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El Chileno Justo Donoso Y El Peruano Francisco De Paula González Vigil*

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El Chileno Justo Donoso Y El Peruano Francisco De Paula González Vigil* Revista Chilena de Historia del Derecho, Nº 24 / 2013-2014 pp. 15-189 LA PRODUCCIÓN CANONISTA ITALIANA EN DOS PENSADORES HISPANOAMERICANOS DE COMIENZOS DEL SIGLO XIX: EL CHILENO JUSTO DONOSO Y EL PERUANO FRANCISCO DE PAULA GONZÁLEZ VIGIL* ANTONIO D OUGNAC R ODRÍGUEZ ** Universidad de Chile RESUMEN A través de este trabajo, el autor explora la in ] uencia que tuvieron los canonistas italianos, fundamentalmente de los siglos XVII y XVIII, sobre la obra de dos juristas- hispanoamericanos del siglo XIX: el chileno Justo Donoso y el peruano Francisco de Paula González Vigil. Al examinar en detalle el corpus bibliográ \ co de ambos, puede constatarse la predilección que tenían por los autores que defendían el Real Patrona- to, y que por cierto se contaban entre los intelectuales, ya fueran \ lósofos, juristas o teólogos, de la Ilustración Católica y quienes, en lo que respecta a las relaciones entre Iglesia y Estado, se manifestaban a favor del giurisdizionalismo , esto es, la doctrina que sostenía una disminución de los poderes papales y un acrecentamiento del epis- copal y civil. Palabras clave: Justo Donoso-Francisco de Paula González Vigil-derecho canónico- juristas italianos-siglo XVIII -relaciones Iglesia y Estado. ABSTRACT Through this work, the author explores the in ] uence that had the Italian canonists, mainly from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, on the works of two Hispanic jurists of the nineteenth century: the chilean Justo Donoso and the peruvian Francisco de Paula Gonzalez Vigil. Examining in detail the bibliographic corpus of both, it can be seen the preference they had for the autors that defended the Royal Patronage and who, by the way, were among the intellectuals, whether philosophers, jurists or theolo- gians of the Catholic Enlightenment and, regarding the relations between Church and State, were in favor of the giurisdizionalismo , that is, the doctrine that held a decreas e of Papal power and an enhancement of the episcopal and civil powers. Key words: Justo Donoso - Francisco de Paula González Vigil -canon law-italian jurists- XVIII century-State and Church relation. * Este estudio ha contado con el auspicio del Proyecto DER 2012-31265 del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, correspondiente a los años 2013-2016 en la investi- gación Juristas de formación europea entre España y las Indias, siglos XVI-XVIII. ** Catedrático de Historia del Derecho, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile. Miembro de número de la Academia Chilena de la Historia. Contacto: [email protected] 16 Antonio Dougnac Rodríguez 1. GENERALIDADES Ha surgido este trabajo del estudio que, desde hace algunos años a esta parte llevo ha- ciendo, respecto de las ideas jurídicas en la América Española y, particularmente en mi patria, Chile. Llevado a los temas canónicos por la averiguación de las normas acerca de la familia indiana, empecé a adentrarme en los mil recovecos de la doctrina respec- tiva. Saltó a mi vista la recurrencia en la praxis judicial a los pareceres de los juristas, no obstante la prohibición implícita en la primera y segunda de las Leyes de Toro 1. Igual derrotero mostraba el conocimiento cada vez mayor que hemos ido teniendo del contenido de las bibliotecas indianas 2. Mas, las librerías eventualmente podrían ser hasta simplemente decorativas. ¿Cómo llegar a saber si efectivamente eran utilizadas? Vienen en nuestra ayuda el análisis, por una parte, de los procesos judiciales y, por otra, el de las citas de autores que hacen los tratadistas hispanos y americanos en sus propias obras. 1 Al derogar la pragmática de Madrid de 1499, que había permitido la citación única- mente de Bartolo, Baldo, Juan Andrés y Nicolás Tudeschi, el Abad Panormitano y al dar un perentorio plazo a los letrados con cargos de justicia para ponerse al día en el conocimiento de las leyes del reino. 2 Por vía de ejemplo: B ARRIENTOS G RANDÓN , Javier. La cultura jurídica en el reino de Chile: bibliotecas de ministros de la Real Audiencia de Santiago (siglo XVII- XVIII) ; E L MISMO , La cultura jurídica en la Nueva España . Deben ser vistos, además, estudios de R ÍPODAS A R- DANAZ , Daisy, “Bibliotecas privadas de funcionarios de la Real Audiencia de Charcas”, en: Me- moria del II Congreso Venezolano de Historia. Caracas, 1975, t. II, pp. 501-555; La Biblioteca porteña del obispo Azamor y Ramírez: 1788-1796. Buenos Aires: PRHISCO-CONICET, 1994, 199 pp. Dan interesantes noticias C RUZ DE A MENÁBAR , Isabel., “La cultura escrita en Chile. 1650-1820. Libros y Bibliotecas”, en: Historia , Nº 24, pp. 107-213. Santiago, Chile: Institu- to de Historia, Ponti \ cia Universidad Católica de Chile, 1989; A LMEYDA , Aniceto, “El doctor don Santiago de Tordesillas”, en: Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografía , Nº 102, pp. 20-57. Santiago, Chile: Sociedad Chilena de Historia y Geografía, 1943.; T HAYER O JEDA , Tomás, “El doctor José Valeriano de Ahumada y su biblioteca”, en: Revista de Bibliografía chilena y ex- tranjera , Nº 10, pp. 189 y ss. Santiago, Chile: Sección de Informaciones, Biblioteca Nacional, 1913; V AÏSE , Emilio, “Una biblioteca del siglo XVIII”, en: El biblió \ lo chileno , Nº 1; N° 2; N° 3 y N° 8. Santiago, Chile: Sociedad de Biblió \ los Chilenos, marzo, julio y diciembre de 1947; agosto de 1952; H ANISCH , Walter, “La biblioteca del obispo don Luis Francisco Romero”, en: Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia , N°78, pp. 198-212. Santiago, Chile: La Aca- demia, 1968; Á VILA M ARTEL , Alamiro de, “El Derecho Romano en la formación de los juristas chilenos del siglo XVIII”, en: Studi in memoria di F. Vasalli . Turín, Italia: Unione Tipogra \ - co-Editrice Torinese, 1960, pp. 395-402; G ONZÁLEZ E CHENIQUE , Javier. Los estudios jurídicos y la abogacía en el Reino de Chile , donde trae interesantes noticias sobre los juristas conocidos en Chile; B RAVO L IRA , Bernardino, “La literatura jurídica indiana en el Barroco”, en: Revista de Estudios Histórico-Jurídicos , N°10, pp. 227-268. Valparaíso, Chile: Escuela de Derecho, Pon- ti \ cia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 1985. Mayor información puede verse en mi trabajo; DOUGNAC R ODRÍGUEZ , Antonio, “Reforma y Tradición en la biblioteca de un obispo ilustrado de Chile. El caso de Francisco José de Marán (1780-1807)”, en: Revista Chilena de Historia del Derecho , Nº 16, pp. 579-618. Santiago, Chile: Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile, 1990-1991. La producción canonista italiana en dos pensadores hispanoamericanos de comienzos del siglo XIX… 17 Esto último me llevó a examinar con detenimiento las obras de dos connotados intelectuales criollos 3, nacidos en Chile y Perú respectivamente, educados en Amé- rica únicamente, con formación intelectual anclada en la época virreinal y autores de sesudos trabajos en que, con espíritu crítico, fueron examinando lo aseverado por canonistas de diversas épocas. Se trata del chileno Justo Donoso (Santiago de Chi- le, 1800-La Serena, 1868) y del peruano Francisco de Paula González Vigil (Tacna, 1792-Lima, 1875), a los que dedicaré sendos apartados. El análisis de sus obras me ha permitido aquilatar la cantidad de juristas italianos traídos a colación. Tal fenómeno podría parecer normal hallándose la cabeza de la Iglesia en Italia. Pero, al revisar más acuciosamente la índole de los autores, me llevé la sorpresa de constatar que una im- portante cantidad de ellos eran radicales adversarios de la Curia Romana y a \ nes con el pensamiento español de predominio del Estado por sobre la Iglesia. Y es que las vinculaciones dinásticas existentes entre la corona española y di- versos Estados de la Península Itálica habían traído consigo un mutuo conocimiento de las respectivas producciones intelectuales 4 y un intercambio de servidores de la corona 5. En lo tocante a las relaciones entre Iglesia y Estado, la doctrina española de predominio del segundo respecto de la primera ostentaba larga data –en sus variantes patronatista, vicarialista y regalista–, y fue muy utilizada por la corriente contraria a la Curia Romana de los diversos Estados italianos. In ] uyó también en la intelligentsia 3 Sin perjuicio de referirme eventualmente a otros juristas indianos, más bien de pasada. 4 Sirva como ejemplo que uno de los más in ] uyentes intelectuales de España, el erudi- to valenciano Francisco Pérez Bayer (1711-1794), quien llegó a ser preceptor de los hijos de Carlos III, tuvo una estancia prolongada en Italia, donde se vinculó con las mejores cabezas pensantes de los distintos Estados: C ATALÁ S ANZ , J. A., “Pérez Bayer después del viaje a Italia”, en: Estudios: revista de historia moderna , N° 27, pp. 229-245. Valencia, España: Departament d’Història Moderna, Universitat de València, 2001. En el siglo anterior, habían descollado en la élite intelectual romana el cardenal José Sáenz de Aguirre (1630-1690) y dos importantes bibliógrafos a él vinculados: Nicolás Antonio (1617-1684) y Manuel Martí (1663-1737): S EGUÍ MARCO , Juan José. y S ÁNCHEZ G ONZÁLEZ , Luis. La romanización en tierras valencianas. Una historia documental, p. 136. Los casos podrían multiplicarse abundantemente respecto de los distintos Estados italianos. Muestra del intercambio cultural es, por lo demás, la cantidad de obras traducidas del italiano al castellano: A NTONIO , Nicolás. Bibliotheca Hispana Nova . t. II. Madrid: Imp. por Joaquín Ibarra, 1783-1788. Sobre la presencia española en Italia, no pierde actualidad: C ROCE , Benedetto. La Spagna nella vita italiana durante la Rinascenza. Bari: Gius. La Terza & Figli, 1917. 291 pp. + índice general (trae uno de nombres que abarca desde la p. 279 hasta la 291). Tiene varias ediciones, la 4a., de 1949, también de La Terza de Bari. Si bien casi no hay referencias jurídicas en los ensayos que constituyen esta obra, queda claro en ella la mutua in ] uencia espiritual ítalo-española ejercida desde Pedro III de Aragón en Nápoles y Sicilia a \ nes del s.
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