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Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in the Jock River Watershed, Ottawa, Ontario

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Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in the Jock River Watershed, Ottawa, Ontario Groundwater-surface water interactions in the Jock River watershed, Ottawa, Ontario By Cassandra Michel A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario ©2017 Cassandra Michel ABSTRACT Groundwater and surface water interactions in the Jock River watershed, Ottawa, Ontario were investigated during the 2015 growing season using end-member mixing analysis (EMMA). The Jock River sample sites were integrated into a spatially distributed single linear mixing model. Spatial and temporal variations amongst the dominant sources of baseflow were observed in the Jock River watershed. Baseflow generation across the Jock River watershed showed a dynamic relationship between the sources contributing to baseflow and antecedent moisture conditions. The wetland end- member was the dominant source of baseflow in the upper watershed and showed little temporal variation in end-member contributions throughout the growing season. Strong linear correlations (R2 0.75-0.87) between the average proportion of the wetland end- member and natural features (forest, wetland and organic deposits) were observed. Results highlight the importance of different landscape components contributing to baseflow across the watershed, specifically the importance of wetlands at mitigating high and low flow conditions. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Murray C. Richardson and my sponsor for this project Claire Milloy, without their belief, guidance and support this project would never have happened. I am sincerely grateful for the financial, academic and emotional support they have provided me with over the past 3 years. I would also like to thank the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority (RVCA) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for funding this research, providing me with the resources and support necessary to complete this project. I would like to thank the RVCA aquatics and GIS staff who helped collect hundreds of samples and provided me with high quality GIS datasets. I would also like to thank the RVCA for providing me with the best field assistant; Marisa Ramey’s constant determination and positive attitude pushed me to keep going, and provided me with tonnes of laughs on extremely long field days. This project involved a lot of field work and lab work, all of which would not have been possible without the help of my friends, family and volunteers who came out one day and sampled a stream, snowshoed a ditch and filtered some water. I am sincerely grateful to all of you. Thank you for listening to me talk about my thesis constantly, even when you didn’t understand what I was saying. I would like to dedicate this thesis to two amazing women, without whom this would have never been possible. To my grandmothers, Maureen Michel and Elizabeth McChesney, you showed me what it meant to be kind, wise and strong and always believed in me. I miss you, love you and thank you for everything you taught me. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................ xviii 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Objectives and Questions ..................................................................... 4 1.2 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................... 6 2.0 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Groundwater Flow Systems and Surface Water Interactions ............................... 7 2.1.1 Groundwater Flow Systems .......................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions ............................................. 11 2.2 Baseflow Analysis .............................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Baseflow Separation ................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Baseflow Analysis and Groundwater Flow Systems .................................. 13 2.3 Geochemical Analysis ........................................................................................ 15 2.3.1 Three Component Mixing Model ............................................................... 15 2.3.2 Tracer and Component Uncertainty ............................................................ 15 2.3.3 End-member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) Mathematical Definition ........... 16 2.3.4 Applications of EMMA .............................................................................. 19 2.3.5 Determining the Number of End-members in EMMA ............................... 20 2.3.6 Projecting Sites into a Reference Mixing Space ......................................... 24 2.4 Geospatial Analysis ............................................................................................ 25 2.4.1 Watershed Characteristics and Tracer Studies ............................................ 25 2.4.2 Modelling Groundwater Fluxes Based on Watershed Characteristics ....... 26 3.0 METHODS ........................................................................................................... 28 3.1 Site Description .................................................................................................. 28 3.1.1 Hydrology ................................................................................................... 28 3.1.1.1 Climate................................................................................................. 31 3.1.2 Physiography............................................................................................... 33 3.1.2.1 Surficial Geology ................................................................................. 33 3.1.2.2 Paleozoic Geology ............................................................................... 36 iv 3.1.2.3 Topography .......................................................................................... 39 3.1.3 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................. 41 3.1.4 Land Use and Land Cover .......................................................................... 42 3.2 Field Methods ..................................................................................................... 45 3.2.1 Precipitation Sample Collection ................................................................. 45 3.2.2 Surface Water Sample Collection ............................................................... 46 3.2.3 Groundwater Sample Collection ................................................................. 50 3.2.3.1 Deep Groundwater ............................................................................... 50 3.2.3.2 Shallow Groundwater .......................................................................... 50 3.2.4 Hydrometric Measurements ........................................................................ 52 3.3 Laboratory Analysis ........................................................................................... 54 3.3.1 Tracer Analysis ........................................................................................... 54 3.3.1.1 Dissolved Silica ................................................................................... 55 3.3.1.2 Alkalinity ............................................................................................. 57 3.4 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................... 60 3.4.1 EMMA ........................................................................................................ 60 3.4.1.1 Assessment of Stream Water Variation and End-member Viability ... 63 3.4.1.2 Determining the Number of End-members ......................................... 63 3.4.1.3 End-member Selection ........................................................................ 65 3.4.1.4 Calculation of End-member Proportions ............................................. 66 3.4.1.5 Projection of Tributaries and Headwaters into the Jock River Mixing Space 67 3.4.2 Watershed Characteristics ........................................................................... 70 3.4.2.1 Watershed Delineations and Proportions of Watershed Characteristics 70 3.4.2.2 Recursive Partitioning and Regression Analysis ................................. 71 4.0 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 73 4.1 Stream Water Characterization .........................................................................
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