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The International Transportation of Zoo Animals: Conserving Biological Diversity and Protecting Animal Welfare

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The International Transportation of Zoo Animals: Conserving Biological Diversity and Protecting Animal Welfare Veterinaria Italiana, 44 (1), 49‐57 The international transportation of zoo animals: conserving biological diversity and protecting animal welfare Peter Linhart†(1), David B. Adams(2) & Thomas Voracek(1) Summary Il trasporto internazionale degli Issues pertaining to the long distance transportation of animals are examined animali degli zoo: according to the aspirations of the world’s zoo conservazione della biodiversità community. Guidance comes from the World e protezione del benessere Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), the civil society organisation that provides animale ‘leadership and support for zoos, aquariums Riassunto and partner organisations of the world in Le tematiche sul trasporto a lunga distanza di animal care and welfare, conservation of animali vengono esaminate in rapporto alle biodiversity, environmental education and aspettative della comunità mondiale degli zoo. Il global sustainability’. The authors describe controllo è affidato all’Associazione Mondiale degli why it is necessary to transport zoo animals Zoo ed Acquari (WAZA), un’organizzazione non over long distances and how animal welfare governativa che si occupa della ‘direzione e can be protected during the process. sostegno di zoo, acquari e organizzazioni mondiali Transportation of animals among zoos is associate per la cura e il benessere degli animali, essential for the cooperative breeding tutela delle biodiversità, educazione ambientale e programmes undertaken for the ex situ sostenibilità globale’. Lo studio riguarda il perché si conservation of wildlife with the help of crea la necessità di trasportare gli animali degli zoo WAZA studbooks. The challenge is to satisfy per lunghe distanze e come il benessere animale può the entwined ethical imperatives of essere protetto durante questo processo. Lo safeguarding animal welfare and protecting spostamento degli animali tra gli zoo è essenziale per biodiversity. i programmi di riproduzione comuni intrapresi per Keywords la conservazione ex situ della fauna selvatica con Animal, Animal welfare, Biodiversity, Long l’aiuto dei libri genealogici della WAZA. La sfida è distance, Transportation, Welfare, Zoo, Zoo riuscire a soddisfare l’ imperativo etico di proteggere animal. il benessere animale e tutelare la biodiversità. Parole chiave Animali, Animali degli zoo, Benessere, Benessere animale, Biodiversità, Lunga distanza, Trasporto, Zoo. (1) Schönbrunner Tiergarten GesmbH, Maxingstraße 13b, A-1130 Vienna, Austria [email protected] (2) Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia [email protected] © IZS A&M 2008 www.izs.it/vet_italiana Vol. 44 (1), Vet Ital 49 The international transportation of zoo animals: Peter Linhart†, David B. Adams & Thomas Voracek conserving biological diversity and protecting animal welfare Introduction practical measures taken to protect the welfare of animals during the process. It was said in 1964 that ‘the zoological garden of today has progressed far beyond the scope Why zoo animals undergo long and status of a mere menagerie’ (4). Modern and responsive zoos have been transformed distance transportation into ‘urban refuges of wildlife’ providing Reasons for transporting zoo animals over opportunities for education, conservation and long distances are tied to the aspirations and research, perhaps becoming a necessity for the real achievements of modern zoos in urban dwellers who may have no contact with conserving the world’s biodiversity. These wild creatures but who may ‘ultimately shape’ aspirations and the strategies that accompany future policies for the conservation of global them are explained comprehensively in the biodiversity (3). Zoos now make a valuable 2005 World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation contribution to the conservation of animal Strategy (Building a Future for Wildlife )or the species which is made increasingly necessary WZACS (11), which brings up to date the by factors that reduce or destroy natural World Zoo Conservation Strategy of 1993 (14). habitats, including climate change (7, 10, 11). The WZACS strategy seeks to answer the For example, over 600 mammal species are worries and questions about conservation and considered as globally threatened, yet in 1990 animal welfare and whether or not zoos only 20 500 animals from 140 threatened should be supported. It extends earlier species were held in zoos (7). Conservation contemplations (8) about the balance between goals require that animals are transported over animal conservation and animal welfare so long distances and the challenge is to transport that common ground can be found and them in a manner that caters for their welfare. mutually acceptable pathways to progress can The provenance of this paper is the Vienna be mapped out. More than 600 million people Zoo, the Tiergarten Schönbrunn, which was visit the 200 or so zoos covered by WAZA each established in 1752. It has the distinction of year. The opportunity for raising awareness being the world’s oldest zoo and is living about wild animals through the enjoyment of evidence of the transformation of zoos into their unique nature in pleasurable and institutions that are crucial for the protection accessible surroundings is unparalleled. of biodiversity through what they do and what In the words of the WZACS strategy, ‘only they champion. The paper speaks for the zoos, aquariums and botanic gardens can interests of the zoo community in the long operate across the whole spectrum of distance transportation of animals and draws conservation activities, from ex situ breeding of heavily upon the published wisdom of the threatened species, research, public education, World Association of Zoos and Aquariums training and influencing and advocacy, (WAZA), the civil society organisation that through to in situ support of species, provides ‘leadership and support for zoos, populations and their habitats; they uniquely aquariums and partner organisations of the have a massive “captive audience” of visitors world in animal care and welfare, conservation whose knowledge, understanding, attitude, of biodiversity, environmental education and behaviour and involvement can all be global sustainability’ (11). In doing so, it positively influenced and harnessed. They celebrates the efforts made by the late Peter have a huge resource of technical skills and Linhart on the practicalities of transporting zoo dedicated people. As habitats shrink and animals and managing the entwined needs of collection‐managed populations grow, the conserving biodiversity and protecting animal definition of what is a zoo, what is a botanic welfare. The paper describes the world garden, what is a reserve, and who is a circumstances that make a case for the long collection‐based conservationist, who is a field‐ distance transportation of zoo animals and the based conservationist, will inevitably blur. 50 Vol. 44 (1), Vet Ital www.izs.it/vet_italiana © IZS A&M 2008 Peter Linhart†, David B. Adams & Thomas Voracek The international transportation of zoo animals: conserving biological diversity and protecting animal welfare Zoos, aquariums and botanic gardens have an the‐wild programmes, deaths of animals opportunity to establish themselves as models whilst in care and, finally, external wild animal of “integrated conservation” and the means of welfare issues. This last topic contains matters achieving this in a collective fashion for zoos pertaining to trade and the taking of animals and aquariums is through the WZACS’. from the wild and which have direct relevance World Association of Zoos and to animal transportation. Aquariums World Association of Zoos and WAZA has authority as the international body Aquariums and the World representing the views of the world’s zoos and Conservation Union aquariums in international forums such as the The connection between WAZA and the IUCN World Conservation Union (the IUCN, the is important. WAZA is the peak voice of the International Union for the Conservation of zoo community in the IUCN and helps to turn Nature) (www.iucn.org) and the Conferences the platform of the IUCN into reality. As for of Parties to global conventions such as the the IUCN, it is the ‘world’s largest and most Convention on International Trade in important conservation network and involves Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna 83 states, 110 government agencies, over (CITES) (www.cites.org/), the Convention on 800 non‐governmental organisations and some Biological Diversity (CBD) (www.cbd.int/ 10 000 scientists and experts from default.shtml) and the Convention on 181 countries in a unique worldwide partner‐ Migratory Species (CMS) (www.cms.int). ship’. Its role is ‘to influence, encourage and WAZA succeeded the previous International assist in conserving the integrity and diversity Union of Directors of Zoological Gardens of nature and to ensure that any use of natural (Internationale Union der Direktoren Zoologischer resources is equitable and ecologically Gärten [IUDZG]) in 2000. WAZA’s mission is sustainable’. The IUCN seeks to extend the ‘to guide, encourage and support the zoos, understanding of the goods and services aquariums, and like‐minded organisations of provide by nature, biodiversity and the world in animal care and welfare, ecosystems. Its functions include the environmental education and global monitoring of the world’s species through the conservation’. Red List of Threatened Species and support of WAZA’s code of ethics and animal welfare is the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
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