (Cabin Class) and influence upon the other links in the chain. These brilliant liners, America’s fastest and finest, have set new popularity records! Because America recognizes great Your Prime Minister remarked to the press on value! Large cabins, real beds, tiled shower baths, swim¬ ming pool, immense decks, unsurpassed food, air-condi¬ returning from his visit to America that he found tioned dining salons. the United States full of good will to Australia, And with the but without adequate information as to Austra¬ President HARDING $126 minimum, lia’s problems. I think this is a true criticism, and to a degree it cuts the other way-—I don’t President ROOSEVELT $133 with shower •they offer weekly service to Ireland, England, France and think that Australia has as much understanding Germany. Apply to your travel agent. of our difficulties—economic and political—as she might. I have come across tendencies to assume Tnnnnwszszs^K that the American Government could do what it No. 1 Broadway; 601 Fifth Ave., New York. Other of¬ liked arbitrarily without taking into account es¬ fices in all principal cities. tablished interests or even public opinion; I have 102 1 found among certain of my Australian friends a i considerable misunderstanding of what American public opinion really stood for, either in the po¬ litical or the economic spheres. There are only two cures to this situation: one is by better in¬ terchange of news; the other is by more frequent interchange of visitors and tourists. From the latter point of view you know us bet¬ ter than we know you. And it is one of my greatest hopes to see more and more of my com¬ patriots come out here. It is not only that I feel that there is open to them a trip to a part of the world with which many are all too unfamiliar and a chance to visit your cities, your mountains, your TO ANY PLACE stations, etc., but there is a deeper reason. Ever after, when they hear of a country they have visit¬ ed, or read of it, it becomes a personal matter IN THE WORLD! with them. They can understand the reactions of the inhabitants to the problems with which they Tailor-Made containers to fit each in¬ are faced, and to a goodly measure they can dividual shipment are specially con¬ structed in our packing rooms. We separate the wheat from the chaff by distinguish¬ recommend this as the most economical ing between news and propaganda, between true method by which shipments can safely and false pictures. As a matter of fact, travel be¬ be made. It reduces the risk of break¬ tween our two countries is increasing rapidly and age to a minimum and eliminates the journeys for pleasure and study are growing more shipping cost of unoccupied space often caused when the van is not made to and more frequent. You have done much to in¬ order. A Special Government Service terest Americans in coming to Australia, but insurance policy is available. there is much more that you can do to familiarize them in your country and all that it holds in store for them. I am convinced that the potential field FIREPROOF STORAGE of travel from America to Australia has as yet We also offer unsurpassed storage facili¬ scarcely been scratched. ties for the safe keeping of household And the other part of Mr. ’ statement furniture and personal effects of every description. Hundreds of separate Fire- I can personally vouch for. There is in America a Proof Locked Rooms of various sizes greater interest in, and admiration for, Australia enable you to select the proper space to than ever before. It was my privilege to accom¬ suit your individual requirements. pany Mr. Lyons as representative of the Depart¬ ment of State during his too brief stay in America, Our Foreign Agents: PITT & SCOTT, LTD. and I can assure you that both he and Mrs. Lyons London Havre Paris captured the imagination of the American in a way that few visitors have. And the demonstra¬ tions they received were not only a personal tribute to Mr. and Mrs. Lyons, but partook of the yi/lezcluutU TRANSFER nature of a salute from America to the Common¬ wealth. AND STORAGE COMPANY COVER PICTURE Photograph by Belden S. Howell 920 E Street Northwest Clerk, American Embassy, Mexico City Street Scene, Patzcuaro, Mexico. WASHINGTON, D. C. JOHN L. NEW'BOLD, PRESIDENT An interesting account of his recent visit to Cable Address "Removals" Patzcuaro will he found in Ambassador Daniels’ article, “The Diplomatic Corps Tours Central Mexico,” beginning on page 70 of this issue. l 103 LETTERS

THE STORY OF A LOST ART sufficient to ensure a lasting preservation. His method was successful not only on entire bodies, but on parts thereof To THE EDITOR: as well. Skin, muscles, nerves, fat, blood, everything While there is a prosaic side to the Foreign Service just underwent this magical transformation. The colors, the as there is in every field of endeavor, it can be asserted forms, the characteristics of the animals, did not suffer that very few, if any, occupations offer so much interesting any alteration through this change, hut retained their orig¬ variety of experience as a Foreign Service officer encoun¬ inal state. But a greater cause for wonder is given by ters during the years he travels up and down the earth. the fact that Segato could give to the limbs he treated Travel in itself is but one thing, just as the study of a just the amount of consistence and of flexibility that he restaurant menu is not a meal. It is only when he reaches desired; consequently the joints and the articulations still a post and has more or less settled down that a Foreign responded to pressure and moved accordingly, returning to Service Officer commences to absorb local facts and fan¬ their natural position when abondoned. Another important cies which guide books do not mention and which, if re¬ feature was that the body volume changed very little un¬ corded, might not even be believed by the “folks hack at der these operations, the weight remained almost the same, home.” Romance and adventure always lie just around the specimens were not altered by dampness, by immersion the corner and the same may be said as to tragedy and in water or by the heating part of the process itself. comedy, so that when a Foreign Service officer signs his After a time Girolamo Segato left the desert, returning last consular invoice or bill of health and faces that grim towards the Nile, and with great efforts managed to en¬ twilight zone through which he must walk, now identified ter the deep pyramid of Abu-sir, where he remained six by the unhappy title of “retired” upon his calling card, days, and where he contracted a serious illness which his mental landscape will be somewhat lightened by those proved almost fatal. He returned to Cairo a very sick memories of events and circumstances in which he was man, his face covered by a thick beard, his clothes torn, privileged to share. and he was recognized with difficulty. Deciding to leave But to return to the original theme which might be for Italy, he sailed from Alexandria for Leghorn, where designated the “unusual” or the “Believe It or Not” side he arrived in such bad health that his recovery was de¬ of the Foreign Service, here is a case in point. spaired of. Several weeks ago in the official mail a letter was re¬ However, the climate of his native country revived him ceived from a gentleman in the United States who was and after a while he recovered and was able to move to desirous of information on the subject of the methods of Florence, where he dedicated himself to cartography and embalming. During the preparation of the reply, there especially to the drawing and engraving of maps; the re¬ occurred a hazy recollection of a statement made in pass¬ sult of his work was the well-known map of North Africa ing by a medical friend, years back, relative to a “petrifica¬ and of the Empire of Morocco, published in Florence. tion” process discovered by an Italian, and so a chain of He also reduced to a smaller scale the large topographical inquiries was started which resulted in this curious bit of map of Tuscany of Father Inghirani, and soon acquired history. a reputation of excellence as a topographer. GIROLAMO SEGATO His great plan of reducing to a state of petrification all those specimens of animal remains which are generally Girolamo Segato, an Italian naturalist, was born in embalmed for the assistance in the teaching of medical Belluno in 1792 and died in Florence on February 3, science, came to nothing. He was a poor man, barely 1836. He studied chemistry and mineralogy in Italy under able to earn his living; and so could not afford to under¬ Tommaso Catullo, and his great natural inclination for take such an important work unless the necessary funds his studies drove him to frequent researches in the Feltre were supplied him to this end. For this purpose he had region and in the Agordo valley in Northern Italy, where repeatedly requested that the State provide him with a he gathered in two years of explorations over one thou¬ sufficient annual income, promising in exchange to reveal sand specimens of fossils and shells. the secret of his petrification process. But owing to the He later went to live in Venice, from where he sailed envy of his enemies, as well as to religious opposition, his for Egypt, stopping in Cairo; but in May, 1820, he accom¬ request was never granted, and thus the secret of his dis¬ panied the army of the Viceroy of Egypt, moving to the covery, the importance of which had been publicly recog¬ conquest of the Sennar region. During eighty days he nized by the great students of chemistry of Florence of wandered about the desert, studying the phenomenon of the day, was buried with him. the so-called “tromba terrestre” or whirling sand-storm, A few remaining specimens of Segato’s interesting work which excavates the sands with its gyrations. Descend¬ are to be seen in the small hut fascinating Florence Mu¬ ing into the cavities produced by these sand-storms, he seum of the History of Science, such as a table-top hav¬ one day found fragments of some petrified substance which ing the appearance of a mosaic of multi-colored marble he recognized as animal remains. He discovered, in fact, pieces, hut which is nothing hut a compound of petrified entire mummies of men and animals drowned in those human limbs and intestines reduced to a marble-like sands, and petrified by a natural process. hardness. Various cases around the room contain sec¬ From that moment he began to study the possibility of tions of human bodies, fish, reptiles, etc.; everything in imitating artificially these natural transformations. Having the best state of preservation and most uncanny in their observed that this state of petrification was produced by fresh, lifelike appearance. the incandescence of the sand in which those animal sub¬ Perhaps it is just as well that this petrification process stances had been buried for centuries, he came to the con¬ passed into the realm of “lost arts,” for in these modern clusion that if the natural heat of the sand had been days, when little is held sacred, the temptation to retain capable of producing the petrification of such substances, one’s immediate family in “status quo” might lead to one could probably obtain, through a mitigated artificial horrifying decorations. heat, a medium grade of exsiccation and of hardening, Joseph E. Haven. 104 A Washington Gliost During an open-air evening concert in the beau- tage of Davy Burnes, who once owned the land tiful garden of the Pan-American Union, as the where the President’s mansion has since been built, music softened almost into a bewitching silence, and of the stately residence of Gen. Van Ness, of there came to the ears of the startled listeners the New York, who married Marcia Burnes, Washing¬ unmistkable sound of carriage wheels grinding ton’s first beauty and heiress. melodiously in the gravel roadway which skirts Even to this day the superstitious fear to pass the white marble palace on the south. this spot in the dark, for it is well known that Those sitting near the driveway craned their often at midnight General Van Ness, a dashing necks, expecting to see a carriage—or at least an sportsman in his time, may be seen driving around old night-liner, remnant of what used to be a the Pan-American Union behind a four-horse team fleet of the town’s public hacks—but there was of spooky steeds. That was what it was, the night nothing. The crunching in the gravel died away of that concert! No doubt about it. in a blast of brass from the band. Only the old-timers, nodding their heads sagely George Rothwell Brown, in his “Washington at one another, knew what the interruption had Side Show,” in The Washington Herald, uses the been. The Pan-American Union stands today, foregoing ghost story as the “text” for a political just below the White House, on the site of the cot¬ article.

AMERICAN CONSULATE GENERAL, ZURICH From left to right—sitting: Consul Maurice W. Altaffer, Consul General Arthur C. Frost, Vice Consul Norris Rediker. (Vice Consul Spalding was absent when picture taken.) Standing: Clerks Walter W. Ostrow, G. Edith Bland, Marta Christener, Dorothy Farmei, August Ruegg (with silver tray recently presented him upon completion of 25 years’ service), Lise Braun, Bertha Ruegg, Hugo Richter, Una Thomas, Roland Yost, Adrian B. Colquitt, and Hermann Bernasconi. 105 HUNGARIAN CAVALCADE they are hot dogs, also went a long way to bring out the bright side again. I soon felt so benevolent (Continued from, page 79) that I carried a roll to “Little One,” who has an and is grand fun. Every now and then you grab original fondness for light bread. A short gallop each other around the waist with one arm and, in a spray of flying mud brought us to Tiszafurdo, holding the other overhead, whirl for dear life. At where, on dismounting, we promptly sank to our this point it is perfectly proper to yell. boot tops in mud. The night and the next two The third day out, rain seemed to keep always days were spent at the estate of Count Sarpany, a little ahead of us, so all we got was the mud, where about 16 of us were quartered. Here life and it was a bespattered group that rode into was made most seductive with lots of hot water Saraud, the end of the day’s stint. The day had and servants tumbling over each other, making been the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty one feel quite fluttery and helpless, which was a of Trianon, so our welcome arches had been wonderful balm to feminine vanity, as the role of draped, in black, and all speeches had waxed most swashbuckling amazon had been washed pretty eloquent over it. Hungary has been cut to a third thin in the day’s rain. The castle was a beautiful its former size by the treaty, and the country con¬ old mansion somewhat on our old Virginia style. tinuously mourns for its lost territory. Saraud is The time here was delightfully taken up with quite a small village and very simple. Our enter¬ everything except rest, the primary reason for the few days’ pause. tainment was turned over to the family of the chief notary, who certainly did it up brown. The While at the Sarpany’s we were able to find out all that had befallen our comrades in the first few middle of the day repast had three meat courses and two desserts, which we just finished in time days, and several very unusual incidents were to go to the banquet spread in the schoolhouse, brought to light. One Dutch couple had been quartered with the Saraud village priest, who was where our chief notary made a speech. most anxious to be hospitable, but it seemed that By the time the next day’s start fell, so did the rain, if one can put it that mildly; personally, at first this was difficult until Latin was struck I will always feel that it picked this particular upon as a means of communication. time to try to excel. The departure was put off A trip to the Hortobagy seemed to be the next for more than an hour, but as we were running thing on our extensive program, and our peace on a schedule a start had to be made. Our depar¬ was shattered by the news that we were to be ture was very unimpressive. The street was a ready at two-thirty the next morning, to leave our veritable sea of mud, the horses dripping, and in too demoralizing atmosphere of ease for an 80 no time we were in a like condition. The only kilometer ride in a truck, as the horses had been things that showed much enthusiasm about the sent on ahead. The Hortobagy is a vast plain in whole thing were the geese and a few children the eastern part of Hungary and is the residence happily swimming and paddling about in the of 40,000 head of assorted livestock and a hand- roadside ditches. The rain kept up most of the full of herders. It is on the Hortobagy that the morning, and you have never seen such a mess— famous Fata Morgana takes place. Being a very every one, man and beast, running rivers, oozing obliging mirage, it can almost always be seen, and water at the slightest encouragement, and every¬ did its best on our visit to impress the foreigners thing everywhere liberally coated with mud. The by putting on a very good show of a little village sun finally broke down and came out as the Tisza set in green fields and trees. was reached, and was a great help to us in load¬ Due to our early start it was still quite early on ing the horses onto a primitve ferry for the trip our arrival and still cool enough to have Whippet across the river, which was no easy task, as the trials, which failed to impress us, as the dogs were most staid of the beasts developed skittish tem¬ run after hares that had traveled two days in a peraments; my own mount cleared the far bank box; in fact, the rest of the party seemed to feel in two bounds, surprising me most to death, for with us—the escape of a hare was cheered on all he had convinced me that the hurdling of the most sides. A herd of horses was driven over the great meagre ditch was beyond him. flat plain toward us by Csikos, the Hungarian cow¬ A welcoming party of the neighboring land- boy. The garb of the csikos is not what one would owners awaited us on the other side with lots of generally pick out to go horseback riding in, but steaming coffee, beer and schnopps, which were it appears to fill the bill, as they have been wear¬ poured down us at such a rate that soon everyone ing the same thing for centuries. This outfit con¬ was steaming away inside wet clothes. Sizzling sists of a flat crowned hat with a wide turned-up hot dogs, only the Hungarians don’t know that brim, a shirt with very full sleeves free at the 106 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

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Commercial Gil Gmerica Cables Cables ttlackay "Radio 107 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL wrist, knee length trousers also so full that they I ever want to partake of again, though the trip give the impression of a skirt, and boots. The was broken by a mid-morning stop at a very hos¬ csikos carries a sort of long lashed quirt that he pitable Jewish village, where all the male inhabi¬ snaps with a terrific crack. The most amazing tants still wore their sideburn curls and beards. thing to me was a thin girthless saddle, only a Tables were spread in the center of the main street pad with two stirrups hanging from it and treated for us, and such cherries as I have never seen were so unconcernedly that a Dutch officer undertook served. Every place we had been so far had to mount and seemed no end surprised when he deluged us with them but here they reached the ended sitting on the ground instead of the horse. sublime, and on riding away our pockets were A demonstration of sheepherding by little puli stuffed with them. Nyiregyhaza sports an army dogs and a look at the long-horned cattle took up post, so our reception was very military, after the time before lunch. which the Stewart family were turned over to a About the time that I became very much aware very pleasant young man, Count Vay, who escorted of a yawning void in my interior, a tremendous us to his castle outside of town. Here on the Vay lunch was served to us in the three hundred year estate, which is large and well managed, we really old inn that is the one pretentious building on the were able to see for the first time the tenor of whole Hortobagy. After everyone had obeyed that county life, as our family were the only guests. urge and eaten much too much, a place to grab a Both the Count and Countess were young, had nap seemed to be the next most three small children and were important thing. I. due no doubt grand fun to he with. Nothing to a flash of genius or to my mid¬ seemed to be too much trouble to dle western training, stealthily show or explain to us and we were made my way to the barn, only driven pretty much all over the to be thwarted in the form of the g place in the two days we were entire Swedish group taking up all there. It was with genuine regret the hay. It was a terrible blow at that we left them when the time the time but later led to a healthy ytrc yr- came to move on. respect for the Swedish Army. The ride from the town was also That night was passed in a very ^ ^ -- , through a forest and very beauti¬ small and poor little village where ful. It started us well on the road an elaborate program given by all ^ - to the town of Tokaj, where the the village schoolchildren was pro¬ famous Tokaj wine is produced duced for us. and where the program was to be The next day’s ride brought us to Debrecen, one some more wine-cellar touring to try to ascer¬ of the five largest cities in the country. Here we tain what made Tokaj the drink of kings. As were met by everything but the Navy, as we were the route of the ride was circular, we were now a bit far from the Danube. However, the firemen’s again going toward the Tisza and reached the bank band did its best to make up for this lack. by mid-day, where a rustic bower had been built Debrecen being our host for the next three days for us to eat under. Kettles of paprika-fish soup quartered us all in the hotel and presented us and sturgeon spitted on sticks were sizzling mer¬ with a program of the coming events. Marvelous rily over bonfires and were later to be washed parties, horse shows, a gala Opera, sightseeing, down to the accompaniment of beer and the inevi¬ everything in fact except the well-known time to table gypsy music. The lunch was very jolly, sleep, but that did not seem to matter much any almost raucous in fact, and could have probably more, as we all by this time seemed to have lost gone on getting better and better if the order to the habit. Debrecen is an interesting place, as it mount and do the last ten kilometers to Tokaj is among other things the home of the gingerbread hadn’t torn us away. I began to notice a vague heart and boasts of one of the finest swimming discomfort in my parts given over to the assimila¬ pools I have ever seen. I must be excused for not tion of food after about ten minutes. All during having gained more academic impressions, but the reception at Tokaj I crouched in a doorway things happened so fast that I was in a complete and could not understand why I didn’t die, I felt daze. My best impression, however, was gained on enough like it. Finally a young man came out of our departure, a perfect early morning ride the house and gathered me in. His family were through the woods on the outskirts of the city. very sympathetic to me and about the time the The next day’s stint from Debrecen to Nyire- rest of the party were deep in the wine cellars I gyhaza was as hot and as dusty a 60 kilometers as had decided that maybe there might be something 108 JHE /^MERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL in living, after all. After the festivities, the offi¬ cial ones, 1 mean, not mine, we all were taken by Countess Szechenyi-Wolkenstein to her castle out¬ side of town, where we were to spend the night. By morning I was all right but a bit wobbly so did the last day by car and consequently arrived at Szerencs quite a while before the riders, but the waiting was passed for us by visits from people who had either been in America or had relatives there. One man, dressed in blue jeans, said he had been in America for six months but had not seen much as he had spent practically all that time in jail over his passport or something. Underwood Here at Szerencs we bade adieu to the horses, as Special Type¬ they were returning to Budapest by train and the writer with 1-Key party was going by bus to Lillafured. In Szerencs Key-Set Tabulator. is a marvelous old castle with parts dating back to the 14th century. Here we were served a sort of early lunch and were then shown the chocolate factories, where half the party got mislaid in the Cushioned Typing liqueur candy department. Finally a start was made for Liliafured and the ride as far as horses went was over. makes it Quieter! Lillafured is a luxurious hotel up in the moun¬ tains built at great cost for a second Baden-Baden. 'T' HF, Underwood Special Typewriter repre¬ Unfortunately they built first and hunted for sents the outstanding achievement of the springs afterwards and it turned out to be the typewriter engineer. It is the only standard only spot in the country without a curative spring typewriter made that is equipped with the fa¬ in the offing. mous Champion Keyboard developed by world- However, it is a beautiful resort and is very renowned speed typists in the interest of greater impressive to see clinging on a shelf high in the typing speed and comfort. See the Underwood mountains as you come suddenly on it from Special at the nearest Underwood Elliott Fisher around a sharp curve. Waiting here for us we Branch or telephone or write for a demonstra¬ found a number of our previous hosts and every¬ tion on your own work and in your own office. thing was merry. That evening a fancy banquet Every Underwood Typewriter is backed by was held and dancing was carried on until sunup, nation-wide, company-owned service facilities as we were not haunted by the horses waiting for us at the crack of dawn. Typewriter Division After dancing all night 1 introduced the quaint old American custom of topping off with a swim UNDERWOOD in the lake, which proved to be a grand eye ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY opener. Typewriters . . . Accounting Machines . . . Adding Ma The next day we returned to Budapest at our chines . . . Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies leisure and, I will admit, an admission in which Homer Bldg., 13th & F Streets, N. W. iny family join me, that one’s own bed and bath¬ Washington, D. C.

tub are objects for admiration. Sales and Service Everywhere The final banquet and grand finale was held in the evening at the Gellert Hotel and everyone made speeches that quite surpassed their pre¬ UNDERWOOD vious successes. But somehow there was quite a subdued air over the gathering, probably due to the fact that everyone there had made the ultimate Special effort to keep going. Someone suggested to me that we collect a party and go to a night club. I TYPEWRITER am afraid I was none too polite as I brushed by them and made for my little bed, where I stayed for the next two days. 109 JHE /^ME RICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL M

CORINTHIAN GULF MEXICO We sailed from Corinth west one burning noon (Continued from page 73) Drowsily watching till the coming night— mate is balmy and nearly perfect. Tropical birds Interval lovelier for the absent moon— sing in jasmine gardens; poinsettia, magnolias and Stealthily broke upon our torpid sight. tuberoses abound. There is an abundance of fruit; shaddock, fig, orange and bananas which attain a Like some unearthly stream of mercury sweetness and perfection found nowhere else in Turning with dusk as dim as lead in tone, Mexico. The President of the Municipality told The curving mass of waves went gliding by. me that the best coffee in the world grew there, Startlingly black beside it rose the cone and to prove it sent several bags to the train. An¬ other product of Uruapan is its lacquer, made Of one round island. In the light’s decline mainly in the shape of gourds and trays. We Bands, at first dull, of purple, gold and blue were told that the lacquer used is made of the same Grew clear and bright above the horizon line, materials as those employed by the Indians cen¬ While overhead the Milky Way burst through. turies ago, the formula for which is still held a secret. The oil used in blending the colors is ob¬ Whose sharp leaves lighted from their fiery maze tained from a worm peculiar to the state of An arch so deep and dark, it seemed to us Michoacan. That even they joined with the sun’s last rays Most of the party visited the waterfall of Tzara- Could not have made it quite so luminous. racua, situated on the Cupatitzio River. Here from the uncharted depths of a cavern comes a The silence of the world swept stars and sea, tumbling river to fall 80 sheer feet to a pool be¬ And like our breathing which in sleep becomes low and from there over a score of minor falls to Measured and full, heat its mute rhythm; the waiting river. Though difficult to reach, these The thunder rolling from a thousand drums falls rank among the objects of greatest attraction and should be visited if possible. With low reverberations far around The Mayor of Guadalajara and the Governor of Could not have cast a spell so strange and the State greeted us at noon of the next day. In strong this large city, second in size in all of Mexico, we As that supreme negation of all sound participated in the inauguration of the newly con¬ When even the waves had ceased their swishing structed orphanage. In this spacious building of song. twenty-five patios ornamented with trees and flow¬ ers, occupying an area of more than four square At such a quickening instant we attain blocks, one thousand orphans are cared for, young The promise still unspoiled, the still veiled girls are taught home economics, and provision is mystery; made for the aged. From there we drove to the Beyond all thought, all striving and all pain newly created Park of the Revolution, which occu¬ We are enfolded in eternity. pies the site formerly occupied by a prison of evil —Mariquita Villarcl. reputation. The following day we watched from the Governor’s Palace a review of some fifteen thousand school children, lasting one hour or AFRICAN WIND more. After that we traveled to the Quinta Monte The wind of Africa howls among the trees in the Carlo at Lake Chapala, where luncheon was served garden. on green lawns under spreading trees to the music He whistles and sighs like another wind I know. of a Mexican band. Yet he is a stranger wind. Guadalajara gives the traveller an impression of prosperity and culture. Founded in 1530, it He blows up the yellow sands into great clouds now has a population of nearly two hundred thou¬ with his hot, dry breath. sand. Its climate is one of its greatest possessions. He writes upon the endless dunes of the desert rip¬ In the numerous plazas and parks beautiful shrubs pling letters that I cannot read. and flowers grow in abandoned profusion. Guada¬ lajara has been referred to by writers as the His voice is like a voice I know, but he speaks an “Mexican Dresden,” while in the old times it was unknown tongue. said to he more Spanish than any city in Spain. He is a stranger wind. Its architecture is distinguished; particularly the —Edwin C. Kemp. Governor’s Palace, the hospital, orphanage and 110 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

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Tf• Consul of the United States of America, for the Port of Sydney, Cape Breton, in the Province of Nova Scotia, and for all other Ports which may be nearer to Sydney than to tile residence of a 113' other Consul, Zo all firljow’tJjrsr jpyrssrnfis sljfM towt, SKm-tina; WHEREAS, I, the said */OZ/.V ,/. D’WOLF, having been appointed by tile President of the United States, Consul for the Port of Sydney and all other ports as aforesaid, by virtue of a Commission, whereof the following is a true copy, to wit SZZZii “ The President of the Vnitcdfo all who see these Presents, Greeting : “ knoto ye, that reposing special trust and confidence in the- abilities and integrity of John J. D’lVotf, of Rhode Island, I have nominated, and hy¬ mn! with the advice and consent of the Senate, do appoint him Consul of the United Slates of America, for the Port of Sydney, in Nova Scotia, and such other ports as shall be nearer thereto than to the residence of any other Consul, or Vice Consul of the United States, within the same allegiance, and do authorise and empower hint, to have and to hold the said office, and to exercise and enjoy nil the rights, preeminences, privileges and authorities to tliu same, of right, appertaining, during the pleasure of tile President of the United Stales, for the time being ; he demanding or receiv- ing no fees or perquisites ol office, whatever, which shall not ho expressly established by some law of the United States, and 1 do hereby enjoin all Captains, Masters, ami Commanders of ships and oilier vessels, armed or unarmed, sailing under the flag of I lie said States, as well as all other of their citizens, to acknowledge and consider him, the said John J. JJ'llolf, accordingly, anil I do hereby pray and request liar Britannic Majesty, Her Governors, and Olhcers, to permit the said John J. D’ Wolf fully and peaceably, to enjoy mid exercise the said office, without giving, or suffering to he given unto him any molestation or trouble, but on the contrary, to nfiord him 4U proper countenance and assistance ; I offering to do the same for nil those who shall, in like manner, he recommended to me, by her said Majesty. * In 1 testimony whereof, 1 have caused these Icttcra to he made patent, am! the seal of the United States, to he hereunto affixed. Given undtr my hantl. til the City of Washington, the ttcenly-si.rlli day of December, in the Year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-seven : end of the Independence of flic United Stairs of ,'lincrica, the Sixty-second.

(Signed) M. VAN RUllliN. lly llie President, JOHN FORSYTH, Scentary of Stale." AndI whinwhereas, an Exequatur having been granted to me, the said John J. D’Wolf, by Her Britannic Majesty, bearing date thelie twenty-fifth day oi July, One thousand Eight hundred and Thirty-eight, under the Royal Sign Manual, Be it known, to all whom it may concern, that I, the said John J. D’Wolf, by virtue of authority vested in me, by the above recited Commission, do hereby nominate and appoint e * , and do hereby, accordingly, authorise and empower him, the said 3 J e~i ...... -. . to do and perform ail such acts and duties as may appertain to the said oflicc of Consular Agent, iu and for the said I’or! of > . < • <* iy - or which may he at any time specified or prescribed by instructions transmitted to him from me, as' United States Consul aforesaid. In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the Consulate of the United States to be hereunto affixed. s' Given under my hand at Sydney, this day of i in the y ear of our Lord One thousand Eight hundred and /5G

S. Consul.

IN 1839 CONSUL JOHN J. D’WOLF OF SYDNEY, CAPE BRETON, ISSUED A COMMISSION TO THOMAS D ARCHIBALD AS CONSULAR AGENT AT THE PORT. THE ORIGINAL OF THIS INTERESTING DOCU¬ MENT WAS PRESENTED TO THE CONSULATE AT SYDNEY BY MR. BLOWERS ARCHIBALD SOME YEARS AGO AND RECENTLY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT BY CONSUL FRANCIS H. STYLES 112 PEGASUS

How the Winged Horse of Ancient Greece became the Symbol of a Modern American Institution So swift that his speed was matched only by that of the imagination—so powerful that no deed of man or the gods was be¬ yond him, Pegasus stood alone, unexam¬ pled and unrivalled, in the mythology of the ancient Greeks. Today, a modern Pegasus rides the skies. Portrayed in flaming red, his like¬ ness dots the highways as the symbol of a great American institution .. the Socony- Vacuum Oil Company, Incorporated. Pegasus stands for the whole broad scope of the Company’s activities. He rep¬ resents a service to industry combining the finest in lubricants with specialized knowledge of their application. He stands for an army of 50,000 men, constantly at work in the service of both industry and the motoring public. You can rely on the products identified by this modern Pegasus. You can rely on the sendee that goes hand in hand with these products. Pegasus flies again, a symbol that all can trust.

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113 HE IP T AmericAN FOREIGN gERVICEJOURNAL

night performances. A pottery factory, a visit to the church of San Diego, a parade of boy scouts Hotel Martinique formed a kaleidoscopic day. Finally we were shown one of the most valuable documents on file FIVE BLOCKS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE in the entire Republic, the original Royal Spanish SIXTEENTH STREET AT M title which was dated 1548, this being one of the twelve titles given to provinces in New Spain. The WASHINGTON, D. C. title was given in the name of the Spanish Con¬ quistador, Rodrigo Vasquez, and Guanajuato was C then known as “the very noble and loyal city of Santa Fe, Royal Mines of Guanajuato.” The handiwork and colors show that the writing had cHn Hotel of been done by a master craftsman. That night at dinner in the Juarez Theater, as spokesman for the diplomatic train, I endeavored \Distinction to express our thanks to President Cardenas for c his courtesy and kindness. Humorously I re¬ marked, “President Cardenas, receiving the diplo¬ matic Corps and their wives the night of the SPECIAL RATES Mexican ‘Grito,’ must have observed a lean and To ACTIVE AND RETIRED FOREIGN SERVICE hungry Cassius look in their faces and then and OFFICERS AND THEIR FAMILIES there resolved he would fatten them. How? By inviting them to visit, on board his train, various • states of Mexico where he knew the hospitable Write for Booklet people would supply an abundance of needed L. R. HAWKINS, Manager nourishment. When we started out on this trip from Mexico City on the night of October 11th, the aggregate weight of all the party was 10,200 pounds, but because of the quality and quantity of the food supplied we will upon our return weigh 20,400 pounds. If President Cardenas cares to Outstanding sell us on the hoof our increase in weight will net him considerable gain.” Foreign Banking Facilities Our train left Guanajuato the night of October 20th and at eleven o’clock the next morning, just The foreign banking organization of The ten days after our departure, we were wending our Chase National Bank includes branches way to our various Embassies and Legations, con¬ and representatives on three continents fident that we had obtained much necessary infor¬ supplemented by thousandsof correspon¬ mation about the conditions in the States visited, dents. Branches are located in London, the problems confronting the people and the offi¬ Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San cials, and what is being done by local, State and Federal officials for the Mexico of today and to¬ Juan. In addition, the bank maintains morrow. offices for its representatives in Rome, Berlin and Mexico City. Through an affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are NEWS OF MR. CASTLE operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong William R. Castle, Jr., former Undersecretary and Tientsin. of State, has been appointed chairman of ’s 300th anniversary fund for Washing¬ THE ton, Virginia and , it was announced recently. Mr. Castle graduated from Harvard in CHASE NATIONAL BANK 1900. OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK The university will celebrate the 300th anni¬ versary of its founding with an international Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation gathering in Cambridge in September. The fund will be used to endow a new type of fellowship. 114 JHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 84) valuable book Mr. Baker has drawn from private documents and letters of Woodrow Wilson, mate¬ rial furnished by friends and associates of Wilson, memoirs of contemporaries of Wilson, and “For¬ eign Relations of the United States.” CARLTON SAVAGE.

NEUTRALITY, ITS HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND LAW; VOLUME I: THE ORIGINS. By Philip C. Jessup and Francis Deak. (New York, Columbia University Press, 1935. Pp. xiv, 294. $3.75.) Increasing belief in Europe that war on a con¬ * TO SERVE YOU BETTER * tinental scale is merely a question of lime and the consequent intense preparation against the Two Old Established Firms—Experts in possible outbreak of this conflict has been paral¬ Their Respective Line of Endeavor leled in the United States by an intense activity Will Cooperate in the field of what might he called “Neutrality Preparedness,” whose aim it is to keep this country SMITH’S TRANSFER & STORAGE CO. out of such a war. Neutrality is being feverishly —To pack your goods for export—and examined in all its facets whether it be the con¬ trol of munitions, tourists, raw materials or cred¬ store them if necessary. its, the questionable usefulness of the doctrine of Wooden vans and cases—-for your ship¬ ihe “freedom of the seas” or surveys of the past ments — "Madeto Measure” — by history of neutrality. “SMITH’S” at their own warehouses A committee of the Columbia University faculty composed of Professors James W. Angell, Joseph D. C. ANDREWS & CO. OF MD., INC. P. Chamberlain, Francis Deak. Charles Cheney Hyde, James T. Shotwell and Philip C. Jessup —To ship your goods to any place (chairman), under the auspices of the Columbia abroad. University Council for Research in the Social “ANDREWS” base their plea for your Sciences, has undertaken a study of the history, economics and law of neutrality. Four volumes business on fifty-one years of experi¬ are to be published, as follows: Volume I, The ence with the largest clientele in Origins, by Philip C. Jessup, Professor of Inter¬ America. national Law at Columbia University, and Francis Deak. Assistant Professor of Law at the same Insurance placed as it should be university, the volume under review; Volume II, placed to properly protect you. The Napoleonic Period, by W. Alison Phillips, Lecky Professor of Modern History, Trinity Col¬ Smith’s Transfer & Storage Company, Inc. lege. ; Volume III. The World War Period, 1313 U STREET. NORTHWEST WASHINGTON. D. C. by Edgar Turlington, a lawyer and formerly an IN COOPERATION WITH official of the Department; Volume IV, Today D. C. Andrews & Co. of Maryland, Inc. and Tomorrow, by Philip C. Jessup. 501 STEWART BUILDING BALTIMORE. MD. The authors of the volume under review trace the growth of neutrality from its genesis to its coming of age covering the period from the Fifteenth Century to the French Revolutionary wars. In their own words “the scheme of this study is to set forth major influences and trends rather than to present a complete treatise on this field of international law” (p. xiv). The table of contents will give an idea of the subjects taken AGENTS IN EVERY PROMINENT CITY IN THE WORLD up: "" ' .S 115 I. The emergence of a law of neutrality and ‘licit’ articles was drawn up by the Privy If. Treaty development of legal rules Council with the understanding that if the Danish III. Contraband of war king wo uld prevent his subjects from carrying the IV. The early development of the law of block¬ former to Spain, the English would not disturb ade cargoes of the latter category. The list which V. Enemy property follows clearly reveals the influence of the Danish VI. Procedural law at sea interest; it is evident that the list would not have VII. Early prize court procedure been equally satisfactory to Sweden since most VIII. Neutral duties ships’ supplies were still under ban. It is equally IX. Conclusions clear that the articles now declared licit were no In each chapter the authors examine in chrono¬ less useful to Spain than they had been when they logical order, and by country, treaty provisions, were on the prohibited list.” laws, regulations and ordinances hearing on the Prohibited Articles—Cables, Cordage, Gunpow¬ subject matter under discussion and summarize der, Hempe, Mastes, Ordinance, Sailyards, Pitch, their findings at the end of the chapter. A gen¬ Tarr, Salpeter, Wheat, Rye, Meale of Wheat or eral conclusion “seeks to summarize the progress Rye. made by this branch of international law and to Licit Articles—Butter, Cheese, Bacon, Stockfish, appreciate the status of neutrality just before the Pease, Beanes, Iron, Steele, Copper, Rosin (p. 59). outbreak of the wars of the French Revolution.’’ It will be observed that many articles in the The following conclusion at the end of ihe chapter “licit” list were included in the list of articles on “Contraband of War” is perhaps the most prohibited to the Hanseatic merchants. valuable comment to hear in mind while endeavor¬ The test is of course a pragmatic one! “When ing to formulate a neutrality program for this neutrals protested too vehemently and it appeared country: that they would be driven to reprisals or alliance with the enemy, concessions were made” (p. 61). “If there be one principle that stands out Viscount Grey has indicated that a similar test from the above study it is that logic is not was used in the World War when Great Britain’s the key to the rules regulating the conflicting policies of naval warfare were being determined: claims of neutrals and belligerents at sea. “The object of diplomacy, therefore, was to secure Logic, cannon, learned theories and bribery the maximum of blockade that could be enforced have all been used to sustain and to demolish without a rupture with the United States.” (Twen¬ legal positions taken from time to time” (p. ty-five years, 1892-1916, Vol. II, p. 103.) Not law, 103). hut expediency is the determining factor. The Innumerable cases cited by the authors justify test is: what is the tensil strength of the neutral’s this conclusion. One example will suffice here. patience? Unfortunately unlike the exact science The English Government objected to the trade of of physics there are no curves on which the the Hanseatic towns with Spain when the Spanish breaking point can be plotted. Armada was in effect being equipped by the All those who bear any responsibility' for the merchants of these towns; but the Privy Council formulation of a policy of neutrality for this in 1589 as a special favor of the Queen ordered country will be grateful to Professors Jessup and the confiscation only of “such things . . . which Deak for their trouble in assembling these his¬ are manifestly of the proper nature of victuals torical exhibits. They will be still more grateful and of munitions! They appended a list of these for their illuminating comments and wise conclu¬ articles as follows: sions which should prove most helpful in en¬ Munitions—Cables, Masts, Anchors, Cordage, deavoring to avoid the pitfalls of the past, if that Pitch, Tarre, Tallow, Pitchstones, Callyvers, Mus- is possible. In any event this is a fine piece of kettes, Armour, Powder. Brimstone, Salpeter, Boul- scholarship worthy of the authors and of the Uni¬ letts, Copper, Leade, Matche, Ordinance (not be¬ versity' under whose auspices it was prepared. longing to the ship), Canvas, Dantzig Poldaynes. FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF. Victuals—Bacon, Corne, Wheate, Rye, Barley, THE SINO-JAPANESE CONTROVERSY AND THE Meale, Beanes, Peason and such like (p. 55). LEAGUE OF NATIONS. By Westel W. Willoughby. A footnote indicates that according to Chey- (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Press. 1935. Pp. nev this was probably the earliest recorded list xxv, 733.) of articles declared contraband. Professor Willoughby does not answer the But a few years later in 1597 at the request of query which has so often been raised during the a Danish Embassy “a new list of ‘prohibited’ the past few months by outstanding leaders 116 THE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

■■■■■1

"When lore and skill work together expect a masterpiece ”—JOHN RUSKIN. Consistent reproduction of Quality Engrav¬ ings by this organization is made possible by the Integrity and Skill of our experienced employees. American Foreign Service Jour¬ nal plates are a product of the

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117 among those who are opposed to the United States would not have been sent, even if the American joining the League of Nations as to just why it attitude had been otherwise (page 659). was that the League decided to apply sanctions The book is recommended to Foreign Service to Italy because of Ethiopia whereas no such officers who are interested in current international decision was made with respect to Japan because issues pertaining to the Far East and also to those of Manchuria. He does, however, present a care¬ who are interested in League procedure with re¬ fully prepared account of the position taken by spect to attempting to dispose of such problems as the League towards the Sino-Japanese controversy are here considered—C. W. over Manchuria in 1931-32. Although the author seeks to disqualify himself as an impartial author¬ THE EDUCATION OF NATIVE AND MINORITY ity by pointing out that he was the adviser of the GROUPS; A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1932-34. By Katherine Chinese Government during the period mentioned M. Cook and Florence Reynolds. Washington, and afterwards, the account reads more like an U. S. Government Printing Office, 1935. 25 pages. opinion rendered by a judge than a brief written (U. S. Office of Education, Pamphlet No. 63.) by counsel for one of the parties. The above list of 234 annotated book and pe¬ Agreement with some of Professor Willoughby’s riodical references is the first supplement to one conclusions will probably depend upon the read¬ of similar title covering the years 1923-1932, pre¬ er’s attitude towards the League. Those whose pared by the same compilers and issued as Bulle¬ explanation for every failure of the League of tin No. 12, 1933, of the Office of Education. Nations is that if the United States had only been The references are arranged alphabetically by a member the failure in question would have author under the following headings and sub¬ been one grand and glorious success will pre¬ headings: General approach to the problem of ed¬ sumably not be impressed with the author’s ex¬ ucation of native and minority groups; How for¬ position of the extent to which the United States eign governments meet the problem; Education of offered to cooperate with the League in 1931-32 native and minority groups in Continental United and of the manner in which this offer was met States (The Indians, Other minority groups) ; Ed¬ by several of the great powers, members of the ucation in outlying parts of the United States League. On the other hand, Professor Willoughby (General, Alaska, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, brings out the alleged influence of the United Philippine Islands, Hawaii, Canal Zone, American States in discouraging the sending of a commis¬ Samoa). sion to supervise the withdrawal of troops from The whole emphasis, naturally, is upon educa¬ the railroad zone in September, 1931. He is of tion and upon our own country—the education of the opinion, however, that such a commission backward groups under the control of the United States. The list does not deal with books upon the problem of national minorities and minority rights. The annotations are informing and adequate; the arrangement and typography, pleasing. The compilers call this supplement and the original list “a comprehensive bibliography,” and it would appear that they are justified in doing so. YALE 0. MILLINGTON.

PARENT EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES. 1935. 53 pages, illustrated. (Office of Education, Bulletin 1935, No. 3, obtainable for the price indicated from the Superintendent of Public Documents, Washington, D. C.). 10c. The purposes of parent education work are to furnish parents with sound principles for applica¬ tion to their home and family situations; to change the attitudes, methods, and practices of parents in dealing with the problems of child training; and to insure to parents, through better understanding, CONSUL GENERAL THOMAS H. BEVAN more effective practices and greater satisfaction in Aboard steamer en route to Spitzbergen during a recent trip. their tasks. G. P. 0. 118 [HE AMERICAN fOREIGN £ERVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

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119 ipHE AMERICAN pOREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL

SERVICE VISITORS TEN YEARS AGO IN THE JOURNAL The following called at the Department: ® A particularly interesting address by the Honorable December William R. Castle, Jr., "America and Europe,” before Douglas Jenkins, Berlin, on leave in Florida 15 the Institute of Politics at Williamstown was published. Hartwell Johnson, Montreal, on leave in Aiken, S. C. 16 Stanley G. Slavens, Baghdad, on leave in Washington 16 Mr. Castle gave his views on what he considered should Hector C. Adam, Jr., Managua, on leave in Brooklyn 17 be the fundamental policies of the United States in William C. Bullitt, Moscow, on leave 17 its relations with Europe, and, among other things, C. Offie, Moscow, on leave in Florida 17 Seldon Chapin, Port-au-Prince, on leave 18 discussed the following topics: Our Commercial Treaty Leo Toch, Montreal, on leave in New York 18 Relations; War Debts; Isolation; The World Court; John Ball Osborne, Retired, sailing for Mallorca 24 and Relations with the League of Nations. Harry L. Troutman, Alexandria, on leave 26 Elvin Seibert, Southampton, en route to Shanghai— 26 ® "Lisboa,” a well illustrated article on Lisbon, was La Verne Baldwin, Ottawa, on leave - — 27 contributed by H. T. Mooers. Lillian G. Gardiner, Tokyo, on leave in Washington 27 J. C. White, Calcutta, on leave 27 ® Three suggestions for the improvement of the Walton C. Ferris, , on leave in Washington 28 JOURNAL were discussed in a two-page article. Robert F. Fernald, Santiago, on leave 28 Jerry S. Kralicek, Prague, on leave 28 ® "How the Outs Got In,” was an unsigned but Reginald P. Mitchell, Warsaw, on leave 31 authentic story of a revolution in an unspecified coun¬ January Harold Shantz, Athens, en route 2 try. Orme Wilson, Prague, on leave in New York 2 J. L. Pinkerton, Port-au-Prince, on leave 2 SHORT WAVE FEATS Ouray Taft, Jr., Warsaw, on leave 6 Howard Donovan, Kobe, on leave 6 It has been suggested by Consul General Max¬ Coert du Bois, Naples, on leave in Washington 7 well K. Moorhead and others that the JOURNAL Walter H. Schoellkopf, Madrid, on leave 9 publish from time to time radio news from the C. E. Gauss, en route to Shanghai - 9 various officers throughout the world giving their Arthur Garrells, Tokyo, on leave 10 Dudley G. Dwyre, London, on leave in Washington— 10 experiences in obtaining American broadcasts. Gerald G. Jones, , on leave 10 The JOURNAL will be glad to do so if a sufficient David J. D. Myers, on leave in Athens, Georgia 10 William C. Burdett, Buenos Aires, sailing Jan. 18 ... 11 number of communications are received from the William Ailshie, Warsaw, on leave in New York 13 field indicating that it is so desired.

Thomas M. Wilson LAND’S END, ENGLAND 120 ROCKEFELLER CENTER NEW YORK CITY O' OREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS are cordially invited to visit Rockefeller Center. ^ Mr. Wallace Benjamin of our organization will be pleased to escort you through the development and explain the facilities of our Bonded Warehouse and Special Exhibition Act, which offer exceptional opportunities for foreign manufacturers contemplating the United States market. Dept. E; 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. ENJOY NEW YORK

Stand in one of the towers of The Waldorf- lies within The Waldorf, and you are part Astoria and survey the New York that lies of it the moment you stop here. People within a few blocks of you. Fifth Avenue, who make news and history meet in the humming with smart shoppers. Broadway, lobbies, the ballrooms, the restaurants. gay with its theatres and amusements. The fashionable world is glimpsed over Park Avenue, Madison Avenue, and up¬ the rim of your cocktail glass. New York town to Central Park. The New York of that amuses . . . New York that matters clubs, art galleries, museums, churches. gathers here. Thus, even your briefest But the other New York that interests you Waldorf visit is stimulating and enjoyable.