CEU eTD Collection In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies. in Gender ofArts ofMaster degree forthe In partialfulfillment ANTHROPOLOGICAL MACHINE SETUPINTHEZOO MACHINE ANTHROPOLOGICAL B ECOMING Department ofGenderStudies Marianna Szczygielska Marianna Central European University Central ( WITH Supervisor: Anna Loutfi Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Submitted to ) ANIMAL OTHERS ANIMAL 2010 By . I S THE ? CEU eTD Collection CEU eTD Collection argue for centralityargue for of vision inposthumanist theory. can destabilize theanthropocentric approach thathasdominated philosophical thinking, I relational ontologies.Bydemonstrating “gazingback” up aspace how to thinkofanimals’ what becomingsubversive (with)Iterm“thezoologicalgaze”opens toolfor animalothers, a As “the gaze”. bytheideaof can bechallenged division between humanandanimal, Garden. Budapest Zoological oppositions.Ialsoincludeacasestudyofthe epistemological projectbreaking ofbinary problems human/animal withinof relations, thescope of theontology ofbecoming and the Agamben’s ideaofthe“anthropologicalmachine”,which enabledme to tacklephilosophical Agamben’s biopoliticalcritique. The concept that ismost central tothis dissertation is withDonna Haraway, Giorgio complicating it I applytheposthumanistapproachof paradigmatic biopolitical space. a institution,Iarguethatthezoo development amodern is public intoitscurrentstateas emergence disciplinesscientific inthe of nineteenth century the zoo’sthat influenced and emphasizing theinterconnectednesscolonialism, of thebirthof nationstate, andthe constructingdiscussing thehuman/nonhuman boundary.By thezooin its historicalcontext Abstract I arguethatthe createsmachine, beinganopticaldevice the anthropologicalthat biopolitics. posthumanistMy majortheoreticaltoolsandframework of the theory are in zoological garden the roleof the my researchistoproblematize The aimof i CEU eTD Collection Bibliography...... 89 Conclusions...... 86 Chapter 4: Zoological ...... 68 Iconoclast Chapter 3: Case Study – The Budapest ...... 43 Zoological Garden Chapter 2: History ...... 22 of the Zoological Garden Chapter 1: Mapping ...... 4 the Posthuman Introduction...... 1 iii ...... List of Figures Table of Contents 4.5 How to Challenge ...... 81 the Zoological Gaze? 4.4 From Wittgenstein’s Lion to Derrida’s Cat...... 77 4.3 Premises and ...... 74 Promises of Modernity ...... 69 4.2 Looking at Animals ...... 68 4.1 Introduction ...... 66 3.6 Conclusions 3.5 The Zoo in the Silver Screen...... 61 3.4 The Virtual Zoo – The Biopolitcal Story...... 58 3.3 “Nature Under Construction!” Notes From My Visit tothe Budapest Zoo...... 50 3.2 History of the Budapest Zoological Garden...... 45 ...... 43 3.1 Introduction 2.4 The Zoological Garden as a Colonial Spectacle...... 36 2.3 Do Not Feed Humans! The Anthropological Machine in the Garden of Eden...... 34 2.2 Genealogy of Zoological Gardens...... 24 ...... 22 2.1 Introduction 1.5 The Extended Family of Cyborgs and Companion Species...... 15 1.4 The Biopolitical Shadow of Posthumanism(s)...... 12 1.3 From Ontology to Ethico-Politics of Life (and back again)...... 8 1.2 Between Scylla of the ...... 4 1.1 Introduction Post and Chyrybdis of the ii Human ...... 6 CEU eTD Collection Figure 17.Movie poster………………………………………………………………………64 Figure 16.Movie showing poster Eve and Zani…………………………………………...…63 Figure 15.Movie poster………………………………………………………………………61 Figure 14.…………………………………..…………………..…………………………….60 Figure 13.………………………………………..……...……………………………………60 Figure 12.“Becoming” animal others………………………………………………….……..57 Figure 11. Simian Family……………………………………………………………………..57 Figure 10. Photographing in Aquarium…………………………………………….…….55 the Figure 9.In Apethe House………………………………….………………………………55 Figure 8. Information aboutposter poaching inAfrica………………...…………...………54 Figure 7.Romanticism in theClimate Maze…………………………………………………54 Figure 6.Theentrance to EastAsia South the House………………………………………...53 Figure 5.Representation of Indianthe Ganeshaingod Elephantthe House………...……….53 Figure 4.TheAfrican House…………………………………………………………………53 Figure 3.Aboriginal on ornaments Australianthe House……………………………………53 Figure 4.……………………..…………………………………………………………….…53 Figure 3.…………………….……..…………………………………………………………51 Figure 2.The reconstruction of Africanthe Lake…………………………...………………..51 de l’antiquité à nos jours Figure 1.“Versailles menagerie, Paris. From an engraving by List of Figures Perelle asitPerelle appeared in Histoire desHistoire ménageries by Gustave Loise.……………...... ……………27 iii CEU eTD Collection mapping posthuman, the toclarify Iuse concepts andthe philosophical theyaretraditions This theory is not yet well domesticated in the humanities, so in the first chapter I am allowed me to think of zoontologies of idea of“becomingHaraway’s animal with” and species”that others hernotion “companion of proposition of challenging the zoological anthropocentrism isin dialog with Donna machine? My anthropological the jam to possible it Is collections? animal taxidermic” “quasi- approach anthropocentric of the continue conservation ecological mission wildlife of humanness isbeing constantlynegotiated. Iask: do contemporary bioparks with their Ishowthe modern “zoological how knowledge isaplace machine. Garden Eden” of where of menageries” and modernhierarchies the “panoptical creates and domination, isapower- ontologies? relational about tothink openingbecoming thus, for upaspace (with)as animal tool the others, a subversive Open Agambenesquethe “anthropological machine” is an optical ashedevice, suggests in that assume if we are: questions My research difference. human/nonhuman the constructing is instrument modernwhich device, of important this mostis the “the gaze” argue that “the machine” of concept taxonomy Agamben’s anthropological of UsingGiorgioI species. In constructed. this work I problematize therole of zoologicalthe garden as aliving being is animal and human the between division the bars of form the in visibly most where naturalness,species and to infabricated according categorized animals areneatly different Introduction , what is the role of the gaze in creating the human/nonhuman divide? Can gazing serve The Iin my framework theoretical Isetwhich research isphilosophical posthumanism. As Michel Foucault shows, seeing is knowing, so in my analysis “the zoological gaze” zoological “the in myanalysis so is knowing, seeing shows, Foucault Michel As where science, with is interlaced entertainment where is space The zoo apeculiar becoming 1 instead of fixed being . The CEU eTD Collection drastic to our sensitive eyes. The jammed anthropological machine crushed and the sensitive jammed anthropological eyes.The our drastic to might theviewbe too in and the slaughterhouses be mightwildactually they dangerous, human. one-way propose animalseeing,to I treat as asubversivegazing toolfor decentralizing the predominantly in avisual whatmanner. Advocating Icall for a “zoological iconoclast” of and represented areperceived others animal where places are gardens Zoological “asylum”. ecological wildlife supported scientifically a to spectacle, entertaining a purely from – zoo the of role the legitimizing in shift a observe I preservation, of wildlife global discourses of apart as itseeing sametime andatthe context, Placingthere. from functioning1933 thatwasshot this local,national inits institution system its analyzingof representations, its architecture, film website, andthe Garden Garden to collections. is creating and categorizing with andknowledgeobsessed production that nation state, birth colonialism, the of of the special emphasison interconnectedness the bioparks. Iput and history of animal collections, moving along from the continuum menageries modern to of such a framework. look implications at ethical closer the political and a take to and biopolitics” “affirmative of a possibility as posthumanism analyze to propose proposition Agamben’s of newhuman/nonhuman the biopolitical with relations approach. I derived from. In depicting this theoretical horizon I collapse Donna Haraway’s posthumanist In the last part I put emphasis on vision and seeing as “focal points” of my my analysis. of points” “focal as seeing and on vision emphasis Iput part last In the The second chapter starts with a genealogy of the zoological garden, tracing the lineages the tracing garden, zoological with the of a genealogy starts The secondchapter The zoo is the most aestheticized space where humans can observe animals –in animals canobserve the humans spacewhere isaestheticized The zoo the most I decided to devote the third chapter to a case study of the Budapest Zoological a casestudy Budapest devote the of to the thirdI decided chapter to see the anthropological machine inmotion.as a Iapproached thisparticular zoo 2 Zoo inBudapest CEU eTD Collection 2 Perspective 1 state. modern the of paradigm humanization of the animal coincide with total animalization of man?” of animalization total with coincide animal the of humanization sentence itintoand open insteadturning it aquestion of through indicative: “Doesthean total rephrase Agamben’s conclude,to Iwant To beingvisibly most produced. and animalis the man the – between a place difference enterprise where the biopolitical modern a paradigmatic as garden analyzein myzoological to the Ipropose research Instead, for biopower? paradigm book in her Miller A. Ruth contrast, In camp. concentration the is space a paradigmatic such totalitarianism, producing whatexercised,helife”. calls“barefollowing him, For on Arendt’s work Hannah human/nonhuman relation is not as simple as erasing the boundary between the two. rethinking bybiopolitics, isargue thatposthumanism sothat the overshadowed always beto a platform for non-binary be whatwouldthinking theconsequences of move? this I becoming of byadvocates ontological proclaimed revolution is.is of erasureof us therefore But thecomplete movethis binary inthe a necessary each that animal, an becoming of ontology relational a for way make boundary human/animal Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio See: Ruth A. Miller, Agamben claims that there is a material space, where biopolitics is predominantly biopolitics where space, material is a there that claims Agamben (Aldershot,Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007). The Open. Man and Animal TheLimits of Bodily Integrity. Abortion, Adulteryand RapeLegislation in Comparative Limits ofBodilyIntegrity 1 What if neither the camp, nor the womb should serve as a (California: Stanford University Press,2004), 77. 3 proposes to treat the womb as a biopolitical with ? If posthumanism attempts 2 CEU eTD Collection human and its relations to the non-human world. The prefix The world. non-human the to relations its and human question,into put eraof the and blurred by thePosthuman 1:Mapping Chapter in constructing the human/non-human division. The “zoological Garden of Eden” can be seen can Eden” of Garden “zoological The division. human/non-human the constructing in critique of the human condition allows an understanding of the role of the zoological garden create? Enlightenment), to somethinginvolves human inmean that center the which scientific I of the positioning the project that goes beyond it,linearity at of history leastof human kind, or rather as a smoothin shift from termsthe era of humanism (by of imaginaryin posthumanism tempo(real) as a rupture perceive Should trajectory? linear abandon we this worlds we appears to be trapped in theRenaissance and Enlightenment humanism moving or beyond theidea fixed of human nature, Hegelian dialectic or what wasbefore. Inthisview posthumanism, being critique another of the legacythe of the ideology of progress.to something subsequent stage, (better?) another to forward moving of arrow the time after, Is it possible to experiencing 1.1 Introduction In this chapter I want to analyze to what extent the theory of posthumanism as a marked prefix the Our timesare with post post now now it isdying,andyour new world already belongs to “they”.’ withoutyou cansurvive.systemworld noneof You madea alternatives,and without thesystem powerYou the because aren’tabletofight to a“they”. alltheir ‘Humans havegivenaway atme. said Spike,glancing ‘Exactly,’ -modernism. Recently even the humanness of subjecthumanness even Recently -modernism. the hasbeen scattered of the -colonial changes, we are contained in contained are we changes, -colonial post humanism gave way to reconsideration of the idea of the of idea the of reconsideration to way gave humanism 4 post – we live in live –we post Jeanette Winterson, Jeanette -structural -structural andarebeingthinking post suggests something coming suggests post -industrial societies, -industrial The StoneGods CEU eTD Collection in 3 nationalism, patriarchy and biopolitics. modern science,space is relations intense that with bring together colonialism, power soaked living taxonomy of isnotspecies an innocent place for a Sunday walk; every inch of this analysis. This area for posthumanist potent is a life preservation of politics and performance, spectacle, of science, entanglement as aspaceof zoo The more difficult. becomes untouched reconfigure order to inthe politics where world, keeping the category humanpureand the of rethinking the human/animal Thisrelation. uneasy relationship needs be to problematized in meis for for crucial in which critical theory, present approach is posthumanist the to chapter this process? Is it necessaryexclusion to ofconstantly the radical Other (forprove the humanwhichthe subject)humanness is the becomes crucial anthropocentrism, of idea possible.of very The humans? Enlightenment. in the began pointwhich Can project we modernization try My of to aimstophumanism, in this needs a placecollection of living toanimals thebe zoological gardenenacted is a paradigmatic institution of the in – a place thatasaneatly systematized Iargue see it. aswehumans to want nature of regeneration where the modern human spectacle of nature -amoderndomination myth over of genesis, and purely from urbanin or a artifact as as an postmodern areas, of past the middle outdated the approach approach to human/nonhuman presented relations by Agamben.Giorgio confronting DonnaHaraway’s version of philosophical posthumanism with biopolitical the human voice anyway. Iwant to develop a critical reading of posthumanist theory, by simplistic slogan like “Down with anthropocracy!” which bewould alwaysby shouted a See: Donna Haraway, “Teddy Patriarchy:Bear Taxidermy in the Gardenof Eden, New York City, 1908-1936”, The Haraway Reader , Donna Haraway, (New York London:and Routledge, 2004). 3 For me, posthumanism cannot be limited to a 5 CEU eTD Collection 160. 5 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1999), 2-3. 4 biological in substrate.” beinstantiated happens a that to of identity, thein posthuman its more nefarious forms is construedas informationalan pattern associated with rationality,free will, autonomy and a celebration of consciousness as the seat approach. outsomepoints characteristicsof subjectivity a liberalposthuman as opposed to humanist actually mean to be posthuman? Emphasizing the historicity and contingency of the term, posthumanism inaugurated as anew it does Hayleswhatfield, Kathrine asks, theoretical she and Informatics always trapped between the Scylla of “post” and Chyrybdis of “human”. of Chyrybdis and “post” of Scylla the between trapped always political concerns about the “posthuman condition”. I would even say that human subjects are subjectivity, posthumanism addresses humanity aboutanxieties in crisis as well as ethical and enable thesignificancethey human of Through are neededto questioning social practice. their existence, if even isthatcriticizes one Theproblem dichotomies with for granted. taken just not are binaries the that so renegotiated constantly rather but crushed, simply being not are subjectfrom object or from culture, nature separating (and back), other boundaries the the and “post” “humanism”. from of between In to somewhere transition happening this state one a different understanding of posthumanism – inmy view themost interesting thingis and information technology develops more ways to surpass the limits of humanity. I propose closest figure in example tension cyborg.the betweenthe“biologicalthe of The substrate” its find would that human the of enhancement technological is a posthuman the that implied is Scylla1.2 Between ofthe Katharine N. Hayles, “Unfinished Work: From Cyborg to Cognisphere”, Katherine N. Hayles, In her book her In 4 Hayles argues that “whereas the ‘human’ has since the Enlightenment been Enlightenment the since has ‘human’ the “whereas that argues Hayles written almost fifteen years after Donna Haraway’s “Cyborg Manifesto” that Manifesto” “Cyborg Donna yearsafter Haraway’s fifteen almost written How WeBecame Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, andInformatics How inCybernetics,We Bodies Became Posthuman: Literature, Virtual Post and Chyrybdis ofthe 6 Human 5 I think that in Ithink that understandingthis it Theory, Culture & Society 23 (2006): . CEU eTD Collection Haraway Reader with an oppressive mode of government that regulates populations, and that is regulatespopulations, and that with conflated with mode that an of oppressive government ethical and political implications of such a framework. Biopower that is usually associated understanding of worldliness. vision imposing in of eye upthere, God’s trapped divinecertain somewhere the triangle monopoly challengesthe Cyclopic below from of the perspective double non-anthropocentric 6 “ Cyborg decentralizing Manifesto”, leaves the humansubject the way findingopen to in as “The the Haraway entries.Donna proposes many Moreover, require other rethinking philosophical dictionary notbewould possible inthe singular, andmoreimportantly, would trajectories of posthumanist thought. I want to show that adding “posthumanism” to the related yet and diverging of multiplicity a rather but past the breakwith isradical no there attemptis not only to complicate the subsequent logic of “the posts”, but also to show that my plural? In sense this maybe in the of posthumanisms just or approach, posthumanist one notion regulatory biopolitcs. Thisbringsof me the question wecan talkto about whether of more fraction utopian of posthumanism, while Giorgiomore Agambenisindebted to the were challenged in the realm of posthumanism in different ways. Donna Haraway represents a posthuman theory? I arguethat problems lifewith politics by highlighted of Michel Foucault they inevitably tendenciesdistinct moving indifferentdirections within the domain of of society as war based on the collapse of war and politics. Can those two be combined, orare distinction between the “utopian biopolitics” of posthumanism and the Foucauldian critique hauntseems every that biopolitics forintroduce to apositivelikecall the change.Iwould to notion of the to approach theoretical this of indebtedness recognize the to necessary Donna Haraway, “A Manifesto forCyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s” in pleasure I propose to imagine a possibility of “affirmative biopolitics” and to look closerimagine atthe to “affirmative biopolitics” andI propose to apossibility of In the outlining “post” between andunstable zone is it of “human” posthumanism in the confusion of boundaries and for , Donna, Haraway (New York and London: Routledge,2004), 8. 7 responsibility in their construction.” their in 6 This The CEU eTD Collection can be challenged by a performativity as theoretical materialistusing for tool and of signification matters ofwith matters “fact” of replacement the Barad, According to words. of power constructivist the for asatool contesting practices of performativity discursive materiality dissolute making languageof asatool in of role double the KarenMatter”, Baradrecognizes Comes to the discursive ontology, and at the same timeinquiry. of unit throughimportant most the notion of becomin subjectivity, needa we toturn to theoretical mapping of new landscapes for journey the of overcome thehegemony Enlightenmentthe of humanist neutral, andfleshless universal, understandit. If goal the isof posthumanist ontology an ethics with emancipatory potential to and perceive way is based on we the in world actthe the way we because implications, philosophical speculation, has this purely reflection theoretical palpable political ethical and grounds abstract of tothe leads Although this a newkindof ethics. gives monist, way to hybrids, dichotomies enable this ontological revolution. Moreover, whether we talk about talk we whether Moreover, revolution. ontological this enable dichotomies in between fixed differentiate not identities In manner. organized a hierarchical this sense seem to be in opposition, there simultaneously emerges a specific kind of ontology that does 1.3 From Ontology toEthico-Politics of Life (andbackagain) politics. Are we already posthuman? Or maybe we have never been human at all? inevitability biopoliticalof governance intolife aliberatoryover for posthumanproject way. The term totalitarianism (e.g.Hannah Arendt’s studies) has potential the be in understood to a positive “affirmative biopolitics” I propose here would be an attempt to turn the In her essay “Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an Understanding of Matter How of an Understanding Toward Performativity: In heressay“Posthumanist When one tries to avoidWhen tries to binary by polesone thinking creating achiasm that two the of or g, not necessarily not g, bare life, an ontology of dynamic rhizomatic relations, one that I would call being . In this way the emphasis is put on the relation itself as the 8 cyborgs , CEU eTD Collection 8 Signs: Journal ofWomen inCulture andSociety 7 She writes: question are putinto and destabilized. “nonhuman” and “human” of categories fixed the between boundaries differential Barad by turning the latter intomute objects of representation. In the posthumanist ontology proposed as a Thisknowing separation subject. humansdisproportionately affected andnon-humans, Braidotti Braidotti inproposes her make As that untouchabletied. Rosi someentities ontological of andconceptually the modes ofbeing the frozen “being”over lies in promise and toovercome representation of the “becoming” of significance The becoming. of ontology relational new the of grounds the into tobring body, andmateriality the back for Advocating “agential Baradtries nature realism”, of the separation is of by-product Cartesian approach the a this Rouse,Baradclaims that Following Joseph bylanguageis andrepresentations. world the Ouraccess beingmediated Enlightenment. to has appeal” it takenonacommonsense that culture Western within entrenched deeply “so as representationalism examines critically “becoming”.process of Barad matter in constant the agency active of acknowledging the themselves.representations Thisproduction of binary bereality can questioned by and are represented that entities between divisions ontological creates representationalism epistemological that out points She ontology. of redefinitions posthumanist Ibid:810 Karen Barad, “Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an Understanding of How Matter Comes to Matter”, What is needed isa robust account of the materializationof implication in its ongoing matter’s of historicity. fullness of the account takes that practices ofproductive nature causal precise the of phenomena, an accounting of “nonhuman” aswell material as “human” forms of and agency, understandingan and practices discursive between relationship ofthe nature of the understanding an require and the material-discursive practices by which theirdifferential constitutions are marked. This will res extensa res Metamorphoses from res cogitans 8 , vol.28, no. 3(2003): 806 7 , and thus, she marks it as a humanist legacy of the , “(…) the point is not to know who we are, but are, we who know to not is point the “(…) , 9 and its and consequences forhuman exceptionality all bodies—“human” and“nonhuman”— CEU eTD Collection 11 neo-liberal fear of moral relativism caused by giving agency to nonhumans. 10 9 production of of inof production change agents of an open practice becoming. as the defineintra-action to wants one when account into be taken to has agency on put emphasis The knowing. before phenomena the of existence the imply not does intra-action “interaction”, totheusualnotion of binaries.of breaking Incontrast project the posthumanist tothe contributes that device theoretical “intra-action”is avery of concept promising “words” andfleshless so “significations”, the for typical poststructuralism.that Ithink transformations, rather than Being in its classical modes.” and mutations, changes represent to how become,to last, wewant at what, rather “nature,” the “social” and the “scientific” are constituted.” are “scientific” andthe the“social” “nature,” and “culture” “nonhumans,” and “humans” between boundaries differential the that practices such through is it Indeed, “humans.” involve not may or may that enactments material causal specific are intra-actions “Agential notes: Barad As determinism. simple to opposed figurations ofmatter. Nevertheless, by the processkeeping ofbecoming intra-actions open are certain constrain thatthey still such exclusionary, arealways intra-actions mind that shifting andmatterisprescribed not toany Itissubject. pre-existing important tokeep in are nonhuman and human between boundaries the intra-acting of process inthe agency image of image of a more biopolitics dystopian from derived Foucauldian the istradition. It especially its proposition of of politics alliances isand co-evolution, there always (ghost) ashadow binarythe oppositions andmaking wayfor aliberatory ontology of cyborgs or hybrids with human and nonhuman animals in the space of the zoological garden might look like. provides insight animportant intohow reworking andperforming the relations between Rosi Braidotti, Ibid, 817. Iwould like to point out that the posthumanist notion of agency is most severely criticized by advocates of What Barad calls “agential intra-action” allows the abandoning of on fixation the abandoning of the allows intra-action” “agential WhatBarad calls As I depicted it earlier, every time I think about the posthumanist project of of breaking project the every it earlier, about posthumanist Ithink As Idepicted time Metamorphoses. Towards aMaterialist Theory of Becoming 10 9 11 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 2. I think that this Ithink approach that 10 In the ongoing flow of CEU eTD Collection zone of the clash between nature/culture, and human/non-human, can be the “bare life” of of life” canbe “barea the and human/non-human, nature/culture, of between clash zone the in the exists What in-between. of zone what emerges transitional inthe closer at look to forget being hijacked easily byneo-liberal eulogists ofthe apocalypse. In myview being aware ofthis important isrisk toprevent posthumanistfrom the project dichotomy. human-animal the collapsing in carelessly is a danger –there into account taken dissolving any binary, of kind political the andethical consequencesof action this should be livingfor hybridand new Before thinking. of cyborg uppossibilities ways or –opening 2002) Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. Habermas, See: Jurgen integrity. bodily evenhuman and democracy liberal nature, ofhuman future the about concerns their express 12 the figure of figurethe lifevulnerable of ofthe in biopower a of be as success can seen either which anin-between zone, we create polarities if we try to collapse those two What a happens two. between not symmetry hierarchy, is the there that sides always a pedestal, so of the binary? I argue that in this move of clashing the biological. political natureandculture of areunifiedrubric underthe theology the of where sovereignty, will now sketch a brief genealogy posthumanism(s)of that Isee as deriving from political the I posthumanism(s). of continuity theoretical and historical the emphasize to want I rather but nonhuman in Auschwitz.notmean relation to create another Ido to binary here,opposition humanand the meaning afraidpose the of not difficult about isquestions Agamben, to who reducing livestoan some existence?isanimal That find itwhy helpful usetheory I from to animals)bebeing subversive without shadowedby totalitarian the thataimedpolitics at opposition binary “them”,the I say“we”andreenacting am thesubject? If accused de-humanizing of again? Can visible inlanguage innocently – I can term use the “nonhuman” without the riskbeing of a posthumanist politics (especially the one directed at nonhuman For example, For Jurgen Habermas Francisor Fukuyama are successfully adopting a posthumanist framework to Through creating the category of “Otherness” the “Self” can be created and put on andon canbe putthe “Otherness” “Self” created the creatingof category Through the The Future of Human Nature homo sacer, homo (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003)and Francis Fukuyama, 11 or asits failureinfigureliberatory or the of the (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 12 Thus, it is crucial not to CEU eTD Collection and Alessandroand Fontana (New York: Picador, 2003), 242. 16 Pantheon,York: 1984), 265. 15 14 Press, 1998), 1. 13 gods)” or men, (animals, beings living all to common living of fact simple “the express to used was of bare life as originary political element and as threshold of articulation between nature and nature between articulation of and asthreshold element political barelife asoriginary of domain of power over life? What is main of legitimate). the figure this is human necessarily seen life(read: as not that over domination be of atechnology to raceseems human of the biopolitics the what hecalled he recalls the ancient Greek distinction between two kinds of life:kinds of between two distinction Greek ancient hethe recalls Agamben. beginningbook his In of the 1.4 The Biopolitical Shadow ofPosthumanism(s) constructions. contrasting two those nowexamine Iwill chimeras. naturalcultural of anassemblage or refugee straightforward manner, man-as-species in the multiplicity of populations. multiplicity in man-as-species manner,of the straightforward man-as-living-being,itin as put amore newmodethe power to applied to or of as a living beingin question.” existence his places politics whose animal isan man modern existence; a political for capacity millennia,“for is that argues, Foucault Michel is Whatremarkable, as individuals. not species, race or man remainedgroup.” what he was for Aristotle: a living animal with the additional Michel Foucault, Michel Foucault, “Right of Death and Powerover Life,” in Ibid, 1. Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio According to Agamben, “the fundamental activity of sovereign power is the production Let me first analyze the “darker” side of isLet mefirst it byGiorgiobiopolitics side the“darker” analyze as of presented 13 14 and the latter to indicate “the form or way of living proper to an individual or a For example, when Aristotle defines man as man defines Aristotle when example, For “Society Must Be Defended” Lectures at the College de France 1975-76 Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power andBare Life 15 Foucault in his lecture “Society in BeDefended” “Society lecture Foucault describes Must his Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life Homo Sacer: andBare SovereignPower 12 The Foucault Reader politikon zoon (Stanford, California: Stanford University zo , ed. Paul Rabinow (New he refers to humans as a Ɲ and bios , 16 eds. Mauro Bertani Mauro eds. In this sense, . The first one first The . (1998), CEU eTD Collection sciences of life is mostly present as power-knowledge in any biopolitical context. life.” andbareuniting power nothing secrettie lightmodern bringthe than other State thereforedoes to the calculations, its of centre the at life biological Placing (…) power sovereign of activity original isthe body be said production biopolitical Agamben,“itAccordingcan thatexception. the to of even by lifefrom expressed stream of the citizenship. Living anaked life meanstobe reduced tobiological existence, being ray justone lifebare thatis any without andsignificance political is thus totally of stripped humanity and sacer human subject displaces himself at his own risk. his own at himself displaces subject human the which from nature, of understanding human the mirroring are sciences”, “human of name genealogicalhuman study fact natural by of the sciences. put In sciences Foucaultunder the such” as nature of “continuity show the to inbe order started neatly to categorized that andplants world of animals Sciences other. It is each from interesting distinguished more became disciplines scientific when time same the at exactly how in the book about this project. this about 20 1998), 148. their reality and putting theminto acertain frametemporal where they are madevisible ina of “samples” taking by “others” the of world the of vision certain a representing about all is refugees from from refugees her 19 18 17 culture, Ideliberately referto this subject as male, because that is exactly the point of criticism I want to make later Michel Foucault, Ibid., 11. Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio , asacred manwhomay besacrificed. killed andyet not Itis anindividual reduced to The emergence of biopoliticsThe emergence by is of atdated Foucault dawn the of 18 the Foucault pays a lot of attention to the natural sciences, so also to the non-human zo Ɲ and The Order of Things. AnArcheologyof theHuman Sciences Homo Sacer bios. The Origins Totalitarianism of ” 17 Following Hannah Arendt’s notion of the “naked lives” of the , op. cit., 102. 18 Biology here is not a coincidental reference – the discourse of 19 , so that “Nature” is specifically represented inis “Nature” this, sothat specifically represented zo The Order of Things. An ArcheologyoftheHuman Things. An The Orderof Ɲ and being submitted to the sovereign’s state of state tothesovereign’s submitted being and 13 20 He also mentions that the idea of taxonomy , Agamben develops theconcept of (New York: Vintage Books th century, homo CEU eTD Collection 22 21 line no longer appears today as a stable border dividing two clearly distinct zones.” clearly distinct dividing border two astable today longeras appears line no decision on life becomes a decision on death, and biopolitics can turn intothanatopolitics, this markingat which the state modern thepoint is inevery aline “ifthere Agamben arguesthat its life,protection also qualifiedexercising thanatopolitics. through power of politically in life, name insignificantbare the of of held stream in the still ready air,terminate to the is sword sovereign’s The state. biopolitical the for important and is significant that life only sacer, newprotagonist, the with However, works. inFoucault’s andeven oversimplified from oflife death,toadiscourse life. focusesthen remains unclear Thisshift of a rhetoric on beings. of living structure organized Arcadian, image of an inthe dominated visually are species that is timeespecially onthe power other the exercised asThis biopower, power-knowledge. of islocus a that visibility of area as ataxonomic zoo see the I sense, this In garden. zoological the beto alsoapplied can and visibility temporality intersection of this I think that writes: Foucault zoological or curiosity museums, gardens. space of preserved in cabinets, a non-temporal they all passingthe resist time, myths create oforigin and history, shape being themselves body Tables, driedspecificjars classifications, upherbariums– collections, with parts, order. for Agamben,forbiopolitics isa totalitarian form oppressive rather and of that caneasily power Ibid, 72. Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio Foucault diagnoses a radical transformation of politics after the Enlightenment that since that is the embodiment of a simple biological and anonymous existence of existence anonymous and biological a simple of embodiment is the that period, replace circularthe processionof ‘show’ Classical the the within the arrangement of created things as in a‘table’. garden, the and room history natural The fables. ageless its displayed bestiary featured in fairs, in tournaments,was it inspectacle: fictitious a was or animals of real combats, strangeness inthe reconstitutions Renaissance, the of To legends them. in which describe to the possible while. What hadcuriosity about exotic plants andchanged animals. Infact, these had already claimed men’s interest fora long wasIt isoftensaid that the establishmentthe of botanical gardens and zoologicalspace collections expressed a new in which it was possible to see them and from which it was Homo Sacer, op. cit, 143. 14 zo Ɲ , it is not 22 21 Thus, homo CEU eTD Collection 23 Donna to According “subject”. a term innocently even cannot I that entity posthuman truly than sadfigureof the the subversive inhabitant and betweenboundary human nature of culture, the or andnonhuman more a be there Can humanism? Enlightenment of anthropocentrism the in abandoning help 1.5 TheExtended Family of Cyborgs and Companion Species hethat in described indistinction of zone the toreconceptualize seems Agamben man the animal, between the and be human” ashuman to itself recognize argues that from this describes Linnaeus’ problem scientificwith thehumanplacing being inthe obstacle,up Linnaeus, thefounding father of modernthe scientific taxonomy, and specifically he the idea of the man who political consequences from humanity separating of animality. Agamben Inhis work brings “is the animal that are beings,the amongst other what and must occupy position species hasmanagedto a privileged human wayinwhich the tracethe to itis necessary liminality life’s bare the understand more than in his earlier works. This new approach rests on the idea that if one wants to divide more closely in his work life.natural its citizen between therefugeethe shadow, as anindefinite,and of exception vulnerable sacer value”) its with technologies ofmass dispossessions, eugenics, even and genocide. slipinto thanatopoliticsis that focused on “life beingunworthy of lived” “life (or devoid of Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio inmodern biopolitics exists on boundary the between human the and the nonhuman, Is itIs possible think to biopower as isan of affirmative politicsproductive andcan that It is toexaminingnotingIt worth human/nonhumanAgamben decided toturn the that The Open. Man and Animal Homo Sacer homo sacer . The Open ? The answer can be found in the figure of the cyborg – a 23 (California: Stanford University Press,2004), 26. , emerges. Emphasizing open)abyss, emerges. theempty (or (2002), where heengages in much posthumanism 15 Systema naturae . Agamben Homo CEU eTD Collection 26 The Haraway Reader 25 1991), 149. Century”, in Century”, 24 science fiction and social reality is an optical illusion.” optical an is reality social and fiction science world-changing fiction.(…)life This isa struggle over boundary andbutthe between death, a construction, political important most our relations, social lived is reality Social fiction. of of machine andorganism,social of aswellacreature organism, ahybrid acreature reality Haraway’s (1985), from “Cyborgdefinition famousManifesto” the “a is cyborg acybernetic subject in its male, white appearance, she draws attention to the body and its materiality a the body as in and materiality its to its shedraws attention subject appearance, male,white human andcomfortable fixed the By dislocating century. late eighteenth in somewhere the technoscientific powerasmanipulating andmaking bodiesdocile concrete rightnow, not is involveddeconstructed? Haraway’sanalysis modern Nevertheless, in deeply recognizing divisionMaybe itbetween shows that the shadow oneof bare lifeand identity isbuilding techniques liberal of politics. haunting the the cyborgotherbecause toemphasize whatshe wants is figureescapes liminality the this any of that kind of politics? Is clearthe lineoperations.” of and sharp,Foucault’ssubject to biopolitics; thecyborg simulates politics, amuch more potent field of not is cyborg “the that underlines she place another In biopolitics. and politics of orform new is thisvery a politics, open field.” cyborg of boundarypremonition flaccid a is biopolitics “Foucault’s that notes Haraway alsoleast easily proclaimworld. If one somewrites a manifesto, major post-capitalistinhybrid it divisions whichescapesmany exists apost-gender, sothat other she usually change. attempts to enunciate While political revolution making or at the cyborg a new ontological destiny Ibid, 22. Donna Haraway, “A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s” [in:] Donna Haraway, “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Late the in Socialist-Feminism and Technology, Science, Manifesto: “A Cyborg Haraway, Donna Why does Haraway want to distance herself so much from a Foucauldian approach? Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature 25 26 She makes anda significant clear distinction between and this her proclaimed She refers to the cyborg as a myth of political identity simulating politics, simulating identity political of myth a as cyborg the to refers She Donna Haraway (New York and London: Routledge, 2004), 8. 16 24 Nature and Nature in culture areunified this , Donna Haraway (New York: Routledge, CEU eTD Collection 23(7–8) (2006), 198. 28 in Landscape” Humanist 27 horizon in hi-tech culture, are successful in destabilizing the ontology fixed the inof ontology destabilizing in successful horizon are hi-tech culture, her theoretical dominate that creatures peculiar those species, companion and oncomice producing subjectivity and subjection, becausenon-fixed,non-unitary cyborgs, tricksters, overproductiondiminishing in Infact, identities. thepower in heranalysisbiopower failsof empty of signifier a silenced gender and hercyborg-feminism isa fights that project back by mentioning without isreproduction gender. Unlikehim,acknowledges that notan Haraway Foucault– whois able talk sexuality to thecrucial about as way of biopower, exercising in whichshe challengesvisions androcentric many of contemporary theoreticians, including interconnections.” andmultiple redesigns communication networking, by work butrather by does more, normalized not heterogeneity contemporary power any that Haraway notes Haraway power. hisredefinition of ‘bio-power’, questions also as moderntruth of regime the Foucault’s about deal premises of great “while a sharing notes, symbol of a coherent and a illusion butrather of a newmodeis of notsimply power, cyborg and utopian a celebratory non-nostalgic project of ‘difference’.” practice “self-critical for basis of a build redefinitionto fascism, than rather technoscience, and capitalism transnational with intertwined of power. As Rosi Braidotti as racism and on colonialism more focuses Haraway Instead, modernity. of threshold the as Holocaust the of notion Agambenesque the beyond analysis her positions she context, inkinships knowledge power-saturated the production systems. between the human and race, andresultbut majornotalsoof onlycrosscutting the gender, of class cleavages divide nonhuman, that allows her to imagine new alliances, agencies and Donna Haraway, “Ecce Homo, Ain’t (Ar’n’t) I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: The Human an a Post- Rosi Bradotti “Posthuman, All Too Human: Towards a New Process Ontology”, Process New a Towards Human: Too All “Posthuman, Bradotti Rosi Haraway’s posthumanism is not only post-anthropocentric, but also feminist in the way the in feminist also but post-anthropocentric, only not is posthumanism Haraway’s in War Western World II the ideals after humanist of construction the Questioning The Haraway Reader , Donna Haraway (New York and London: Routledge, 2004), 48. 17 27 I think that in this move she shows that the that shows she move in this that Ithink Theory, Culture & Society 28 being by CEU eTD Collection ontology that has no relation to materiality. There is no place for abstract representational foris abstract noplace There materiality. to norelation has that ontology 32 31 Reader 30 The Haraway Reader 29 here.” for theory surrogates not (…) body in of technoscience, the presences material-semiotic is purely metaphorical figure not it clear makes “fleshy companion species are – Haraway that new this modernity”.Nevertheless, “biosocial form relations of rhizomatic where networks in idea for posthuman amore relational world, of co-existing asametaphor species serve more on theput is emphasis the embodimentcyborg the of figure the In did. cyborgs the than way different slightly of technology and the and between nature entities” thein binaries human arebreaking the culture a and nonhuman, human/machine relation,eatnot companion animals. while do we that agreement companionhuman is category in this animals all links What animals. laboratory or workers partnersinsports, animals aspets, of some species totreating moreandis connected meal.youryouideaequal share of“companion doesnot The “companion animals” species” com – surprise, sometimes even anice even surprise.” surprise, sometimes queer family in of arespecies, companion a generally which biotechno-politics reproductive of in “(…)relational ontology order to asjunior seecyborgs much bigger, siblings in the posthumanistthe story species”.“companion of the broadens figure – the Infactshe category mythsmore resistance potent for andrecoupling.” for hope hardly could we circumstances, political present in our illegitimate; and monstrous As “cyborg are unities writes: she looseningof conceptual regime the unitary subjectivity. Ibid, 298. Ibid, 301. in Technoscience” in Kinship Reconfiguring Species: Companion to “Cyborgs Haraway, Donna Donna Haraway,) “A Manifesto forCyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s” in , Donna Haraway (New York and London: Routledge, 2004), 300. 32 “with” and “with” In search of “livable politics and ontologies” Haraway introduces anew of introduces protagonist Haraway and ontologies” “livable politics In search of Inthiswarn against wantsto way, she creating anddouble-bottom- empty signifiers , op. cit., 13. panis –“bread” and means a “read fellow, messmate”, someone with with whom someone messmate”, fellow, “read a means –“bread” and 31 In Haraway’s story of co-habitation and co-evolution “fellow 30 The word “companion” is derived from Latin “companion” The from isderived word 18 29 The Haraway CEU eTD Collection 33 of of deciding whichendangeredinto species be the “ZooArk”will let and As whichwillnot. a of capitalism. evolution in results and biodiversity dogs a rich is pedigree linkedof regulatory to processes co- particular in this that sense the biopolitics, modern nonhuman of example is a perfect also humans in detail, species shedescribed and CanineDiversity in that ascompanion Project the dogs of example Haraway’s Infact, biopower. of asubject become can easily that analysis islargerof as just species aunit apopulation However, biological and typologies. creating with classifications obsession modernistic humanist andemergedfrom the is that a category Species approach. of a biopolitical traces bears zoo, inthe elephants or rats, laboratory horses, their bodies. deeply imbedded inboth molecular species’ behavior,biochemistry aswell genetics, as the of is that co-constitution” of in“networks shaping is amutual rather It by actor other. one the The canine a simplistic ecological of is“domestication” of story theater. origin not one-sided and humans’mutual shaping, Harawaygivesanew sensetoevolutionary theory and ThirdEra.” Millenium Current the of and comrades thatdogsmightbe guides better through thickestthe of technobiopolitics in the riskmy alienating old cyborg, doppelganger, in the to order convincetry to my colleagues betweenthem. materially exists becoming,human whereboth and animal are companion becausespecies, synergy the of that andbone we species with hereinvolvedare dealing are in politics of egalitarian of praxis flesh The work. in Haraway’s metaphors disembodied and emblems animal imagery, animal Ibid, 298. The management of different species in the zoological garden is an almost Godly task Godly isalmost an garden zoological inthe species of different The management whetherthey are dogs, others, becomingidea animal the the with I argue that of Haraway has gone to dogs – literally and metaphorically. She writes: “unfairly, I will 33 Bylooking history long specifically at the of dogs’ 19 CEU eTD Collection 35 34 excluded that them from “culture” defined circulation asthe of signs through system the of slavery, institution, in aspecific – father) the of name the for conduit wife, potential (human, sexually markedfemale – as (animal,rights), sexualized, andwithout notas but woman and racially simultaneously constituted were “black women Shewrites: characteristics. class and race, gender, particular non-citizen neutral this gives Haraway Conversely, Agamben is it life,be thisany potentially seems of kind universally extent to to applicable. itis life,but byAgamben,his life of akindofcritique depicted also naked for The approach. bare of horizon biopolitical the with line in goes This humanity. of figure paradigmatic the Inc.” Worldinside inOrder, biotechnology and – the New do thismonster rightthe belly the of it“they frames because asHaraway figures, liberatory species Theare companion discourse. itpolitics in decompresses sensethat liberal the sealed individual the of hermetically the Peter Singer. Instead, Haraway Haraway writes: Singer.Instead, Peter companion hasspecies do nothingwith to this kindof forapproach, represented example by human hear animal idea discourse,one disappointed the tothat or would be rights of the of advocate an is Haraway that thinks anyone if However, lives. in our animals of roles hand,other notion the of companion the species opensupmultiple torethink possibilities the desired by are highly of Onthe audience profitable, spectacle. populations or the that the place that is also highly involved in the capitalist system the zoo keeps certain animal Ibid, 308. Ibid, 316-317. 35 “Companion Species Manifesto” is a politico-ethical project. It also involves feminist involves also It project. politico-ethical isa Manifesto” Species “Companion human. choreography” in the yearning for more livable and livelyopen polyvalent,and relationships bothhistorically morally.and across The (…) point is to engage kinds,“ontological human and non- companionspecies, and the issues of hierarchy and cruelty,as well acolleagueship and responsibility, are human mentality forassigning value. Bothpeople and theirpartners are co-constructed I the history of is not avery friendly notion for those “animal rights” perspectives that rely on ascale of similarity to outside the straight-jackets of muchanimal rights discourse, feminist and otherwise. “Companionspecies” The story requires considering seriously “companionanimals” and complex moral-scientific action Moreover, Haraway complicates the story, by making the suffering female blackslave female thesuffering bymaking thestory, Haraway Moreover, complicates 34 20 CEU eTD Collection Humanist Landscape”, op. cit., 55. 36 marriage.” taxonomical space of visibility, than posthumanism should be its iconoclast! is a If zoological garden the is ethical project. ideaposthumanism an The one. isthat pleasant As Haraway emphasizes, the relationship we are talking about here is not always an easypatriarchal? and capitalist, imperial, colonial, national, discourses: multiple building in used being livingstill (andbodies their were are) animalsarecaptive andthat these factthat the approach animal others. The questions are: Are the zoo animals significant others for us? How can we overcome hierarchical of biomodernity.dependencies provide overshadowed by biopolitics, theposthumanist to seems project arealopportunity to is Ashumanity Landscape”. ana The Others: Post-Humanist Human and Inappropriate/d all, contrary to what Haraway was trying to argue in “Ecce Homo, Ain’t (Ar’n’t) I a Woman, Donna Haraway, “Ecce Homo, Ain’t (Ar’n’t) I a Woman, and Inappropriate/d Others: The Human an a Post- Posthumanism as presented by Haraway is a project of creating new relations with new relations of creating is aproject by Haraway aspresented Posthumanism 36 The problem is that in this light humanity does not seem to be emancipatory at be emancipatory to seem not does humanity light in this that is problem The 21 CEU eTD Collection zoological by garden showingis thatit not suchaninnocent placefor a walk asitSunday constructed. being is nonhuman and human between division –the barriers glass or fences bars, of form from important my viewof is is thepoint also zoo most aspacethat visibly in where – the is what most However, is regulated. properly nature where garden zoological the space of experience can besoitbutto isbeautiful, wildlife inthe safe better cruel and dangerous, donkeys, horses, miniature pigs, – sheep, goats children’sthe beloved is ones… Nature ones, domesticated to next live monkeys, elephants, giraffes, zebras, tigers, lions, animals, to know somethinginfabricatedspeciesnaturalness, People tothe zoo visitors. to the exposed burninggazeof go about to according categorized neatly are animals where is science, with interlaced entertainment animals; garden.hence What to is watchso specialsupposed tobe an island in wilderness of middlethe of urban – the zoological environment them, about this look is can Nature.by visiting both at the You sameway (back?) do aspecialplace to timethat place? at First them, of all observe.the zoo is a peculiar Exotic2.1 Introduction space where Chapter 2: History of the Zoological Garden In this Iwant chapter de-romanticize to and the symbolic unpack meaning the of Imagine a sunny Sunday afternoon. A perfect day to explore the city, or to findyourexplore to to city, the or Imagine Aperfect afternoon. day asunny Sunday a new a new our ownassessment of statusas “humans.” have perceived andtreatedanimals. Thesecond andis the first, emerges out of is areexaminationthe ways ofthepastandareassessment of inwhich humans two consequencesthat widercan upset the anthropocentric attitudes. Thefirst Recognizing thecontinuinghumans inthe centralityhistory of animals has of Erica Fudge,“A Left-Handed Blow: Writing the History Animals”of 22 CEU eTD Collection “point of “point 38 can become that with establishanimals newrelations gazeto the especially and of visibility part of system.power-knowledge also is it imprisoned animals wild keeping menagerie panoptical modern a as and species, of 37 trapped in cages. I argue that the zoo as aliving a is in that zoo the primarily trapped cages. Iargue taxonomy relation between asthe aswell space, of administration the and analyze architecture the meto this allows the human is zoo; specialthe visual aspectof the why on That emphasis perspective. Iput postmodern audiencethe Enlightenment of the zoological “seeing asknowing” – that we might see metaphorinlight of is idea Western of linkedtothe culture ignorance”.of Theomnipresent spectacle,as a coherent movement isbecome timelight This knowable. alsothe when “the of darkness reason brightened upthe and or historicalthe animal function isof separating and what purely human from uniquely hadanimality,which to event fromothers a Enlightenment,mark which I as periodthe when modern gainedzoological gardens their philosophical paradigmatic form of expressing theideas humanism,of I understand which as a itthat serves asa andmoreover, terms, istrend inFoucauldian space zoo the a biopolitical that that Iargue collections. and creating categorizing with obsessed production andknowledge startedbioparks. Iput special emphasis oninterconnectedness of colonialism, birth of the nation state in the and history of animal collections, moving along from the continuum menageries modern to Renaissance.animal is produced. and human between boundary the how explain to Agamben Giorgio by coined machine” However,seems to be atfirst glance. My I main theoretical toolfocus is the concept of the “anthropological on the Age of It is especially apparent in the use of language, for example we say “from my See: Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio See: In the last part of this chapter I will briefly sketch how itis possible to use the notion view ”, “philosophical ”, 37 38 I start with a genealogy of the zoological garden, tracing the lineages tracingthe garden, zoological of the Istartwith a genealogy The Open: Man and Animal ; therefore sight and gaze appear tobe central to the humanist project of reflection ”, “at first glance (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2004). Press, University Stanford California: (Stanford, 23 ” something become “ become ” something clearer perspective ” after explanation, etc. explanation, ” after visual ”, “ bright classification thoughts”, CEU eTD Collection (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 1962,vol. 8), 335. 42 University Press, 2000), 149. 41 2003). 40 39 But this must be done with monsters and products the prodigious of nature, of every novelty, abnormalityor rarity nature.in greatest discretion,scientific revolution,to wrote: “We mustmaintainmake a collection or particular natural history of all the credibility.” 2.2 Genealogy ofZoological Gardens too long now. for universe Western the of in centre the has domesticated well been that human subject the humanist laboratories, appeared, botanical andzoos stillgardens imperative the sustaining of taxonomic museums, of institutions modern reality, the of representations microcosmic Out of those to systematize samples of the natural world into a coherent whole of organized knowledge. curiosities (Kunstkammer, Wunderkammer), alibrary, a garden, and a laboratory were needed humanof acabinetof knowledge, order toolsthe such empirical as from order divine separate the to in order that advised He specifically nature. domination of over thenatural power thereform world. Bacon’s of program of science setuprules fortotal exerting at aimed that science in modern method dominant the became in tables everything organize to and classifications collections, lists, create to drive this method”, “Baconian “zoontologies” is alternative in zoos mecreate for is away to practiced that usually of one-way observation species”. “companion calls what Haraway Francis Bacon,“Gesta Grayorum”, in eds. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis, D. D. Heath, Francis Bacon, Francis See: Cary Wolfe ed., Wolfe Cary See: Haraway, Donna See: In being The New Organon The New Organon 40 . My argument is that the gaze can serve as a subversive tool to decentralize to tool asubversive serve as gazecan is the that My . argument , or even relational ontologies of posthumanist Zoontologies: The Question Of The Animal When Species Meet , eds. Lisa Jardine and Michael Silverthorne (New York: Cambridge Francis Bacon, known as a philosophical advocate of the (Minneapolis, London: University of MinnesotaPress, 2008). 39 Infact, imperative this move thatundermines the 24 (Minneapolis: University Press, University of Minnesota (Minneapolis: becoming The Works of Francis Bacon , instead ofthefixed instead , 41 Known as the as Known 42 , CEU eTD Collection 44 (BocaLondon Raton New York Washington D.C.: CRC Press: 2001), 81. 43 nature, this being another symbol of power and superior social position. his from to protect of subjects wild forces huntingthe of thesovereign’s capacity proved also the ritual for only not entertainment; served game parks necessary.Moreover, wasnot woods the to expedition lengthy a that so easier, much was bears or deer hunting where parks, game in Vatican. menagerie firstthe the Leo Xcreated kept fifteenth Inthecentury emperors, later pope their andSaracen emirs, trophies. expensive in wasatwhere PalermoSicily, Europe inWestern menagerie oldest The classes. social and sovereigns,A visit aristocrats patricians.limited wealthy suchplaceof wasaprivilege to expensive maintain.to Only a few social could groups it: afford popes and bishops, acquire by and only to weredifficult animals becauseexotic mostwealthy people, the form be luxury of possessed could and asanextravagant Animal collections prestige.power of and assymbols served gifts, were quasi-taxidermicdiplomatic often menageries those in kept andanimal-anomalies usually private, were animalcollections Those established. bodies display of “mechanical” animal-anomalies. of objectified mind/body dualism Kantian the or denial of moral animalsduty and to obligations enabled the philosophical efforts to explain human mastery over nature.and Forknowing of example,method Cartesianscientific the of emergence the to thanks possible was objectification human satisfiedwere seen Animalsobjects curiosity. This that as order. inthis order Ibid., 33. Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed. According to Vernon N. Kisling, Jr.: In this context, in the Renaissance first menageries with live wild animals were animals wild live with menageries first Renaissance inthe context, this In worthy for someone to collect and study. popular natural history.eraofIt was an and collections ofprofessional heyday the became century nineteenth The increased. collections transportation improved,as popularitythe of animals increased among public,the and as the number of as scientific knowledge settled, were evolved lands new from as ageneralizedcenturies natural history nineteenth and into specialized sixteenth disciplines,the between as increased shipments Animal Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections To Zoological Gardens 44 omnium gatherum 25 43 Often kings and sovereigns had so called so had sovereigns and kings Often , when everything in nature was deemed was in nature everything when , CEU eTD Collection Books, 1995),203. 46 45 grouping and the king by machinery the of a furtive power.” specific by distribution individual man, by isreplaced animal the menagerie; is aroyal Panopticon The space. of arrangement analytical the with classification, and characterization individualizing observation, with with Panopticon concern programmethe a similar of the by “one menageriein inspiredin prison.Hewrites: the of finds hisproject Frenchroyal the in Foucault Michel by looking around, while confinedthe animals werealways potentially surveillance.under paths surrounding the mainbuilding Visitors andaviaries. could watch animalsjustdisplayed form in allowed the “transparent” cagesfrom of animalsobservation enclosed walking the This panoptical octagon. in plan an the of for LuisXIV king Le Vaux architect 1662 by the in was built that in France, Versailles of menagerie wasthe such of architecture An example middle. the in apavilion with layout, circular their was menageries classic of characteristic Europe hesomeEurope brought livingsoon animals – that became cargo. regular of expressions newly to domination When the “discovered” over lands. returned Columbus species of animal, from wentto town,was usuallyshowingmenagerie town one also of atype traveling that for privateexample menageries thea rhinoin main more gathered and morewere animals exotic colonization, With European expanding purpose orof whichan wereelephant. to give pleasure to theirThose owners. Therecolonial exhibitions were Michel Foucault, Ibid., 29. Stationary developed acertain style. Animportant menageries Stationary architectonic Discipline and Punish: The Birth of thePrison Discipline andPunish wondered if Jeremy Bentham could have been have could Bentham if Jeremy wondered 26 , trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage 46 45 CEU eTD Collection 47 jours ànos del’antiquité ménageries Figure 1. “Versailles menagerie, Paris. From an engraving by A. Perelle as it appeared in to just certain social classes. Knowledge had to become public and the zoo that was that become zoo the and to Knowledge public had just classes. social to certain knowledge gave accessto that project political of the asite was therefore zoo The democracy. is interesting capitalism, changes What undergogardens had zoological beginnings too. the corporate of to is the and disciplines), many that into fragmentation its (especially in science developments the rise of proletariat, and bourgeoisie the of classes newsocial the of emergence industrialization, the zoo as a of With forces the century. in eighteenth the societies in European changes major marked by “public” space des Plants. Jardin the at History coincidesFrench revolution the animals from the Versailles were transferred to the Museum of Natural with the rise of Washington D.C.: CRC Press: 2001), 31 aquarium history:ancient animal collections to zoological gardens Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., op. cit., 82. According to Harro Strehlow, the first modern zoo was established when after the after was established when zoo modern thefirstHarro Strehlow, According to 47 by Gustave Loisel.” Source: Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed. The transition from private menageries to modern zoos was 27 (Boca Raton London New York New London Raton (Boca Histoire des Zoo and CEU eTD Collection 49 48 more zoos existed simultaneously, or successively.” existed simultaneously,more or zoos Europe. Some only existed1858 and 1914,zoos opened inmore forty than for towns Westernthroughout and Central a short time, but most was inalso in factor menageries. Europe animportant former “Between institutionalizing are still extant. In some Rotterdam in 1858. cities two or centers –in of in Amsterdam in in1843,Marseilletrade in 1838,Antwerp 1855,and were that cities harbor in appeared continent in the zoos First, collection. animal rich a with establish to garden majorattempted in azoological city nineteenth Europe the every century in such that new entertainment, “demanded” public the cities proceeded the villages to from migration As mass the and domination. of power colonial manifestation asa served animals it of exotic its the land,andbeingacollection nation “natural proximity of and the origin” to nature and representation of haswildlife thatbeen socialfor modeled different groups. complex category.that on the Inother thisEurope, side this sense, in social urbanization ofintensified and cities class the the to countryside the from became migration fence, mass of process the a target of zoo thethe zoo asI allegedly publicam spectacleAlthough mystifying and writingnature the peasantry animals was impossible,in to almost the as well.unified This showsabout animals production,“human andfood whom could to and andnature be re-appropriated sold. is subject”a productonly is for also ofthe bourgeoisie a a specificmore pride. Itisbear important to in mind that this kindof entertainmentwas made available not as a social national of symbol a became garden zoological a classinfluences, nation-building intensive of time that was already alienatedso animal collectionsfirst were opened tothe public, and eventually institutionalized. Inthe from wild or domesticenactplaceinstitution, asan perfect this to wasthe constructed enlightening kind – of politics Ibid., 97. Ibid., 91. Displaying domestic fauna was a part of the nation-state’s of grand narrative wasapartof fauna the Displaying nation-state’s the domestic 48 The support of zoological and scientific societies that started to spread to scientific thatstarted societies Thesupport of zoological and 28 49 CEU eTD Collection greenhouse exhibits.” about wrote natural the environment of animals,the using which couldbe demonstrated mirror the cultural characteristics of the areas from which they came. Sometimes, however, he of exotic style: “His basic idea was to show how animals should be exhibited in houses that 50 natural world, wild andhave inaccess to beauty zoological the garden artists, writers, and thinkers could escape the urban sprawl and seek out the authenticity of the aesthetic setting and styles of exhibiting animal collections.influenced nature, the of industrialization and rationalization the areaction to especially, as In that time social casts of poets, civilization, and social classprogress underwent a sort of a crisis of identity, when theheyday of industrial revolution, started nature. linked This urban bourgeois fantasy with exhibiting tothe reconnectingof animalsare to pose a threat to wilderness. The ideas of romanticism, presented in his book, houses. Arabic or palaces, Indian mosques, form zoosin of castles, the toEuropean “transplanted” also was architecture Exotic spectacles. andamusement natural parks urban between something imitations of Hindu temples, andbirds populated aviaries. These institutions existed as as built were houses elephant monkey-houses, in together displayed were monkeys of species bears asroyal livedin usually deerhadtrophies differentminiaturecastles, their woods, zoos: different across similar very were animals for buildings remarkable some environment fabricated this In singular). the (in nature of diversity the and plural) the (in cultures “other” popularity intomirrored institutionsof zoological transformed gardens cultural them that their andbutalsospecimens. Thegrowing of “culture”of the not only origin plants animals, Ibid., 100-101. Philipp Leopold Martin was one of the proponents of the exotic style, which he displayed and zoos early modern research conservation, Linking recreation, education, 50 The Practice of Natural History The Practice ofNatural In my view this representation of nature and certain styles of 29 . Strehlow writes about this precursor this about writes Strehlow . CEU eTD Collection 52 Francis e-Library, 2005), 143. Hagenbeck_Tierpark_und_Tropen-Aquarium-Zoos 51 surface of the natural habitat, is the zoological equivalent of the Foucauldian shift from shift Foucauldian the of equivalent is zoological habitat, the natural the surface of with artificial hidden rocks, barriers, and technological infrastructure camouflaged under the African savannah or Antarcticinspeciesvisiblejust who the this landscapecould not were visitors, experienceapieceof to landscape each for enclosures in theseparate fact, but harmony, natural of anillusion in audience the the middle of Germany. in place. one geographical environment This theatrical shows,from he idea of setting,the several same introduced species the exhibiting or ecological whereinspired called Hamburg, byethnological “Carl and the circus Thierpar”, Hagenbeck’s classificatory and museological principle of the zoo. In 1874 he the openedbroke a second who zooanimals in wild of merchant German the of name the from taken Revolution”, notes: Foucault in from highercages organized order, lower to systematic organisms. In popularity of taxonomy influenced the way in which animals were exhibited inlong of rows The zoo”. “systematic called wasthe so highlighted became what century nineteenth In the had artifacts. living they museums,that except to similar more were animals, they “Zoo and Aquarium Visitors”, Aquarium and “Zoo Michel Foucault, way of connecting things both to the eye and to discourse. A new way of making history. making of way A new discourse. to and eye the to both things connecting of way a new but knowledge, for desire the not was catalogue of the that and theatre ofthe age the between being circular the procession replace period, of the ‘show’ Classical the within the arrangement created as of garden, the things and in a room ‘table’. history What camenatural The surreptitiously fables. ageless into tournaments,in fairs, infictitiousin orreal featured combats,was it inreconstitutionsspectacle: a was of legendsof animals inwhich the bestiary strangeness the displayed Renaissance, its the To them. describe What had changed curiositywas about exotic plants and animals.the In fact, these had spacealready claimed men’s interest for a long while.in It is whichoftensaid that the establishment of botanicalit gardens wasand zoological collections expressedpossible a new to see them and from which it was possible to Another crucial change in zoological gardens is known is crucial Another known as change inzoological gardens “Hagenbeck the didmuchput breeding modern captivated not the Because early zoos on emphasis The Order of Things. AnArchaeology of theHuman Sciences http://www.zandavisitor.com/forumtopicdetail-411- 52 The “panorama”, ashis innovation was called,gave , Retrieved,, 08.04. 2010 30 (Routledge: the Taylor and Taylor the (Routledge: The OrderThings of 51 CEU eTD Collection Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002), 199. 55 Press 1998), 86. 54 Pantheon Books, 1984). imitating “sounds of imitating “sounds innature” of immerse camouflaged in exhibits “The “wilderness”. the new like just speakers the conservation ismasked wildlife as anthropocentrism now but spectacle, nineteenth and twentieth century precursors. It is still all about the human pleasure and animal However, Rothfels proves that new zoological Gardens of Eden are notso differentfrom their mating lightand byhi-tech the humidity andreproduction,where are regulated computers. careof take even andwho illnesses andparasites, combat who vets and keepers of day service also seems that animalsfind their paradise in the “almost-jungles”, with plenty of food, an all- wildernessand issupposedtoworkfor both benefit abstracted the human of It and animals. nature “better” impossibly an of illusion the and beasts, the among safe feels man Civilized 53 exhibit: Forrest Gorilla Congo Zoo Bronx’s the describes He animals. wild of environment native insidethey a were wereconvinced that visitors where “immersion exhibits”, contemporary weredisplayed. and“tribes” “races” different of beings human a show of form in the where exhibition, anthropological-zoological idyllic is Garden of noticingfamous It Eden. Hagenbeck worth that wasalso for his the of re-creation becomes the zoo the paradise, of illusion As an wilderness. fabricated needed, but the control over the animals’ bodies was now more subtle and invisible in fully modern biopower. confinement to Nigel Rothfels, “Immersed with Animals” in Rothfels, Nigel (ed.), Randy Malamud, See: Michel Foucault, “The Great Confinement”, in Rabinow, Paul (ed.) Nighel Rothfels argues that the early-twentieth-century Tierpark is the origin of origin is the Tierpark early-twentieth-century the that argues Rothfels Nighel African rain forest ever built” (“Fast”). built” ever forest rain African largest the of being distinction the “holds ofirony, sense little with declares website the Congo,” “The and urethane), replicas of giant replicas urethane), and steel (epoxy, trees fabricated great vines, fabricated of miles “ten and species,” 400 than ofmore plants contains representativesof species 75 animal 22 (including of namesake gorillas),the “15,000 living and acres 6.5 comprises “Congo” the example, for Society, Conservation Wildlife the to According Reading Zoos. Representations of Animals and Captivity Ceiba 53 54 Chains, metal bars, fences and cages were no longer fences andcageswereno metal Chains,bars, 55 trees,stilt rooted 31 Uapacas Representing Animals TheFoucault Reader , [and] trees damaged by elephants.” damaged trees , [and] (New York: New York University , (Bloomington and (Bloomington , (New York: CEU eTD Collection http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKMOL06186920070420 60 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6486993.stm 57 56 2007, 59 bears) gummy (special sweets of toys, series branded his name cryogenically gametes and samples.” tissue preserved world;future innew look the Arkanimals forward togenetic can immortality as a better into usheredsafely of every two being simply filledwith is kind we aretold,not Ark, of of Vanity Fair, wasphotographed by Annie Leibovitz, his life story was featured in a movie time.in a weeks Exchange the an official at shares its of doubling Berlin trademark in Stock resulted what in 2007, crowds(500 thousandsin totherecord Berlin him visitors Zoo 50 days),registered as which show, and his was every step bymillionsinternetwatched of usersworldwide. inin the Berlin Zoo 2006 andwasrejectedbyhis mother, became astar of mediaglobal born was that Knut bear polar the example For nation. even or city, the of pride and emblems become species rare born newly those Often popularity). their of peak the on also are andbutmammals bears, weexperiencemarine other primates “panda-mania”, spectacle (now more spectaculargenerate and “produce” exhibits of most desired the this animal-celebrities allowing equipment biggest mega-laboratoriesthe with to sophisticated form a separate biology, etiology and especially genetics. Now, almost every zoo has a research institute, and difficult toget from the wild due to international treaties and commerce laws. are assure that a necessitynow business butmulti-million-dollar specimen, species, to the of Species Survival Programs only mightbenot noble projectsof preservingendangered http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/41236/story.htm 58 “Haribo expands Knut gummy bear production”, 20. 04. 2007 Reuters, Berlin, BBC News, star” media becomes bear “Baby Moore, Tristana Ibid., 217. “Move OverBrad Pitt Polar Bear Knut to Become Hollywood Star”, Der Spiegel International Online, 31. 12. “Berlin Zoo Stock Leaps as Polar Bear Fever Grows”,04. 04. 2007 Reuters, http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,525955,00.html The scientific background of modern zoological gardens reflects major changes in major changes gardens backgroundmodern of reflects The scientificzoological 58 “Knutmania” continued and the little bear appeared on cover the andlittle bearappearedon “Knutmania” the continued , Retrieved,, 08. 04.2010 32 , Retrieved, 08.20. 2010 56 – he writes, pointing out later that , Retrieved, 08. 04. 2010 , Retrieved, 08.04. 2010 60 , and was a subject of several 57 Knut brought Knut 59 , CEU eTD Collection cit., 78. of margins the to driven more and the more nation-states, is that ultimately life bare of a to be recodified protection into a and new national identity.” Giorgiorepresentation Agamben,supposed of the sake the for ofcitizenship, context the outside used and from separated progressively are now citizen of the rights 62 Press, 1998), 11. 61 that one that has that tobe that one justlike speciesinmodern protected zoological endangered gardens. nothing bring other than light to secretthe tie uniting and power barelife.” does therefore modern State its the calculations, of centre the lifeat Placing biological (…) even said the that production of biopoliticalis body theoriginal activity of sovereign power be “itAgamben,can to According madekillable. can beeasily life that asaform of existence, biological bereducedto means lifeto Livinga naked “barelife”. calls Giorgio Agamben preservation. of wildlife “pseudo-eco-ethics” of practice peculiar by their principle anthropocentric the sustaining still while experience, of andauthenticity naturalness falsification of better aredeveloping towards zoos postmodern Post-colonial, ecology. namely discipline, scientific another of emergence tothe connected and Increasinghabitats. popularity natural of safari bioparksparks and educational is freedom imitate landscapes that vast rather but cages, metal bars or encounter not will visitors reserves are nowusually in situated forming suburbs,the wheremegazoos, zoogeographic revolution. scientific the with away gone entirely not has semantics animal of cosmology the and emblems as animals of time the that prove living is a Knut Berlin, warming issues. Whether as a symbol of the fight against climate change, orsimply of the city raising of for campaign a publishing awareness for his contract hadalso songs. He global Agambenwrites: “On the other hand, the very rights of man that once made sense as the presuppositionof the Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio In sensethis inhabiting animals zoological all gardens over world the live what Transition to modern zoos was marked with expansion of space arrangement. Wildlife Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power andBare Life 33 (Stanford, California: Stanford University 61 Bare life is also life Bare Homo Sacer, op. 62 CEU eTD Collection 64 63 is animal an however, neither beobtained, would thus What andanew. displaced dislocated are always their rearticulation and in caesurae the decision which updated a ceaselessly perfectly who being placetruth, empty, isonly andhuman occur there of should thetruly the “like every in animal human.stresses space of is, zone and Agamben that this exception, must itself ashuman recognize to behuman.” animal the that is “man that maxim his brings Linnaeus about writing Agamben opposition. human/animal about the Agambenesque“anthropological machine” produces what ishuman, that through part importantI am here mostis of equipment. thinking I argue the zoological the garden’s focustaxonomic aparticularlike human knowledge. device organization Iwould to on that of arebe zoological to found onlygardens not first in but in andforemost human curiosity, have builtto elevate humanness and prove to its uniqueness is nowbeing contested. humanness. tothis apparatus Thanks a state of exception,in which the zone of indifference forms a space of constant negotiation of “anthropological machine” –a device thatfueled by mixture inclusion/exclusion the produces theconcept of introduces Agamben Inhisnature’. the legacyofhumanism the of critique man,in human search continueproduce ‘true theeverlasting and to philosophical quest of somethinglike canbe "man" decidedupon and produced.” alone which in operation metaphysico-political a fundamental rather but politicians, just question one many among by discussed andphilosophers scientists theologians, and Open garden marks an essential boundary that we have to confront, whether we like it not. or In 2.3 DoNotFeed Humans!TheAnthropological Machinein the GardenofEden Ibid., 26. Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio Agamben notes: “It is as if determining the border between human and animal not andanimal between human were “It theborder isasif notes: determining Agamben As I have shown above in the history of displaying animal collections, the origins of origins the collections, animal displaying of history in the above shown have I As The relation between human and animal that is constantly exercised in the zoological in the exercised is constantly that animal and human between relation The The Open: Man and Animal Homo sapiens (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2004), 21. 34 is suspendedsomewhere in-between 63 This ultimate difference that we that difference This ultimate 64 Humanism needs a device to The CEU eTD Collection crowds.” Bronx the delight antics their and now companion a as orang-outang an has Pygmy The toact; ministers Colored 69 that was one of the human races described by Linnaeus described was oneof human that races the of human. of neomort alalus man: of animalization by obtained is non-human the that so inside, the from human foreigner. the Symmetrically of machine the by not-yet- functions moderns the the excluding Africa, by Dr. Samuel P. Verner. Exhibited each afternoon during September.” South Central from River,FreeState, Weight, Brought 103pounds. inches. Congo Kasai the Benga”cage wherehe “The was“Ota 4feet years. Age, African kept: Pigmy, 11 23 Height, the on sign a was There century. twentieth the of beginning in the Zoo Bronx the of House animals. For example the Ota Benga, a Congolese pygmy was displayed in the Monkey Agambenanimalized described slaves,uncivilized humans–barbarians, almost- pagans, as cages for a long time. Those humans as freaks were part extent, human foreign, that beings,from of were especially exoticcultures, exhibited in animal circuses, but also embodied what Infact,negotiatedpushed from humanness inthe other. being istothis one tothe side zoo 68 67 66 65 by brought Agamben man-ape, wildare the child subjectivity), so that the nonhuman is actually a humanized civilized or animal. The examples machine byinclusionancient works natural (the outside theinsideof world)the (human to life. life nor a human life, but only a life that is separated and excluded from itself-only a “Manand Monkey Show Disapproved by Clergy. Rev.The Dr. MacArthur thinks exhibitionthe degrading. Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio Luigi Romeo, Luigi Ibid., 30. Ibid., 38. ” 65 – a term –a term by“Ernst Haeckel used label to any existingprimate between ape andMan” The anthropological machine has two symmetrical variants, modern and ancient. The ancient. and modern variants, symmetrical two has machine anthropological The The New York Times (“brain dead”), ape-man and also the Jew, as in-human produced within the domain asin-human produced Jew, the ape-man andalso dead”), (“brain 68 In zoological boundary gardens the separating humansfrom beinganimals is Ecce Homo!: A lexicon of man The Open The , September10, 1906, 1. , op. cit., 37. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V., 1979), 6. 35 enfant sauvage, enfant 66 , but also the slave, the barbarian and Homo ferus , the“wildman” 69 Homo bare 67 , CEU eTD Collection 70 of ape. of an in man,looking which image athimself,seeshis always own already inthefeatures deformed visual function. Agamben writes: “It is an optical machine constructed of a series of mirrors who mustwho recognizehimself in ina non-man ordertobehuman.” the of edition tenth the until uses constantly Linnaeus that term the to according connote the colonized Other with exotic animals. By giving the example of the so called so the of example the giving By animals. exotic with Other colonized the connote allowed to in context European modernization, that of with project the in parallel was built time. Iwillhow from zoologicalmenageriesshow to hegemonic gardens powerof West the same the at a spectacle and becomes anexhibition that in space a asnature, and re-created is culture located how is interesting It of colonizers. the power of themanifestation and are subjectivity native of asappropriation they serve rather but century), late twentieth the until (including animals wild of display a simply not are they zoos, the of history ingardens buildingespecially colonial Iarguethat domination. closer atthe look when we function that only the is this But animalis constructed. animal and human between division the visibly most collections serve? modernist“table”, hegemony of the and the accordingIn categorized to science, animals are this part I want to analyze the role of zoological2.4 TheZoological Garden asaColonial Spectacle partofthisambiguous device. optical most timethe same and atthe important most “the gaze”asthe to treat andpropose I visualthat aspect of anthropologicalthe machine plays crucial infunctioningrole of zoo, the argue inhuman/animal of garden? zoological visual I the space construction division the of Giorgio Agamben Giorgio I would like to emphasize one special characteristic of the anthropological machine: its machine: of anthropological the emphasize special characteristic one I wouldlike to As I stated earlier the zoo is a peculiar space where entertainment is interlaced with is interlaced entertainment spacewhere is a peculiar zoo the earlier As Istated Homo The Open The is “anthropomorphous” aconstitutively is, animal “resembling (that man,” , op.cit., 26-27. 36 70 What is the role of this Homo sapiens Systema), CEU eTD Collection colonial discourse on experience”. on “native the discourse colonial the becould species in compared to spaceof differentthe zoo the knowledge. Labeling culturesother weredominated through treatingthem as “natural” objectsof Western “Baconianthe method” using by way in this But taxonomies. and collections in tables, phenomena the categorizing of principle epistemological Enlightenment was reflectingthe zoo Systematic institution. 71 the as analyzing as well Other, of the spectacularization of process with the Others the about in creating knowledge science of interconnection the ‘splitting’ of modernity.” of ‘splitting’ the inthestructure of introduces‘synchronous’ atemporality of the that modernity are conceived, modernity, insistent this andincipient of is place’ ‘taking “anditthis writes: Enlightenment). Bhabha or (Reason, Progress, an epistemological structure, to avoid reducing this historical event to some simple slogans Following Homi Bhabha’s from suggestion his Others. mythical of image the building by thus, they colonization contributed to lands other byservingof asemblemsof colonial and power, in from fact, colonies, of the “package” the only not part animals Exotic were collections. In my part of inmodernization the picture. key factor the colonization was of opinion animal social in developments classes, science and the beginnings capitalism of corporate just were new of emergence in societies century – industrialization, fueledbychanges European was dimension. material “human zoo”, I will prove that this semantic link was sometimes very direct and had a Homi K. Bhabha, The transition from private menageries to zoological menageries from The inthelateeighteenth transition gardens to private I will analyze the interconnection between the zoo and the modernization project. and modernization the zoo the between interconnection I willanalyzethe The Location of Culture not only the natural wascontrollednot only but natural also systematized, and world the 71 Taking this perspective allows me to put emphasis on the (London andNew York: Routledge,2004), 344-345. spatial 37 metaphor in which the social relations of relations social the in which metaphor The LocationofThe Culture spatiality of the zoo as a modern , I treat modernity as CEU eTD Collection 74 73 72 how experience of Western the illustrates it world”; “outside the Westwhich hastreated the Asia. Africa or wild and to“know” experience visitors the allows spectacle panoptical Other had to be properly and entirely visible and knowable, just like animals in the zoo, where image of image of OtherhasbeenbyEdwardSaidthe described inhis mirror as a identity Western creating mechanism of The Other. colonized the to opposition in created was subjectivity wayWestern this tourism. In form of was alsoan early zoo mirror the sothat cultural the background of specimens, the were exhibited wasdesigned to mosques,Arabic Indian houses,imitationspalaces, of TheHindu temples. way animals that zoosinform of castles, toEuropean “transplanted” was architecture exotic example, For its and laws. nature to as closer asa-historical, pictured were societies “primitive” lands, of colonized the nature exotic the displaying Through in gardens. zoological partly enacted was as“primitive” lower level development on the of savages” placing“barbaric Moreover, institution Adorno said, “paid which,Theodor in as form symbolic tribute the of animals.” is colonial zoo another the a mass Therefore, on also scale. but laboratories, and cabinets scientific in the only not practiced be could racism modern zoo the to thanks importantly the obvious fact of trading channels that enabled the creation of exotic animal collection,most Despite cultures. other experienced West in the people of masses where place, first was the spectacular displays of animal ‘specimens’.” of atime was century nineteenth the colonialism, of expansion the and activities exploration increased in history, natural “Fuelled by interest growing that: Linda Kalof the states state. civilized of creation the preceded naturethat of state the depicting specimens colonial wasbuild on nation-state the origin of myth of new the where Eden”, of garden “zoological See: Edward W. Said, Theodor Adorno, Theodor Linda Kalof, Linda Timothy Mitchell argues that“orientalism notillustrates just (…) thestrange waysin In the nineteenth century the Looking at Animals in Human History Minima Moralia. Reflections From a Damaged Life Orientalism (London: Penguin, 1977). topos (London: ReaktionBook, 2007),145. 38 72 of was primordial nature exhibited in the My suggestion is zoological Mysuggestion the that garden (London: Verso, 1978), 116. Orientalism . 74 This This colonized 73 CEU eTD Collection epistemologically and symbolically organize and posses the globe. Mitchell writes: Exhibition in in Paris 1889. The idea of exhibiting worldthe in miniature, wasan attemptto 77 76 (Apr.,1989), Cambridge University Press, 218. mimicry islinkedthat tohis notion of hydridity. ideaof colonial from far Bhabha’s is note this comparison that to isit important However, hybrid. avoid non-recognizable, dangerous the “paranoid” to attempt examplethis of zoological garden,their typology neatly and of constructed order cages and enclosures is an this definition, way the in are whichanimals-emblems categorized inthe space of the 75 into terrifying, of paranoidobject classification subject(…).” exorbitant thediscriminated of “turn” ambivalent that represents Hybridity authoritative. representative, symbol sign causesto that dominantthe discourse tosplit itsalong axis the powertobe of fixities. According to Bhabha, “hybridity is the name of the displacement of value from denote theory ambivalencethe to of colonial its inshifting domination and productivity bewould aparallel processof “otherization”to the – term the ishybridity in used postcolonial insomethingsides betweenboth aspace existing of binary.the this sense, “hybridization” In olddivide,civilization. the Using nature/culture as “savage”wasinvented and proven the insuchvalue“outside world” aform Western elevating of would help that the superior “outside”, of an “external reality” beyond all representation.” beyond all reality” “external an of “outside”, epitomized andorder truth, in exhibition,the depended upon creating very the of effect an Timothy Mitchell, Homi K. Bhabha, Timothy Mitchell, “The World as Exhibition”, In art and Alpine scenery, in the commerce of department stores and in the architecture of the city. ofthe architecture inthe and stores ofdepartment commerce the in scenery, Alpine and art of works in codes, legal and statistics in libraries, and congresses Orientalist in gardens, zoological and achieved. Thesame principle was at work, moreover,outside the exhibition. Itwas at work in museums principle onwhich exhibitions exist. It is the method by which our effect of originalan 'reality' is This discernability,between arepresentation andthe original objector idea towhich itrefers, is the Colonising Egypt Colonising The Location of Culture Colonising Egypt Mitchell described the visit of visit the of World the to Mitchell Egyptian delegation described (London: University of CaliforniaPress, 1988), 172. (London andNew York: Routledge,2004), 162. Comparative Studies in Society and History 39 75 The West had to invent the 76 Bearing inmind , Vol. 31, No. 2 77 CEU eTD Collection show attractions in 19thcentury Europe under the name “Hottentot Venus”. See: Clifton Crais; Pamela Scully, 80 1. Clergy." by Disapproved Show Monkey and “Man century. twentieth 79 Monde Diplomatique 78 people as the major attraction. people major the as the people, million by 28 Visited 1889 nègre)Village” waspresented. (village World a“Negro of New the among peculiarities many triangular teeth like Benga’s Ota features, Europeans) the (for theiron someof peculiar emphasis put the land’sof were displayed the “specimens” unknown the inhabitants, humanzoos of the with backwardexamples monolithic feminized. Reducedto andoften animalized contextualized, de- essentialized, also but objectified, only not gazewere Western curious to the Sunday afterafternoon, going church to nice- a family Populationsentertainment… exposed taking on awalk beasts, “real” peopleand exotic of the spectacle the enjoyed audiences mass modern racism to racism scientific from transition the importantly most But progress. of ideology was enabledWestern non-Europeansvisualized reinforcedbe publicdominant thus, the display and of thanks to being tamedthose and appropriated”. Hierarchy between the races and anatomical differences could “firstbetween the apes and humans shows how in the space of encountersthe zoological garden “hybridity was anthropology and ethnology. the Placing kidnapped indigenous populations somewhere with of disciplines emerged newly and the Darwinism Social of theories scientific on based was Other”. that racism modern of development the also but cages, in humans “Civilized” exhibiting of practice the colonizingmissions. only Not curiosity masses the of entertainment to demandingcontributed during their explorers cameacross Western that cultures, of‘primitive’ century as spectacles Saartjie “Sarah” Baartman was women from a South African Khoikhoi tribe, who wes exhibited as freak Ota Benga, a Congolese pygmy was displayed in the Monkey House of the Bronx Zoo in the beginning of the Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Sandrine Lemaire Sandrine and Blanchard Pascal Bancel, Nicolas At the same World Exhibition in Paris that brought the icon of France the Eiffel Tower, Eiffel the France of icon the brought that Paris in Exhibition World same the At 79 , or Saartjie Baartman’s sexual bodily features. bodily sexual Saartjie Baartman’s , or , August 2000, 16-17. 78 Human zoos were popular in werepopular Human zoos nineteenth the and twentieth “Exposition Universelle” displayed 400 displayed “Exposition Universelle” indigenous 40 “Ces zoos humains de la République coloniale.” République la de humains zoos “Ces The New Times York 80 However, it is important to important is it However, , September 10,1906, Le CEU eTD Collection 2010 Other”, the exhibiting 81 2009). Sara Baartman and the Hottentot Venus: a ghost story and a biography exampleAfrican ongoinggiving gorillas practice inAmerican of the namestothe and zoological ideology. aresymbolsof gardens For supremacistthe of continuation colonial in lastAspart modern racism. the I suggested of even this chapter think current that serveinstrumentof and is ofthisinstitution thethat as an colonial keyfunction domination to of global arcadia and aesthetic diversity turns the world into another exhibition or a giant zoo. alsomulticulturalism anillusion ideology creating the Iarguethat of subalterns. postcolonial new “human produce safaris” those that isThe problem from street. bonethe people suburbs andfavelas, toexperience “the real”culture of visitedthe country meetand flesh and consumption continues exoticism still of astravel offer poor the companies safari to trips weresuppressed domination. Although human in memory,zoos collective our the colonized. According to theauthors: Accordingcolonized. to the about much notus dotell human zoos perspective, from postcolonial today’s argue that were not (or didn’t want tobe)? Pascal Blanchard, Nicolas Bancel, and Sandrine Lemaire they discover who to rather “savage”,or discover the to gothere fairs colonial gardens and with the naturalconnection lost the after nostalgia the represented that savage” “noble the figureof under the world of the civilized wasdisguised Other the of animalization and naturalization brutal in some cases notice that man. Did the millions of visitors of the zoological Pascal Blanchard, Nicolas Bancel, and Sandrine Lemaire “From human zoos to colonial apotheoses: the era of era the apotheoses: colonial to zoos human “From Lemaire Sandrine and Bancel, Nicolas Blanchard, Pascal To sum werehumanandTo actual both symbolicexhibitions of zoos colonial up, mise en scène helped to legitimise the West's colonial action. colonial West's the legitimise to helped scène en mise colonisable and needed tobe domesticated thus were and they tamedforce to nature, themturn human -if possibleentirely driving an a was - into Denied civilised peoples. men. of This exotic civilisation "animalisation" West's the behind constitute to considered Europe that norms The and cultures. values or of the individuals transgression encounter to chance a provide to wasn't It different. and unusual of the forms The vocationof these zoos, fairs, and parks was indeed to exhibit the rare, the curious, the strange, and all If one wonders what the role is of a wild jungle in the bowels of the empire, I think http://www.africultures.com/anglais/articles_anglais/43blanchard.htm 41 81 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, University Princeton (Princeton: , Retrieved 14.04. CEU eTD Collection savages, or“just” animals,it still remains a legacy of the colonial era. isits ifNo matter decolonization impossible.zoological displays garden, and zoo the beasts benefit spectacle. colonial the regarding history that Ithinkof and purpose creating the one-side in the part taking were humans exhibited of bodies animalized the and animals is European zoos literally colonialistlanguage. Inmyusing view both, bodiesthe zoo the of 42 CEU eTD Collection Knowledges” “Situated in her by Donna Haraway methodology proposed the a zoo,becausefollowing itsinstitution, history, discourse, and contextin itiswhich Idecided set. do acase to study of functioning analysisa of aspecific toprovide a particular inorder at zoological closer garden colonial and nationalist patterns are being preserved in that public space. public that in preserved being are patterns nationalist and colonial a making for reason Another zoos. modern to case gardens private from transition the in study interested particularly am on thegave opportunityan to track the developmentzoo of institutionthis from its foundation inthe nineteenthincentury. I Budapest83 Routledge, 1991). was thatin Perspective” by looking82 at a European zoologicalEquipped with a photographic camera thatenabled me toregistermy findings the I entered gardenfence. the of side I other the on wanted animals human and in cages animals nonhuman the both to see if Zoo. should be not left unproblematized.it This“they” or chapter“we” imagined is the a use storyI whenever of that a so zoo, in this objectivity, case,scientific the Budapestdisembodied of doctrines the dominant of re-thinking epistemological implies knowledge of The partiality partiality isknowledgeof that within being produced theoretical of debates posthumanism. encounter to encounter problematize with I decidedvisita premisethe to zoo to venuehuman/nonhuman of this writing of. Nevertheless, beevery proud that should city theater house or opera park, kind of comfortable or entertained in those places 3.1 Introduction that for many are as unproblematic as any other Chapter 3: Case Study –The Budapest Zoological Garden Ihave chosen to study the Zoological Garden in Budapest because itis one of the oldest zoos inEurope, what ofPartial Privilege the and Feminism in Question Science The Knowledges: “Situated Haraway, Donna See, 83 My is mainlybasedresearch onmyvisits Budapest tothe Zoo, where Iwas observing I do not like zoos. Maybe I should have made it clear before, but I do not feel Simians Cyborgs, and Women.The Reinvention of Nature 82 see , I want to situate theoretical claims I make and try to apply the idea of the anthropological machine in motion. In this chapter I am going to look 43 , Donna Haraway (New York: CEU eTD Collection Wang A Division of StrausFarrar, and Giroux, 1981), 111. 85 of human animals, not to mention relations between the two. etiologists studying the behavior of captivated animals. No one besides me was interested in studying behavior 84 marketing strategies, andmovie the strategies, marketing its and of goals the zoowebsite asarepresentation Zoo, history of Budapest the analyze the also I human. the from animal the separating wall in the cracks tracing institution, biopolitical in– an observer in for some zoo the discrepancies searching this of image observer the an Ibecame in zoo the interested Iwas issues certain myon attention meconcentrate helped noeme thing, aberrant that is this latter; the without impossible is it if even former, the Camera Lucida inhis states Barthes Roland as but paradoxical, seem might observation of method My isvisibility, Iargue fueling that machineprimarily theanthropological asanoptical device. areaof thezoological capture to was trying I hunting, of practice the to is compared that often in as a socialzoo scientist disguise. animals become toolsfor human and“identity-craft” for tokens human values. in“zoopolitics”I wantof into expose theandcontext national geographical which work the By inlife the zoo. depictinginof the historical development Budapest zoo the and placingit animal of management and arrangement in space in changes interested especially am I time. same atthe its particularities expose and to in its wholeness zoo show the is to My here aim garden. zoological the mystical surrounding symbolic the to perspective adds aninteresting Roland Barthes, Roland were met Ihave scientists other However, Zoo. Budapest the in research doing one only the not was I , and action of thought without thought, and aim without target.” without andaim thought, thoughtwithout of action , and , “(…) the Photograph separates attention from perception, and yields uponly from and attention separates perception, “(…) Photograph the , Camera Lucida. Reflections on Photography Zoo inBudapest 84 Using photography as a specific technology visionof 44 from 1933, that was shot on location and location on shot was that 1933, from , trans. Richard Howard (New York: Hil and 85 With a device that adevice With noesis without CEU eTD Collection és Növénykert:Budapest, 2001),15. http://www.zoobudapest.hu/ezg/index.php?page=9 86 purposes, butwe havepurposes, along andexciting history,and a heritage.” architectural unique 3.2 History oftheZoologicalBudapest Garden 88 RatonLondon New York Washington D.C.: CRCPress: 2001),142. Kubinyi (director of the Hungarian National Museum). National of Hungarian the (director Kubinyi Agoston and ofGardens), University the Botanical Jozsef (director Gerenday professor), were among others Janos Xantus (a traveler and naturalist), Jozsef Szabo (auniversity in toestablish of stakeholdersdevoted zoo first initiators and the The Hungary. enterprise this is a result of cooperation of wealthy aristocrats,like? who created a displayingprivate animals and emphasizes its role in wildlife non-profit conservation. How did this pastlook itselfpractices from of past the in distances Budapest garden institution company zoological the this information can befound on Budapestthe Zoo’s website. As presumably “modern” 87 among them artificial fromwealthy otherstransported Hungarians, The zoohad Viennathe 11buildings, Zoo. ruins of a castle locate council newthe to in enterprise botanical city the garden. park’s where supported projectthe notonlyfinancially,butalso by municipal convincing the Budapest owls and wolfs were kept. cattle. Exotic animals arrived later: the first giraffe was bought from Schönbrunn from the bought was giraffe first the later: arrived animals cattle. Exotic Hungarian horned vizsla), great and the puni, puli, (the breeds dog Hungarian originally breedingin wasfamouswas that forfrom thezoo, example animalslike domestic exhibited mirrored Swiss style. architecture fauna From native beginning and Hungarian peasant the EAZA Zoohorticultural Group, “Budapest Zoo. 144 years of Budapest Zoo” of Budapest years 144 Zoo. “Budapest Group, Zoohorticultural EAZA Mirtse Áron, Mirtse Zsuzsa, eds., MirtseZsuzsa, Áron, Mirtse Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed. “As a modern zoo, we serve nature conservation, research, recreation and education and recreation research, conservation, nature weserve zoo, modern “As a The Budapest Zoo was inThe Budapest Zoo opened is thus, zooin1866 and second oldestthe It Europe. In beginningthe keptapproximately the zoo animals, 500 some by of them donated Zoo and aquarium history :ancient animal collections to zoological gardens Ablak A Természetre. Évszázadok Állatkertje Budapesten , Retrieved 01. 06. 2010 45 87 The Hungarian scientific elite (F 88 Ę Most of the városi Állat - (Boca 86 – CEU eTD Collection 91 90 89 Krao was a girl from Indochina, who was exhibited in freak shows around Europe, because around Europe, shows infreak was from exhibited was who Kraoa girl Indochina, image in circus,is struggles trappedbetween thatscience and entertainment. and zoo’s the how here, the from linethe zoo itstory exposes thin isthatseparates because perfectly the that time was the exhibition of “Miss Krao – the Missing Link”. I want to briefly present her people.indigenous zoological was in show performing Budapest in 1870’s, showing wild exotic animalsand and ethnographic traveling famous Carl Hagenbeck’s Among many a freakshow. others, zoobecamethe place Budapest andsoon anykindof for awelcoming exhibition or curiosity of takingit out of zooifthe itwas dangerous. possibility in butwithout There waseven which coulda lottery wildanimal, one purchase the zoo was turned intoan amusement park, offering acarnival spectacle, circus performance. Facing financial difficulties in years1873-1906and radical decline in thenumber ofvisitors, provide. did expected aspectacle zoo not visitors the that afailure, because celebration was placenation took inAlthough the Budapest Zoo. in investmentthe animals washuge, the Heroes’ Square to commemorate the Hungarian conquest, major celebration of the birth of the in the wereerected monuments Whileimpressive celebrated. was Millennium country’s breeds bodies manifestation into was turning identity. physical animal national In of 1896 Zoo from its foundation. Emphasis on reintroduction put and purity of typically Hungarian in arareSumatran1883, and rhinoinwas bought 1894. Menagerie in firstAfrican1868, the arrived in elephant 1875, while Indianthe came elephant Ibid., 17. Mirtse Áron, Mirtse Zsuzsa, eds., op. cit, p. 16 Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed., op. cit., 143. The biggest attraction that brought crowds and ensured financial stability to the zoo in zoo the andto financial stability crowds brought ensured that The biggestattraction It is important tomention nation that building were tendencies presentin Budapestthe 91 90 46 The expanding entertainment industry reached industry entertainment expanding The 89 CEU eTD Collection 94 London: University of California Press, 2009), 89. 93 London: University of California Press, 2009). Nadja Durbach, 92 Farrini as “A Living Proof of Darwin’s Theory Farrini as “ALivingof Proof Descentof Man”. Darwin’s the Theory her body in covered dark-skinned hair. was naturalists. Nadja Durbach in Nadja her Durbach naturalists. scientific specimen. Therefore, she was not studiedby teratologists, but ethnologists and of Darwinian sold as theory.imagined Charles Darwin’s proof a living Being evolutionary andenvisioned theory, Miss of nineteenth the century and the concept of missingthe link wasthe wayin whichpeople Krao was“transitional species”, half-humans,not half-animals became extremely popular in the second half constructed as a freak of nature, but rather a betweeness – as a product of betweeness machineis being,but– asaproduct she aliminal anthropological the she then seems Krao modern variant in-of the a position of to occupy device. Miss the a double by of and produced a product the anthropological other the machine–onean beingancient, sauvage leaning image Interestingly,a rock. canbereadas jungle against setting, this both “Hairycivilized shewasbeing shown Europeans to. wasusuallypositionedwoman” ina from her todistinguish savagery inorder wereexaggerated features whose and sexual animal as by was figure,a grotesque a liminalconstructed impresario,her Krao species. Adopted as in herstatus hairinessfamily’s wascrucial building and features abnormal her accentuating simian her Emphasizing exhibit. educational and scientific a as disguised circuit show freak in ofinternational her realm the act of role incommercialization important played an and “primitive” theof the body.” sexuality imperialism, Darwinism, among interrelationships the with preoccupations twentieth-century nineteenth- late capitalizedearly and on freak actbecauseherexhibition popular show Ibid., 89. Nadja Durbach, Heroriginal name is unknown –she was adopted by her first impresario and took his last name Farrini. See: and ape-man that Giorgio Agamben sees as two different examples of non-humans of examples different two as sees Agamben Giorgio that ape-man and Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows andModern British Culture Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture SpectacleDeformity of 94 The eroticism and exoticism of her hairy body hairy her of exoticism and eroticism The 47 92 She was by advertised herimpresario G.A. argues that “Krao was an extremely (Berkeley, Los Angeles, Los (Berkeley, (Berkeley, Los Angeles, (Berkeley, 93 Socalled enfant CEU eTD Collection http://www.zoobudapest.hu/ezg/index.php?page=9 97 96 95 trademark. Zoo financed the building of the main gate of the Budapest zoological garden that became itshumanized finish from exhibition animal.To income Miss Krao’s the story, in this Budapest is also between the two versions of the machine; she is both animalized human and Budapest Zoo in that time. In 1912 his idea of the “panorama”, a vast space with different space with avast his idea “panorama”, the in of time.1912 In Budapest Zoo that example the Elephant House was builtin oriental style, reminding of an Indian Temple. For from originally. came animals areaswhere displayed the for the typical architecture in the of buildings raised thatstructure. time Most reflected build oldin the the place the of transition from the “chaos” of the freak show to taxonomic order started, and the new zoo was habitats. The by representation Darwinian of tree natural careful species accompanied their accordingto reorganize exhibitingspecies certain theway of to hereforms; proposed new tobuild ones.” famous architects over,took themayor, “István buildingsBárczy had all demolishedthe commissioned and council city the After zoo. in the hired officially was vet first the that in 1927 just was it that feeding them regularly,nor veterinary providing enoughspace, Itis tomentioncare. worth conditions were gettingliving their sothat squeezemore animals, made to smaller cageswere the specimens, worse. Many of the due toproblems with space causedand byconstant purchasing uncontrolled of new animals died, becauseit that was reported reforms. that, important Before introducing over zoo, the took government there was no interest1907. The private company andbankruptownedmunicipal the zoological that garden went in The first major of zoohappened re-building the asaresult of inchange inits legalstatus EAZA Zoohorticultural Group, “Budapest Zoo. 144 years of Budapest Zoo” of Budapest years 144 Zoo. “Budapest Group, Zoohorticultural EAZA Ibid., 24. Mirtse Áron, Mirtse Zsuzsa, eds., op. cit, 16. The formal separation of the zoological garden from place from in separation The formal of garden circustook the 1912. zoological the The “Hagenbeck’s Revolution” (chapter 2)in the The “Hagenbeck’s animals alsoaffected (chapter Revolution” displaying 95 97 The period TheAdolfof startedwith period Lendl’srevival , Retrieved, 01.06. 2010 48 96 CEU eTD Collection environment andbuildings historic but monuments, as atimproving also living conditions for zoo's the and enriching atpreserving notonly wasaimed reconstruction modernised. The their former to “Several houseshavebeen restored architecture. Nouveau Artanimal original restoring the glory, of institution this – not only animalsbeing are butalso preserved here, emphasis the is puton paradigm new the be to seems “Conservation” preservation. life in natural such role its emphasizes as the Palm white rhinoand several species of anthropoids. and Elephant mostly the species: from breeding rare started tobecomefamous zoo education.the then By Houses, started tofunction,more wasputon institute andin emphasis and 1960’saresearch the inundertaken 1956. During socialism much morescientific control imposed was on zoo, the while was was reopened secondmajorin1945, but the Therebuild zoo survived war. the others bombings in Worldthe War IIdestroyed thezooseverely.have of 2500 animals Out only 15 been shortages.food faced The wasopened problems to During but zoo Worlddue WarIthe 98 opened. was Cinema” Cave “The called cinema a mountain the inside century twentieth early in Moreover, environment”. natural fakeness “pieceof of the construction,the revealing this insideisgo imitation. pillars mountain seethe supporting the It the and even to possible mountain, in consultation with the Hungarian Geological Institute in order artificial an of to build a perfect construction the was project in this investments important most the of One of Budapest. center in the “African Panorama” could enjoy the and visitors the introduced in landscape, was areashowntogether species from geographical same a designed the The “Cave Cinema” is functioning now too. now functioning is Cinema” “Cave The Recently, the zoo tries to counter the old paradigm of displaying animals and thus The war period was very difficultfor the zoo located near the strategic railway system. 98 49 CEU eTD Collection http://www.zoobudapest.hu/ezg/index.php?page=9 99 the conventionality of the zoo is obvious, although it aspires to provide is although it conventionality the an aspires to obvious, zoo the of ending landscapes ofstones imitations on wallsthe and painted cages, rocks, the with inside concrete from plastic, are made branchesthat from tree Starting is in thezoo overwhelming. space the of artificiality the Nevertheless, performance. zoological bowelsthe of the exposed driedlake the jungle of of revealed hidden and artificiality spectatorship the this urban Wires, walkingmachines,behind the workers bottom and theof scenesof spectacle. the on in and tolook zoo see “Naturethe Underit to was very Construction” In factinteresting being are renovated andHouse) Giraffe Garden, theBuffaloHouse Lake, theRock Great fact dueto the someinconveniences facilitiesthat temporary about visitors warning the (the zoo is still functioning just next to it. In front beof false. to appeared others my wereconfirmed, of assumptions the entrance there were discoverinformation inside. I have to admit signs that the zoo still surprisedwhatI would had about presumptions seeand Krao’s some I incomeMiss performance, from me in many ways and while some SteppingNouveau zoothrough gatethat Ialready Artthe financed tothe by knew was the 3.3 “Nature Under Construction!” NotesFrom MyVisit to the Budapest Zoo become supposed to of them. one animals.” knowing animals. knowing 101 100 approximately species3500 plant EAZA Zoohorticultural Group, “Budapest Zoo. 144 years of Budapest Zoo” of Budapest years 144 Zoo. “Budapest Group, Zoohorticultural EAZA Mirtse Áron, Mirtse Zsuzsa, eds., op. cit, 117. Ibid. The location of the zoo reminds one of its past – the circus that once was part of of the waspart once that circus – the its past of reminds one zoo the of The location was My visitinstitution. thepreceeded bysomeZoo Budapest investigation to on the 99 Currently, the zoo exhibits Currently, animal species specimen) and zoo the 954 (6870 100 andis visited by1207000 visitors per year. , Retrieved, 01.06. 2010 50 authentic 101 I was just way of CEU eTD Collection exoticism is beingexoticism referthat is enhancedbymany tocertain –“native” cultures details insiderepresentnow inhabit.and kept where thus, the places naturally would animals The oldthe mirror buildings architecturethe of aredesignedto geographicalthe areasthey restoration to its “former glory” seemed to be a priority for the “rebirth of the zoo”. Many of Figure 3 Figure2. The reconstruction of theAfrican Lake. First, I wouldFirst,likeconcentrate to on architecturethe of Budapestthe its Zoo; 51 Figure 4 CEU eTD Collection architectonical details. architectonical the in braided symbolically, and bodies, encaged their of presence the through materially, keeping andrepresenting Nonhumans in animals. exist in space the zoo the of form – double – institution the of purpose the more even emphasizing details, animal-symbolism rich have All buildings “followtraces”. literally animal sothat visitors in the concrete, stamped the In many closed buildings on the floor there are footprints of different species of animals inside has (Fig.5.). Ganeshaan headof elephant, the of with who Hindugod the a sculpture they are all stylized. For example the Elephant House is a palace designed in an oriental style, – areoriginal artifacts none of those that mention to is important It etc. ornaments, aboriginal umbrellas, oriental polls, totem walls, the on paintings and carvings indigenous sculptures, 52 CEU eTD Collection Figure5. East Asia House. Asia East Figure 7 array of entities related to the places where the animals naturally exist, or symbolically or exist, naturally animals the where places the to related entities of array an animals, besides including, – subjects imperial incorporate “zoos notes: Mamalmud Randy The African Mo There are also many representations of humans visible everywhere in the zoo. As in zoo. the ofhumansvisibleeverywhere many There arealsorepresentations The entrance to the South use. 53 Elephant House. Elephant in the Ganesha god Indian Figure 8 Australian House. Australian on the ornaments 6. Aboriginal Figure . Representation of the . Representation CEU eTD Collection 102 Figure9. Romanticism in the Climate Maze. Press 1998), 71. many species’ survival. mention industry of multinationaland corporations causingdeforestation as major to threat asthose humans certain of representations the constructs as habitats. Theideology Ark for endangered zoo providingsafety the the of species as asylum, liesaving from a refuge or dangers animalsfor that in inwait them natural itslegitimizing new rolein speciesendangered conservation, butactually zoo constructs the only propaganda” isnot “zoo gorillas. Thiskind of of decapitated with images drastic “Killing Them” “Killed Wildlife”, titled – on posters environment appear aspoachers they natural in their animals wild to dangerous as them is constructing zoo in the available as non-Europeans of representation form of The other masks. ritual or clothes, of shamans, sculptures traditional in always – features traditional and “exotic” their accentuating In contrast, adventurers. and as or nature” travelers, colonizers with coexist bodies “harmonically whose representations sculptures Maze”as in“Climate ancient romantic appearonly Whitethe people differentiated. are racially Zoo intheBudapest humans of representations the isWhatof crucial, all (…).” of –inasystem of biotas representation resources, people, by evoked display: their people from other parts of the world than Europe are Randy Malamud, Reading Zoos. Representations of Animals and Captivity 54 Figure10. Information poster about poaching in Africa. who endanger them. There is no is There them. endanger (New York: New York University 102 CEU eTD Collection 104 103 some level enjoy the sadistic spectacle.” sadistic the levelenjoy some the fact of confinement; they may somehow rationalize the need for the cage, or they may on ignore may watchingcagedanimals “visitors barriers.that glass Malamudargues transparent by have mostbeen walls of in bars by replaced the fact that zoo and the the is facilitated of the visual analysis, this time Iconcentrate on the idea of watching the animals. Observation zoological isvisibility. garden Althougharchitecture and notion the are of representation part false sense of ubiquity, a deceptive mastery experience.” of mastery deceptive a ubiquity, falsesense of a theviewer, flatters creating “photography’s gaze ultra-mobile out, points As SusanSontag lies nature. andpossessive inits eye selectiveness photographing gaze. Thespecificity of the photographic enhanced of technologically understand power the in I engaged pictures, taking inwere devotedMost of visitorsthe to one zoo the being activity – photographing. Myself, belong giving past, tothe way vast, open displaysto several of species. Susan Sontag, Ibid., 105. Figure11. Photographing inthe Aquarium. The second thing I want focus my attention on describing my findings from from findings the my focus ondescribing my Iwantattention The second thing The omnipresence of gaze can be felt in the zoo not only in the spatial arrangement. only in in thespatial not befelt zoo the gaze can of The omnipresence On Photography (New York: RosettaBooksLLC, Firstelectronic edition, 2005), 64. 103 Cramped and narrow cages separating each cages animal each separating andnarrow Cramped 55 Figure12 . In the A 104 Whether using a high class Whetherusingahigh pe House. CEU eTD Collection nature. longerin no can animalsexist visitors to extinctspecies,where see stuffed that devoted anthropological In inAustralian machine Housethereis asection theBudapestZoo. the Agambenesque representation of the founda perfect Iactually entities. “Culture” and “Nature” separated rather than purely natureculture, representations of produces without technology.” be imagined to is “she” because partly issymbol innocence “nature of such a potent Haraway, Donna Accordingnature? to representis to in supposed that aplace amachine for look task task of thisa little gameistoopen with abovea signit. door “Intruders” Whatone sees notices: Sontag Moreover, image possesses of animal infreezingbeing the of itsan an act into acultural artifact. one By taking animalpictures the is of legitimized way others. knowing a circumstances lookingin these itis that atanimals obvious facilitated, because zoo this seeing is of ethics 108 The Haraway Reader 107 106 105 Humans need a nonhuman encounter, they need to need they encounter, nonhuman a need Humans look-at-ness animals from sees Sontag come a zoo. photography as creatingvisual akind of codeof imageswild of the fact that reveal the would visible, what barriers making the without animals’ photographicthe captureworld through lenses,toanimal trying in look a bestshot, professional just camera, the or one in visitorsa mobile weremostly phone, perceiving the The other place to see stuffed animals is in the zoo shop – those are actually toys. Donna Haraway,“Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy In the Garden of Eden. New York City,1908-1936” in Ibid., 11. Ibid., 1. 108 WhatI waslookingin for zoowas machine.the Isitreasonable anthropological the to are nostalgic, we take pictures. we take nostalgic, are we when But we shoot. afraid, we are When people. from be protected to mortal—needs endangered, Now nature—tamed, from. protection needed people been—what had always it what be to ceased has nature because safari, ecology the comedy, earnest inthis cameras into metamorphosed have Guns Among those taxidermic specimens there is an interactive game to play. The last play. The to game interactive is an there specimens taxidermic those Among , and as being more, and and,importantly, “agrammar even as seeing.” of and ethics , Donna Haraway, (New York andLondon: Routledge, 2004), 186. 107 However, I argue that zoological garden is a visual technology isthat technology I argue avisual However,garden thatzoological 106 56 see the difference, or see the link. In the In link. the to-be- 105 CEU eTD Collection and the animals’ visibility constantly. It is also possible to adopt an animal in the food zoo, consume visitors The so machine. avending or booth is anice-cream that there corner every Behind anddrinks. snacks food, buy can one in thezoo Everywhere spectacle. zoological a face just usingcelebrity”. this an “ecological time for of good, theirin captivity own Wilderness”. form propaganda, legitimize Thisisanother of trying zoo keepingtheanimals to surprisingly not in“We itsare relativesnaturalsentence a by followed simians with information andhabitat, genetic of 98,8% share thiswe that information can be butseen!” in Anotherthe zoo; poster a imagesDNAchainis to nicely nextof arepresentation there colored those printed with the showstitle Jane of Goodallthe posterHuman?” Just “Almost a slogan with andwoman awhite agorilla,chimpanzee orangutan, with a gorilla,is “Women in faces showing of an by simians proximity between the isemphasized House posters Monkey inthe especially fact, family. In primate of the part the “become” anyone can so that devices in the zoo, for example a painting of the “Gorilla Family” with holes cut out for faces, foundlife. interesting I optical over some more power filledthe taxidermic with of reminders machine wouldbe exactly – this hiddena mirror from a curious gaze behind ina door room is isbehind behind. becausethere door The the amirror herself/himself, anthropological Figure 13. Simian Family The last thing I would like to mention in this section is the role of consumption in the consumption of role isthe section in this mention to like would I thing last The 57 Figure14. “Becoming” animal others. CEU eTD Collection conservation workhouse for survival of endangered creatures”, February 09, 2009 http://www.zoobudapest.com/conservation 09, February creatures”, of endangered survival for workhouse conservation 109 In myview image that wasenabledbythe this makeover ecological enlightenment successful species. mind This change of helpednumerous animal species tosurvive the 20th century.” of endangered for conservation theefforts as well appearedas educational purposes the Later researches. physiological ethological, zoological, by descriptive followed were presentations have traditional in tasks lot zoos of changeddecades. a pastshow- the Theoriginal “TheWe website: species.readinthe andrescuingtheendangered wildlife conservation in role its is emphasizing zoo reborn the criticized, severely were that animals displaying of formerfrom itself practices Distancing ensures animals’ survival. existence asanasylum that zoological garden as a cruelinstitution animals,confining tomodern legitimization its of is built. “modern being image of zoo” the information howthe is of about presentedthere avaluable source The discourse legitimized. and marketed being itis in which way the thatshows webstite zoo’s the analyze section I will industry. international Zoo ispartof zoo species the endangered In the this Budapest the survival,but also provide to rare specimens to other zoos. Regardless of the rhetoric of saving isinlaboratory do successful breeding notthat just it wild animals does for thesake of their the business, sothat inisargue thatit also I enmeshed education and entertainment. with research scientific combines Zoo Budapest The levels. multiple on exists that institution 3.4 TheVirtual Zoo –TheBiopolitcal Story are still marketable products. Animals as emblems Works. Water by Budapest the adopted are camels forBactrian example Budapest Zoo & Botanical Garden Website, “Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden – as a professional a – as Garden Botanical and Zoo “Budapest Website, Garden Zoo &Botanical Budapest I argue that what can be observed in the zoo discourse is the shift from the image of image the from isdiscourse theshift in zoo the be observed what can that I argue The zoological garden in the twenty first century is notjust the material place – itis an , Retrieved, 04.06. 2010 58 109 CEU eTD Collection 2008, 111 04. 06. 2010 110 for such a successful achievement.” für undWildlife have Institut Zoo- very Research (Leibniz Wildtierforschung) worked hard for Zooand andspecialistsBoth veterinariansBudapest Zoo of Leibniz of the Institute UK. Zoo, from (Simba)Colchester male rhinoceros of a frozen sperms of use with this time regarding wildlife Luluconservation, since wasconceived insemination through artificial but success:birth “this reproductive again is in amajor sensation of world biological the research in this humanagency of significance the about a passage read wecan breeder. Later famous” southern white new the thebirth of about example, reading For celebrities. evenakindzoo of or public, rhinoceros, in birth BudapestZoo!”. successful rhino one “Another born!”, were babies gets “Suricate born!”, were babies “Capybara Too!”, Orangutans, tothe at “Baby visitors”, know for ready baby “Gorilla – babies animal new about articles short that its mother, Lulu, biopower. analysis of is already emphasis a thatis now put“world on reproduction in the zoo, what fits excellently into Foucauldian in of the also central terms After all,life becomes life preservation. of“scientific” principle beenhas bythe replaced power oppressive involved that animals exhibitingapproach of wild modern biopower pointed outbyMichelFoucault. Traditional from to ageof the confinement conceptsbrought of sustainability biodiversityand intoplay. changemirrors The shift,the relations on the animals. For example in the information about the arrival of the new female new the of arrival the about information in the example For animals. the on relations andhuman socialanthropomorphizing structures imposing of the point power even to biotechnologicallanguage intermediation.in The beingis the news used highly zoo for the public, and thus become animalsthe of full subjects reproductiveinvolving control Budapest Zoo & Botanical Garden Website, “Another successful rhino birth in Budapest Zoo!” October22, page”, “Main Website, Garden Zoo & Botanical Budapest http://www.zoobudapest.com/english/news/another-successful-rhino The most important informationimportantThe most onthemainprovided Zoo are Budapest pageof the 111 The zoo breeds mostly species that are key are key attractions that mostly species breeds Thezoo 110 The newborns become main attractions for the for attractions main become newborns The 59 http://www.zoobudapest.com/english# , Retrieved,, 04. 06. 2010 , Retrieved, CEU eTD Collection to protect itandto protect preserve,sothat ruleof the islegitimized. sovereign the power sovereign the is of life need barequalities the of important most of the One spectacle. Press, 1998), 81. of power the constitute to realm political the in included somehow still life of form a is that life, 113 http://www.zoobudapest.com/english/news/old-golo-harem 112 ontological species he classifies as as belonging more to the category of the human, especially as a form of life ascribed to an being.” living every of body in biological the dwells now It category. adefinite or place particular a longer “barelifein to beinglife isno the zoological Hewrites: confined managed garden. animal the lifeis exactly bare callsthe what Agamben that “naked”.Iargue is zoo completely itis another form of anthropomorphism. In this sense, the life preserved and reproduced in the malefeel approachthe‘girls’.” enough to comfortable dominant the make to Golo, of plenty space Parkprovides hugeGorilla renovated recently “The Wecanalsoread: in zoo. the possibilities increase breeding the to was transfer the gorilla theBudapestin to Zoo, an article harem” “Golo’s titled mainthe wereadthat goal of Figure15 Giorgio Agamben, Giorgio Budapest Zoo & Botanical Garden Website, “GOLO’S HAREM”,November 06, 2008, polis 113 Even though mostEven though of animalsthe aregiven names and arebeing toassubjects, referred , makes the zoo part of political apparatus of sovereignty, not only an innocent Although I would still argue thatin Agamben’s barephilosophy life is understood Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power andBare Life Homo sacer 60 . Nevertheless, thinking of zoo animals as bare Figure16 , Retrieved,04. 06.2010 112 (Stanford, California: Stanford University CEU eTD Collection Budapest as represented inbeingplay. constant are world nonhuman and human The references. interesting in is rich that garden zoological American analyze film, Idecidedproduction. to this because it provides a of representation a inthat were used Zoological Garden animalsfrom Budapest the the shot with nonhumanLoretta Young and Gene Raymond was actors as well – 114 melodrama by Rowland V.Lee in 1933. movie directed for asetU.S. became Zoo Budapest The forplace aromance? Zoo theSilver Screen The in 3.5 technology. privilegedTheareaof is the becomes accessiblefor gaze. visibility enhancedwith helpof the every place so that zoo of the the space penetrate Webcams public. the to inaccessible humanhide Theycannot sight. human from even in gaze spacebe supposed that the to from are hidden reach, whereanimals cannot eyes placewheretheir tothe thecurious take eye can by camera’s mothers. The are still their protected for example newborns that visitors, website it is possible to watch videos of the animals that are currently not visible for the Melville Baker, Jack Kirkland, Dan Totheroh, Louise Long, Rowland V. Lee, avi. digital format Can the zoo be an zoo Can the appropriate Another aspect of the virtual zoo is the notion of visibility and gaze. Thanks to the to Thanks gaze. and visibility of notion is the zoo virtual the of aspect Another , Directed by Rowland V. Lee (USA: Fox Film, 1933). Zoo in Budapest Zoo 114 with The 1933.htm http://www.moviegoods.com/movie_poster/zoo_in_budapest_ Figure 17. Movie poster, 61 , 05.06. 2010 Source: , Zoo in , Zoo CEU eTD Collection Budapest 115 have to make believe for animals” for believe make to have phrases like “thinkingisbad,feeling is or good”, saying Eve to “justyou actnaturally, don’t who needs to be taken assomeone is Eve portrayed normative citizens. from different care were somehow before they of. Zani that implies This people. is other like live can also they now that happy is Eve animals, notthe of care entirely human, can take wherethey in for a cottage andEvelive together Zani scene, when last In the zookeeper. example when kind-hearted the with marriage be to hehappens escape real her says finally then but obvious, between Eve’s in captivity the orphanageanimals andimprisonment of zoo the be seems to herself in likean liketrapped animal orphanagejustananimal- the inthezoo.The parallel belongingnot totheworld humans:the of Zani feelsamong better animals, Eve while is Zani helps Evetohide intheempty Bear Castle. areconstructed as Both characters somehow runaways meetThe in escape fromtwo and zoo. the andhides orphanage decides to strict the work asan avoidbeingsent to just 18and to she orphanage. turned indentured servant Eve fromorphan,falls inlove Zani who himduringweeklyzoo the tothe with trips observing isa youngbeautiful The Eve insidehe second character and place(Young), out. know that afugitive ina becomes “zoo-boy” the station, inthepolice make a complain woman to ready and warmfather, always defends hisfavourite, butwhen Zani steals a furfrom a wealthy wear their fur. The director of the zoo, respected Dr. Grunbaum, who is presented as a caring andladies’ fur coats burns thembecause thatpeople hethinks kill should not animals and knowledgeanimalslovehim into trouble,because steal and his to brings hetends to rich Budapest Zooand does notknow the world outside, nor does he respectits rules. Lack of that the zoo,notthe wild animals. Melville Baker, Jack Kirkland, Dan Totheroh, Louise Long, Rowland V. Lee, avi. digital format The main Zani character isyoung zookeeperwho upin(Raymond) grew a the , Directed by Rowland V. Lee (USA: Fox Film, 1933). 115 he is almostconstructed asa “wild child”just raised by 62 , Zoo in , Zoo CEU eTD Collection countryside (watching the seals Freda asks her “educated” cousin if alligators). cousin arethe “educated” herthose sealsFreda the asks (watching countryside she be hasto acousin from that by the andbehavior herimmediately know clothes Freda we governess’ the example watching For clothes. Hungarian cousin by traditional recognized mostly by wearing represented zookeepers identicalthe and uniforms, can be peasantry the are proletarians the middle and membersclass, the of elite the are there overview: full class a image audiencegives the of The institution. is public zoo asan the egalitarian, that pictured cannotice one fed. Immediately lions being dangerous the watching feeding theseals or also Among thelaughter of just not enjoy entertained children,looking people animals, atthe but visitors. between the backs walkingcalmly their withchildren carry feathers on decorated The zoo is presented as a magical and idyllic place, where majestic elephants where place, andidyllic asamagical is presented The zoo zoo_in_budapest_1933.htm http://www.moviegoods.com/movie_poster/ Source: Zani Figure 18. Movie poster showing Eve and 63 , , 05.06.2010 CEU eTD Collection “-What do you expect when you come to the zoo? Don’t you know every animal smells? lady dialog the between Count isciting:and the worth disguised by the smell of the animals is TheCountess boars. so by that cage with wild the stopping couple we canseean upper class she has to take out a perfume from her scenes In introductory of one garden. of peoplethe role different the zoological perceive the purse. The Source: Figure 19. Movie poster - - - So areyou! Well, you’re an animal. fact. that I already discovered http://www.moviegoods.com/movie_poster/zoo_in_budapest_1933.htm In the movie there is series of interesting dialogues from which one get to know how , 64 , 05.06. 2010 CEU eTD Collection Budapest of animalsresultan dangerous from tigers, arebeing released cages.Lions, the accident as a when in isshown harmony the manmadeparadise perfectof crack the Other prestige. aresymbols that of taxidermic artifacts life by is proven over anddeath his those power like trophiesin form animals.of stuffed is Dr. Grunbaum in world sovereign the the zoo and safari- is full of office director’s The thezoo. of representation in this Edenic discrepancies relationshuman/nonhuman The stretcher. a on hospital the to transported being is also he – human in the zoohospital.vet examiningZeppoand director The liketalk the animal the he to just if was seem to helping inmoving animals.is cageswith A sickother the chimpanzeeZeppo taken to be harmoniousis Rajah is Indian) he that doubts any leave doesn’t name (whose elephant –the workers as at are presented inSome animals film. the animals the first ofhumanizing some examples Here are glance.beings as animalized. But providing then, animage of totally anthropomorphized animals, is other the by human representing In both versionsby is one first the movie: in the there “play” animals the in which ways thesymmetrical two are animal are serves somejust as an analogy for the human.This principle seemed tosurvive 80 years andis inpowereven today. from protected natural their enemy.A of andenlightenment place citizens.” for education our mostmore homes – sanitary fora refugethan animals, they are wellfed,housed and where housecats!” Dr Grunbaum himself gives another definition of the zoo: “We believe the zoo is 116 see to zoo repulsed she throws a laconic “Disgusting!” more time andone boars wildthe closer at look her to on ladypince-nez puts the After that - Melville Baker, Jack Kirkland, Dan Totheroh, Louise Long, Rowland V. Lee, avi. digital format I know it, and just imagine how wemust smell to the other animals.” What about the animals? How are they represented in the film? In my opinion there In another scene the director’s strict assistant Garbosh says: “Well, people come to a , Directed by Rowland V. Lee (USA: Fox Film, 1933). wild animals! And findthey Zani petting ferocious lions and tigers as if they were 65 116 , Zoo in , Zoo CEU eTD Collection believed that I entered a natural world in miniature, with animals being displayed as samples as displayed being animals with miniature, in world natural a entered I that believed binaries that organizefundamental most on touch they in fact asIargue but and unproblematic, innocent glance are human ways first at that ofinscribe indiscourses that animals zoo of representing patterns cultural reiterating knowing the world. trapof fallthe into one,becauseIcould be move could adangerous This there. imprisoned Crossing the gates of the zoo I 3.6 Conclusions animal” in creating meaning. symbol isof confinement andexile. Italsoshowing how “thehuman” always “the relies upon European city, which is large of a inthe heart exists world that as a different an zoo the of representation a morenaïve asylum and a refuge forin is itmy rather cages.However, opinion their from escaping of animals revolt animals.of a cathartic The zoo becomes beginning of twentieth the ascentury by comparingit tolife of animals,captivated with a vision nostalgic hyena by his co-workers. Heiniebeing is called a lazy andvicious the villain zookeeper is to –repulsive, attached has molted (changed feathers) when she changed her clothes. The other clear animal symbolic making a sound that people make to call domestic birds. In other occasion Zani tells that Eve islooking fora frightened,compared skittishher,hecalls her doe.When zookeeper the to is being She thefigureof Eve. isbuilt around allegories system of The richest characteristics. men ideal the threatens harmony between nature. and chaos of danger the then sustained, not are oppression of forms those If legitimized. fully existencebarsso the of cagesisbeing bestial, and still andelephants are leopards wild and In this chapter I provided some representations of the zoo and of the animal others To sum up, this film could be read as a critique of the repressive social order in the human for symbols as serve creatures zoo human, the animalizing for As 66 CEU eTD Collection anchor theoretical analysis of binaries. the analysis theoretical anchor gives opportunity to aperfect my zoo the mélanges.opinion In nature/culture mechanism of understand the andtry to of“deconstruction” moveis beyond vaguepostulate the time to all. social functiontheory In started to dualisms obscureas andundefined it entities maybe– constantly. postmodern dream boundaries Maybecancel the blurred of doesnot the binaries at andare beingmixed negotiated andwhereboth between nature culture, boundary the it asitis be – onlycouldnot nature ahybrid rather on expected of operating a representation perfectly biopolitical the modern mirrors representation that mode of The zoois governance. of systems of different entanglement wasa I found Whatcomplicated of kind.each 67 CEU eTD Collection zoological spectacle comes from the perspective of animal rights movement, ordeep movement, animal of rights perspective from comes the spectacle zoological vulgar the to alternative an Usually concept. theoretical major my as served that machine towards human oppression, but rather as an epistemological breaking of the anthropological consider nonhumans asposition of privileged supremacy. In this sense, posthumanist theory is helpfulme foractors to of “social”a observers human gives that gaze one-way of the of regime the iconoclast an imagine change, butto is here aim My not dimension. material very a has in that ontology the relational of function a sense of animal resistance subversive tool subversive tool becoming of In study elaborate Iwant this zoo. the of if chapter on andfind that, a out canservegazing as between the two is being drawn. As I was trying to show, vision and seeing are crucial to my being but symbolically represented, also through material their theboundary existence myfor analysis of garden where zoological the as aspace human andnonhuman animals are 4.1 Introduction Chapter 4: Zoological Iconoclast In previous I framework andhistorical chapters outlined background theoretical the surrounding meonallsides, asif itwere …watching me. wouldsay. Icontinued my walk, uncomfortable butIfelt … in nature, one,I strange evenforbidden but a my alsobecomingananimal– resulted in an animal.Iallowed hertolookandseeme–thismade usequal–and with was theshameofamancomeface-to-face thefirsttime discovering for member human species.of Thestrange feeling thatIwas apparently asa a andlostmybearingsas man, thatis, my tracks tense - Istoppeddeadin shocked my humanness tosuch adegree –themomentour eyes met wasso behind atree.we Istoppedand inthe eye. Her lookedeachother cowness when asaunteredwas outfrom avenuecow I walkingalong aeucalyptus-lined with the animal others. Becoming others. animal the 68 Witold Gombrowicz, Witold with as I described it earlier is Diary: 1957-1961 CEU eTD Collection 117 relation between the human member of animal in between andthe member azoo. relation audience captivated the human of the and an transgression unusual could create gaze of the andomnipresence to object, subject This inversion of from roles, beingviewer to from looker viewed, beingto at, from looked of gaze? the an object into beturned unexpectedly can viewer,being one a that itpossible loaded powerrelation.is But itchangepossibleor disrupt to hierarchy the relation?this of Is BergerthisFor a “narrow exchangehighly of non-comprehension”of abyssgazes trough is a Hewrites: mere spectacles. humans, have marginalizedlives the animalsin of role other our by themintotransforming simple:look atto them. In an essay “Why Look at Animals?” John Berger claims that we, the 4.2 Lookingat Animals animalsface-to-faceIs being with in possible other zoo? the humanness such to a degree” thethat exceptional human position wouldbeinto put question? “shocked inhers/his thevisitor make in garden the zoological meeting eye the an animal’s of here is:can question My form ontological take an of revolution. would iconoclast zoological relational ontology livingof beings can jam anthropological the machine. I argue that in of whetherfindterms gazing understood out trying andIam to spectacle, of zoological the becoming companion species in a technocultural world. Ifocus specifically on visual the layer challenging ideasinthe theory, especiallyposthumanist in Haraway’s Donna proposition of some find and discourse, this from away move to is aim my – anti-speciesism ecological JohnBerger, The eyes of an animal when they consider a man are attentive and wary. The same animal may well may animal same The wary. and attentive are man a consider they when animal an of eyes The Why we keep animalsbedo confinedinzoological gardens? Theanswerseemsto Man becomes himself recurring the look the recurring himself becomes Man look. by the held are animals Other familiar. as be recognized look animal’s the will man except species look at other species in the same way. He does not reserve a special look for man. But by no other About Looking (New York: PantheonBooks, 1980),4-5. . 117 69 CEU eTD Collection 120 119 118 separates us from them. The more we know, the further away they away further the are.” usfrom morethey weknow, them. The separates index and of what index is thus aboutan power, them knowledge. an What weknow our of ever-extending of our objects are the They all significance. lost ushas can observe they fact that –“the being observed ones the notes arealways animals that Berger However, man” the emergence of zoos as marking “the epitaph to the relationship which was as old as indifference produced by indifferenceAgamben’s anthropological machine. produced posthumanist the theoretical lifebareconfine emerge of dualistic andprotect other relations to inthespace of power the all which from relation, human/animal the for space biopolitical a paradigmatic is garden human/animalthe firstto modern step dualism the totalitarianism. making camps, madhouses, concentration prisons, – ghettos, marginalization of sites to other zoo, the compares for Berger is spectacle. the eyethat human hungry rather the but animals, displayed the arenot main actors the props its theatrical with wilderness of performance happens schedulenotthe have likeitthis human adjust visits incaptivity. to to of In of andfake illusionary environment rocks.In trees painted animalstheirhabitats, natural do hyperactive, livingbored in inlethargic,or areapathetic, specimens encounter zoo, the visitors what way, but behavein aproper to are expected that tokens to Animals arereduced exemplify. should in zoos animals that wild the and nature of representations sentimental human are justour careabout whatwe because culture, inWestern marginal rendered been have bodies animals’ in fact is that argument main His it. watch to want they time every observation is alive and zoo-goers cannot have full control over it and make properly visible yet wrong – butalwaysisgoes view something the outoffocus. Thisisbecause object of the animalsstudy look at them, zooto andto peopleHe noticestothe subversive power. go that Ibid., 26-27. Ibid., 21. Ibid., 16. 119 , Berger remains equally reluctant to the idea that animal’s gaze could have a animal’s gaze could idea to the that reluctant remains equally , Berger 70 120 In this sense, zoological 118 When he describes CEU eTD Collection 121 the say, is to that man, of ends the ahuman, the or inhuman the human: the of limit abyssal the sight my to offers “animal” called gaze the other, the of eyes the with as gaze, bottomless nakedbeingby experienceDerrida of caught “as gazeof his cat.writes: every the with this experiencefeeling of shame andembarrassment under animal’s the eyes. Heexamines his humanness? Jacquesin Derrida hisbook wouldin thehumanspectators gazinglooking theirso that beashamed atus,or back of incapable really animals zoo the Are animal? and man between relation visual imagine 122 Press 1998), 15. mechanically.” scan They beyond. blindly most,animal. Attheanimal’sthe flickers passes and sideways. gaze They on. look They divide.nature/culture understanding role of the of all the human,animal within too not yet posthuman hierarchy of these symbolisms. There is no relation upon which one might build an alternative in the lower always is animal the that is is relevant What distance. functional in staying entities intact remain cases both and in “human” the “beast” the of categories the names, human individual by bearing zoo in the humanized are animals or cattle, like arms their on numbers tattooed by having bestialized campare of a concentration Whether prisoners the them, andwhatthisprocess showshow aboutwe perceive ourselves torelate to them.” have done with them and to them; how we value them; and most essentially, how we observe his in Malamud Randy subject. knowing human the about all still more more than applicable utopian Haraway’s proposition. becomes be in zooasbiopolitical institution the and crucial apparatus seems to understanding “zoos are neat paradigms, metaphors, not for animals but forfor but animals not metaphors, paradigms, areneat “zoos Randy Malamud, John Berger, op. cit., 28. Berger concludes that “(…) nowhere in a zoo can a stranger encounter the look of of an look the encounter can astranger in azoo nowhere“(…) that Berger concludes This brings me to a conclusion, that after all the spectacle we turned animals into is Reading Zoos. Representations of Animals and Captivity The Animal That Therefore IAm The AnimalThat 122 71 Is this sad conclusion the only way we can our (New York: New York University animals: for what people what for animals: Reading Zoos , described exactly , described states that states 121 CEU eTD Collection Armstrong, and Richard G. Botzler, 125 1995), 40. 123 pornography. to zoo in the observation actof the for by comparing example – penetrating gazeas and the possessive theorizing about is identification.binary process of the oversimplifying is It amove that thinking often used in of trap the into easily falling vision, of object the and observer the between dissymmetry hierarchical the destabilize to fails it spectacle, of zoological the visual aspect emphasizes ways in arewhich we look socially constructed.” the but species, oriented visually a We are is. one who knowing assertive, active, identified, gazeisthe looking anessential of subjectivity actof – the isaspect an ofbeing self- aspect women and animals falling into this category). Adams also claims that “in patriarchal culture, 124 Fordham University Press, 2008), 12. my itinanimals the is In useof “others”. with the theopinion Donna realm possible of of property the requires relation paradigmatic establishin this as She arguesthat to itself others objectifies malea subject. order gazethat framed grammatically as amale. Carol J. Adams writes about the “arrogant eye” of thehuman inhimself. (hu)man the it andembarrasses frightens beat” “mute that relationship,prove while thethat responseis Iwantto isfrom possible.It sounexpected a is looking.commodification of It usually that the power of assumed gazing isa one way this waydisrupt zoological the production and consumption of visibility animals’ requires that and machine anthropological jam could that the tool, asasubversive gazecanserve the that he hegiveshimself.” believes bythenamethat himself bordercrossing vantage man from which announcehimselfdares to himself, calling to thereby Ralph Acampara, “Zoos and Eyes: Contesting Captivity and Seeking Successor Practices”, in eds. Susan J. Susan eds. in Practices”, Successor Seeking and Captivity Contesting Eyes: and “Zoos Acampara, Ralph Jacques Derrida, Carol J. Adams, It is also by no accident that this subject I am referring to as human or man has been has man or human as to am referring I subject this that accident no by is also It I wouldlikechallenge to simply thisline that argumentation of positions women and Neither Man nor Beast. Feminism and the Defense ofAnimals The Animal That Therefore I Am The Animal Ethics Reader 125 , ed. Marie Louise Mallet, trans. David Wills (New York: 72 to-be-looked-at-ness (London,New Routledge,York: 2008), 501-506. 124 123 Although kindthis of argument Inthis understanding,am I arguing (New York: Continuum, of the others (she sees (she others of the CEU eTD Collection 126 Modern Latour’s Bruno to a reference is culture, and of nature concepts enlightenment-derived 127 Haraway Reader a the on insist to but postmodern, nor modern neither be is to inappropriate/d be To difference. availablemaps and specifying be kinds of actors kinds of narratives, nottooriginally fixed by fitin to not the “is other be inappropriate/d Haraway to where dichotomy, one self/other of regime the beyond goes that in-between, of side position ambiguous is always means occupying an “inappropriate/d otherness”. This forterm of politics she advocates creating– relations ethnic sexual, racial, human/nonhuman, of web tangled the in animals and women its authenticity of bebetween the couldlink that in madeposition kindof point designating sophisticated the in relation ismakes afarmore Haraway possible. women animals and “otherizing” simultaneous to, of pattern in usual the a twist story technoscietific the of actress apolitical character or with the isfemale By figure that by Haraway’s making not of cyborg, ascience-fiction accident. the other. For Haraway specifically mentions the that interesting is It be recognized. to agents non-human allows and life collective the of rethinkattempts narrative alternative to proposition the dominant acertain political that forms posthumanist animals nonhuman with ontologies even or relations new creating of project in the Inscribing essentialism. into slips that Adams by presented claim feminist classical the taxonomic area of visibility of the zoological garden. posthumanism. From my ofviewpoint is it animportant in trope deconstructing the modern.” Donna Haraway, “The Promises of Monsters: A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others”, in Iwould also like to note that Haraway’s claim to amodernity, inscribes that in the critique of the . 126 In my opinion this posthumanist proposition is much more revolutionary than revolutionary more much is proposition posthumanist this opinion my In , Donna Haraway, (New York andLondon: Routledge, 2004), 69-70. taxon as a category to be avoided in political project of 73 127 taxon , to be dislocated from from the be dislocated , to We Have Never Been The CEU eTD Collection Westerners” try to separate nature from culture, the more impossible it is. It seems that the seems that is. it It impossible the more nature from culture, separate try to Westerners” paradoxically arguesthat moreworld of Latour among “the humans the themselves. “social” nortothe in things “natural” themselves, bereducedneithercannot to entities, that Nature and Culture. We oftenBeen Modern Have Never remain blind to the existenceAgamben’sparallel anthropogenesis,to time In byBruno this described Latour. his book of some mixturesmachine modernistic another ideaof befound inthe can answerthe above? Ithinkthat of those two humanness of modernthe issubject being negotiated. the spacewhere aliminal becomes garden zoological fails, the always neatseparation this because from andnature of production Nevertheless, of itsseparation culture. permanence keeps is thehygiene watchandwardover of that avisualtechnology zoological garden is “human by that subject” anthropological beingproduced In machine. this sense, the audience, and the changes in zoological displaying collections reflect the changes in the forappropriated human the eye.The isbeing final byaspecific consumed product of kind actuallybut is that nature, beingmixturea naturalcultural narrative given acareful linearity. I argue that for atits granted least taken outtobe or complicating modernity”, projectturned “undoingthe what is being crafted specifically of became impossible Ageof as departure the a pointEnlightenment instead and in the zoo is not onlygarden gotmuchthings more complicated than I primarily Takingmodernitythought. and a romanticized visionbinary. In fact, I soon ofrealized I was wrong and when I started to look closer at the zoological nature/culture enacting modern is the beingas nature produced, a space zoo only the where In begging itthat my of will totalk very beappropriate the Ithought about project research 4.3 Premises andPromises ofModernity Why the work of isolating nature from ofisolatingWhy failure from work is nature to culturethe doomed asIassumed modernity. of story great the in it locating garden zoological the about talk to is easy It Latour challenges the attempts to “retie the Gordian knot” of knot” Gordian “retie the to attempts the challenges Latour 74 We CEU eTD Collection them think they are invincible. Hewrites: invincible. them think they are of the Accordinglanguagepower Latour, liesin Moderns the hasmade to that their double Constitutionin is think Moderns organization of the the Modern theoretical that device crucial their world. consists herself/himselfof three guarantees modern.call if to wants one separated practices two keep those to isimportant It audience. This is the thatheartfor the intelligible itmakes that science of language andthe “child” material the between of resultwhat Latour incalls paradoxes workthe Moderndone byConstitution scientists of categorize thisphenomenon Natureand proving humannessoranimality. the child’s whole The – a to argue and for Society.one human world,nor wasvisibleof animal, is need thework in purification purely then the to or anotherthe to belonged fully neither that child” “wild ismute a found a scientists century seriesnineteenth of translationsthat creates two distinct ontologicalthat zones of Nature and Culture.happen 128 129 engage in two practices: intwo engage intoany fit argues beof spaces.modern to that means anddesignated fixed the Latour truly to think modern they havegetridare they to of quasi-objectsthe that donot and quasi-subjects on this stable boundary. a wall,In the thicker the wall becomes,Latour’s the easier itis walk to onit, and later on even run liveor version of theis“boundary” that move”. being with “separatist blurred boundary is If every this imagined as modernist story, becauseCulture, the Westerners the and we think areNature betweenwhat line the of demarcation drawing of practice compulsive thicker the line becomes and thus more and more entities can exist on the Bruno Latour, Bruno Ibid., 37. will show you that they never confuse the Laws of nature with imprescriptible human freedom. human imprescriptible with ofnature Laws the confuse never they youthat show will Society is transcendent and its laws infinitely surpass us. If you object thatthey are being duplicitous, they their hands off. keep they If that you and tell Nature, themto access that we allowing are free and intermediary ourmere a is destinyscience that is in our own transcendent, is hands,it that they will tell you that If you criticize them by saying that Nature is a world constructed by human hands, they will show you We Have Never Been Modern translation , that creates the natural-cultural hybrids, and hybrids, natural-cultural the creates that , (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 10-12. 75 128 For example, if the purificati 129 on, CEU eTD Collection 2008), 9. and as and human.” DonnaHaraway, nonhuman as society, as and nature as counts a what in between Divides taproots Great the have calls alike Latour Bruno of what series posthumanism and of humanism versions “modernist writes: She Latour. paraphrasing 130 zoological garden amaterial as reality inspitethat being of build designed to inorder the totreatthe fall Ipropose this into likeby Foucault. trap Notto reproduced eventheorists such narrative ofmodernity fixed homogenous, as and historicalWestern purely period is common kindcritique. The of enablesthis “amodern” stance Latour’s edges” isobservable. smooth “modernity with in of thevision rupture the aplacewhere butrather modernity era, for the space a paradigmatic not becomes garden zoological sense,the In this event. temporal spatio- monolithic a as Enlightenment the of Age the of reification simplistic the avoid started in the Enlightenmentis a together,modernization resultthe of ingredients process allthose humanism. adds one If thatof principles the and seems disciplines, scientific system, capitalist modern to classes, social new be a coherentof emergence building, state nation project. colonialism, of intersection the analyze to me allowed However, I would like modern inzoological garden isnot acoincidence. thenineteenthcentury Thisframing to never been human”. are that Divides nevermaybe lead conclusion: toanother ultimately completed that “wehave constitution is mostly visible in production of the zone of indistinction. Those series of Great modern machine and of anthropological the work the Theparallelbetween separate. it to of wants mélanges init what hybrids, more fact butproduces reiterate divisions, other to never been natural ratified. purely Thereisnothing purely or social. GreatDivide The seems has it but world inthe works somehow Constitution Modern The begun. never has modernity Latour for In explanation. sense this any modernists escape andwhich intertwined are mixedof networks, of hybrids, monsters, double-faced cyborgs inwhich andNature Culture full –asphere in-between areaof anobscure produces tension constitutional The unresolved Donna Haraway in herbook The focus of my research on the transition from menageries to what we might a what we call to from menageries transition on the ofmy The focus research 130 When Species Meet When Species Meet titled its first part “We Have Never Been Human” Been Never “WeHave part first its titled (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, University of Minnesota London: and (Minneapolis 76 CEU eTD Collection 133 University of Minnesota, 2000), 20. Hall, 1958),Hall, 223. 132 York: Simon& Schuster, 1993), 255. 131 organization of medical, statistical, and other forms of official knowledge.” forms of official other and medical, statistical, of organization tend to focus, such as the modern novel, news reporting, museum displays, mass media, or the deliberatemeaning methodsofmaking accounts modern onwhich of postmodern and the the modernity only occurs as representation, this representingis notaphenomenon limited tothe of foundation. “If presence the its Hewrites: from instable modernization philosophical was andjust inmodernity he the bycontextualizing project framework, outthat aglobal of points specific location in timeevent and space, staying Mitchell always tries in torelation avoid “retelling to the non-West. thefulfilled. story ofGiving the West” that allegedly ismodernization machine of product project never of andthe that anthropological the universal culture.” alienated concept a mixJim the two. Mason expressed by this “aparadox calling the zoorelic ofanature- to out turns always nonhuman, the and human the cultural, the and natural the between barrier draws attention to language as the dominant and most important featureimportantmost thatdistinguishes draws attention languageasthe and dominant to understand him.” not speak, wecould 4.4 From Wittgenstein’sLiontoDerrida’s Cat appropriations justifying their presence in (post)modernity. fixednot of and new meaningsgain process in transformationsconstant the and are that representations are mass media, or museums as novels, just zoological gardens that Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ludwig Timothy Mitchell, “The Stage of Modernity”, in Jim Mason, Jim Timothymodernity Mitchell is as that argues predominantly understood European Ludwig Wittgenstein in his An Unnatural Order: Uncovering the Roots of Our Domination of Nature and Each Other 131 Inherent ambiguity of the space of the zoo as a modern institution is a Philosophical Investigations Philosophical Investigations 133 This paradox known as the “Wittgenstein’s lion” “Wittgenstein’s the as known paradox This Questions Modernityof , trans. G. E. M. Anscombe (Upper Saddle River: Printice 77 ed. Mitchell Timothy (Minneapolis: states that “if lion states that a could 132 Iwould add, (New CEU eTD Collection 134 135 McNeill and Nicholas Walker by become we,humans whosetranslators as“subalterns” animals in trend representing Heideggerian “poverty notion inof theworld” example, For anthropocentrism. “bestial” of years justify and two, the between difference humans from nonhumans. Thisabyss markmost seems communicational basic to the looking back at him.” at back looking whatcurious catmight the actually be feeling, doing, perhaps thinking, making or available in with his Derrida failedcat, a of simple obligation companion hespecies; become didnot “(…)stay ‘other’,butthe philosopherthe that notes decidedhis to on side.DonnaHaraway world tothe of door upthe opens interaction this of parties the of itself.response Equalization whether the cat could speak, but rather what was interesting for him was the possibilityFor of the Derrida set by philosopher catescapes the trap linguistic-semiotic the Western philosophers. canonical in his bathroom, figure an metaphorical or allegory, and lookingbackless by atnomore real and carnal where Derrida’sgains more much access. In agency contrast, cat is a – this small cat not he encounteredinterspecies communication, his lion is a creature fromhis a different world to which cat’swe have no gaze itargument for centrality of vision in wasposthumanist theory. not important destabilizing make position firm Iwould humansubject.Therefore, of the an the like to sightas animal’s on Derrida focuses the As dowith earlier Imentioned to domestication. relation. Icalled move this ashiftlionfrom Wittgenstein’s Derrida’s but ithasto cat, nothing focusrelation and instead onvision inas notion human/nonhuman a crucial rethinking human/nonhuman of analysis linguistic from away move to propose to like would I However, human dream the from uselanguage.of derivedexceptionalism humanability the to Martin Heidegger, Donna Haraway, Although Wittgenstein in hishypothetical not didexample exclude possibility the of When Species Meet The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude, Solitude 135 Nevertheless, Derrida’s move significantly undermined the common the undermined significantly move Derrida’s Nevertheless, (Bloomington and Indianapolis: IndianaUniversity Press, 1995), 271. (Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 20. 78 134 that characterizes animal cognition rests on rests cognition animal characterizes that , trans. William , trans. CEU eTD Collection 137 136 is become encounter partners, whoactually what they a inboth of game this are co-shaping numerous cultural practices that interact with realm the interactof animals.” that cultural practices numerous characterize our any to of andwe canexpect impoverishmentmore degradation animals, the between and becomepeople asmediating“the institutions zoos moreMalamud, pervasive According to immerse its poverty. proves human paradoxically that dominates world, is that most of the zoogoers stillimitated cagelessness remain resultin the more realistic possibility intersectingof blind gazes. But the trick to this destructionoccupied position aprivileged beingof being able to observe without spaces seen. and Vast of the one way vision that sideof spectacle the setting, whereone from panoptical movethe away and territories distance expand zoos from started to trying themselves to exploitative andcruelpast their countto that vision the is reciprocal and both transparencyworks the ways. Contemporary has one atsome point “other” the toobserve cage if atransparent – creates one unquestioned in constructed zoological the anysubversive for allow garden gazingback? possibility is The zoo animals methods?” of and of description literary publishing conventions scientific look back atthe riskhuman of an intersecting visitors gaze, evenor ifzookeepers? it gazing back. usually has to be teased engaging animals possibleas partners ofinteraction and givingDoes anopen way for animal out from the the repressivetechnologynewly Instead, whatisneededgive to are“naked some rights added animalsubjects. words” of less isbroadening noof imperialist human” “the than the category this to of representation vision just asmetaphorical figures denoting “thehuman” without meeting the gaze of “objects”the claiming tounderstand theirAllowing position.yourself observe to represent animals or them Randy Malamud, op. cit., 34. Ibid., 21. How wouldHow with look becoming animal like? others human/nonhumanvisual The Haraway asks “what if not all such Western human workers with animals have refused have animals with workers human Western such all not if “what asks Haraway 79 137 136 I ask, what if the CEU eTD Collection 140 139 Haraway Reader 138 meet.” species when polis, and where the constitutingesteem:is regardfor, of politehave to of to tiedto greeting, all that to courteous of respect. Toholdin regard, torespond,look to back reciprocally,notice, to pay to attention, Monsters” writes: Monsters” would in Likewise, “Promises of Haraway theanthropocentric undermine heressay order. that valuesdisabling anyaction frozen making them “respect” or“responsibility” “tolerance”, claim hasbeen hijackedby is liberalism,political that attaching meanings certain to politics”. of “optics the changing for This manifesto of kind another claim, political a opticalresponsiveness interventionmultispecies into politics might result in reclaiming thepolis, ethics, that I whetherwith ground links of and torespect wordplay, necessary responsibility ofbecomingconditions as we likeis back sent message the that, to if responds so one or of web dependencies, intherhizomatic be easily meanings the can transformed technoculture not. Thatspecere makes “species”zone from speciesisvisual.Latin contactword the Even between companion the species.” of companion mantras arethe those becoming with: of is is, fruit the reciprocal not all precede do theirthat “theHaraway relating; partners For beings. myriad of entangled vision and Donna Haraway, “The Promises of Monsters: A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Ibid. p. 19 Others”, in Donna Haraway, animal others. “Looking back in this way takes us to seeing again, to still possible socialism, feminist and anti-racist environmentalism, and science, for the people. political filters to see the world in the hues of red, greenand ultraviolet, i.e., from the perspectives of a the fantasies of the phallocrats.minds, bodies, and planets who insist effectively – i.e.,I inpractice think – that sight is the sensesight made to realizeand build here. I see canhaveto stakeshigh in yetlearn reclaimingwebe may that vision from remade elsewhere the technopornographers,imagined an for those ofresponsibility fortheoristsand of of embodiment, the connection, activists advocates My engageddiminutive theory’s optical features are set to inproduce fittingnot effects of distance, but effects of in one ofits meanings echoes words “looking” and“watching”. In times of , Donna Haraway, (New York andLondon: Routledge, 2004), 64. When Species Meet , op. cit., 17. 80 139 – says Haraway. We already live in a respecere , that staying in etymological in staying that , respecere 138 I argue that Iargue , to the act 140 The CEU eTD Collection The Haraway Reader 141 in the tool operating asubversive gazecanserve the as thathumans. However, Iargue for display the appropriated isfully controlledreproduction forof entertainment the and their subjugatedinanimals are as tobiopower zoo the long astheirbodies arebeing aesthetically racism and colonialism. sexism, of oppressions with I isam aligned who not observer the of tryingeye” “arrogant the condemns to say that this critique is not legitimized a special inVisual gained objectification feministposition that and representational critique – after all, is takenfor observed granted. the vision object control over Thepenetrating of dead things. relation inevitably subjugatesits that andinstrumentallyobjects machinelike intoturns them be arecapable “possessedvisually” lookingof back? is as usually Gazing criticized a power “fingery of eyes” staring visitors the atthe exposed animal bodies. hybridgarden “natureculture the is under construction” visually predominantly perceived with senses; they are tools for the construction, discovery of form.” hierarchyfundamentally in vision the depend a andbiology natural of upon taxidermy that precision ofscenes composed bodies.it“(…)of isanimals’ stuffed Harawaywrites that inwhereof being story Nature’s NewYork, a Natural is toldHistory with of origin deadly 4.5 HowtoChallenge theZoological Gaze? illusionary hall of mirrors. reflection as Agamben than suggests, possibility the of back mightgazing crush this own their see just humans in which mirrors of made a is machine anthropological If the zoo. islook andbe Ifocused atTo looked relation oninanalyzing to–that myattention the the Donna Haraway,“Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy In the Garden of Eden. New York City,1908-1936” in But what if this spectacle turns out to be a mystification and the ones that supposed to supposed be ones that the amystification and to if out turns what spectacle But this Donna Haraway in one of her essays examines an exhibition in the American Museum American the in exhibition an examines essays her of one in Haraway Donna , Donna Haraway, (New York andLondon: Routledge, 2004), 166-167. 81 141 Likewise, in Likewise, zoological the CEU eTD Collection useful in depicting the theoretical horizon for the zoological iconoclast breaking the breaking iconoclast zoological the for horizon theoretical the inuseful depicting shaping new kinships becomingof be appears to lethal for the subject. form of objectification disguised as subject formation. Instead, the relational ontology that is want to emphasize that it is not a claim for humanizing animals that often actually takes the human can be lost in the union that becoming of erased.Innewecologies the reworked,buttotally is or not reformulated subject is not a metaphorical, but animal requiresvery others atotal human/nonhumantransgression of the dualism inwhichthe carnal metamorphosis. with Becoming of work anthropogenesis. I constant the undermines that process more radical is a rather pseudo-subjectivity. It asgiving akindtemporary actually of occurs animals often becomingpoint of with animal is others nottogive the nonhumans which status of subjects, with animals.anthropocentric humans observe which comfort captivated Paradoxically, the the from destabilize abstracted can relation) the not other”, “significant always a as understood creating the being latter ontology Other(the between One arelational andthe “becoming of The zoological gaze with”. intheprocess forroles the possibility rethinking a forms it but rather one, exploitative and instrumental an necessarily not is gaze” “zoological from I calla vision viewof Therefore, of desire. what posthumanist pointthe ontological benotmight nonhuman but expected, is of part relationshipresponse-ability the enabled by entities taking part in it. In the case of zoological garden the encounter of the animal eye 142 and by looking back. across many sorts of species differences. The lovely part is that we can know only by looking be can experienced speak and write I am to trying that “Theregard ethical Haraway writes: beings.is As onlypossessedbyhuman not mélange nature/culture that ambiguous space of Donna Haraway, Haraway’s concepts of “companion species” and “becoming with of are and“becominganimal “companion concepts Haraway’s with species” others” frameworkIn is a posthumanist emphasisthe itself relationshipthe puton shaping the When Species Meet Respecere. ” , op. cit., 164. 142 82 CEU eTD Collection 143 similarity.” self- of emergerelationships within cannot Response parties. for all the textures shapes and symmetrical on take to be expected not should be responsible, to so respond, and to capacity in the responding and co-constituted respondersarethemselves admitnot calculation; preset taxonomic action of do do not haveintra- in in parties “The others: animal advance with becoming about writes Haraway As communication. a proper checklist of andtune for along outof sight be time can challenged model by new the of interspecies properties.of out animals kept that sciences Further, empirical by imposed order taxonomic The vision. human the enters sight animal’s sothat the observer, of position comfortable abandon the idea isto The gaze. taxidermic challenge the to is possible ithow lensesand see herconceptual armed with in people their and animals laboratory the of bezoo animals, not would merely that anymore. illustration Haraway’s specimen Following humans fight their“impoverishment own in and world” the worldly open up to becoming with if especially animals, captivated the with relations of kind different of think to possible is it garden in zoological the argue that species.I other of anthropomorphic categorization coarse towards would bemaking –that ashortcut and pets between people relations not to relations,reshape only does apply those to is usedhere that companion species, term the that out point like to I would mimesis. or symmetry necessarily not but reciprocity, Noah of the “zooworld willbe alengthy requiring process, dethronization of messianicthe figure of new the ark”. In fact in zoo the free, crushed–reformation cages and aquariums destroyed human/nonhumanimmediately the set an relationsontological areis here What spectacle. atstake vulgar is vision zoological monopoly the way of one during not always easyrevolution. – there is It does not mean that now all the zoo animals should be Donna Haraway, 143 When Species Meet , op. cit., 71. 83 When SpeciesMeet , I propose to enter the zoo the enter propose to I , CEU eTD Collection 144 145 Ethics Reader Haraway arepartof what animalsinthe zoos of captivated Populations marketable category. emergence of discourses of biodiversity and doctrines of sustainability ‘extinction’ became a genomes sustains the biocapitalistmarketglobal of“endangered With species”. the eye – there is a lot going on behindextinction. the scenes,species from zooseen the Arksavingendangered life,as Eden tracing of to origins the in the laboratorythe other observablewhere a shiftfrozenendangered species. Iwould evensay thethat zooalways had anauraof religious mission – would be fromzoo theof zoo as savior to “newof the “Man Noah”, the icon beasts” of the the of as tamer rhetoric of the representationfrom shift observable is an there ofNevertheless, theinclinations. imperialist and idyllicanthropocentric Garden of its of revision inevitable the towards of resistance dose acertain and circumstances changing the to institution this of skills adaptive good the in lies zoo ethical an having with fingery eyes, we care. That is how responsibilityknow. If not well, know searching we cannot we among weknow, species,once companion grows.” of curiosity risky butobligation by tasty the Propelled bewe canneveragain. same” “the met, have “we” “once out: points As Haraway nature. anthropomorphized ideally of myth romantic fitinto the not animals would with zoo face-to-face everyday Their careof. they take are well forin animals other speciesof companions different people the zoo trained working exoticism.” its of zoo the strip to first necessary is it other, animal with encounters genuine for possibility the open “to that notes He interest. their needsanimals’ around and to according an institution organized it transformingto zoo, the scholars like thereRalph Acampara aresome suggestedthat possible reforms changesin and Ralph Acampara, “Zoos and Eyes: Contesting Captivity and Seeking Successor Practices” in Practices” Successor Seeking and Captivity Contesting Eyes: and “Zoos Acampara, Ralph Donna Haraway, Today’s zoological garden isnot only restricted to the space that is open for the public How to practically address this iconoclastic gaze? Is an ethical zoo possible? Some , eds. Susan J. Armstrong Richardand G. Botzler (London, New York: Routledge, 2008), 504. When Species Meet , op. cit., 287. 84 144 I imaginethinkitis possibleto that 145 However, the problem with The Animal CEU eTD Collection that join cells and people in a dance of becoming.” in in of ontological apparatus, thickcomplexity,inbeingthe naturecultures the technoculture is in the whole “theHaraway, ethics to According garden. zoological role of the the from relationalthis isontology an ethics responsibilityof and respecthelps that in rethinking be Asmessy ratherappear to networks. in before, Isuggested chimeras sticky whatemerges entanglements human/nonhuman relation, this through shaped being ontologies alternative with and But world. organized an ordered of fantasy taxonomic of reminder embarrassing even and a pointless being starts human of category the vision, non-unitary of touch optic the helps that reformulatingnetworks of power.Under eyesthe ofanimal our in or companions, 148 147 146 optics of becoming optics of weneed exceptionalism human of cure theblindness To companion worlds. our co-shape modernity ideaisnottoremainthe blind tothecomplexity natureculture assemblages that of on that: comments Haraway has now reservoir. Ark aform a genetic Noah’s that of biopolitical garden as the new production of wildlife under a label of “survival plan” inscribes to the rhetoric of zoological “apparatus biology.” callsof apocalyptic the wildlife Ibid., 138. Ibid., 223. Ibid., 145. In my opinion even within the biopolitical framework in technocultural, biosocial technocultural, in framework biopolitical the within even opinion my In century! twenty-first the in never are they have than biopolitics reproductive of behaviorism, compulsory in rewards enmeshed the more in been dabbling their all for zoos, in Animals habitats. vanishing their in extinction from care their in species and individuals the keep to essential are they that is places these and other captive animal facilities is that one of the few remaining powerful justifications offered for (…) anirony infusing life-interest-enhancingthe and management work of behaviorist trainers in zoos with , thatis imaginable thanks to the acknowledgment of the animal gaze 85 148 146 This biotechnological sophisticated 147 CEU eTD Collection Planning D: Society and Space 149 the same level. “Fight fire with fire”, one could say - “Gaze back!” would be the slogan of betheslogan the back!” “Gaze would fire”,- say could fire one with “Fight level. same the hegemony foundedthe on placehas then unitary challengingvision, this process of to take on is animals objectifying of regime whole the If machine. anthropological the of destabilization men” taming is then, humanism, of message latent “the that essay, his in suggests Sloterdijk as If, zoo. in the place is taking that wildlife of taming and categorization the like just civilization, trend,philosophical and political a as humanism, of idea basic the that suggests isarticle the of title to save look atproposes to itas a constant tension bestializingbetween and taming“thehuman”. The men fromSloterdijk adialog enters with Martin Heidegger. Tounpackthe idea of humanism Sloterdijk bestiality mainly by theConclusions principle of the organization of find the best way transpeciesfind thebest open way becoming spaceof up thisposthumanist, to inherentambivalence in thedrawing boundarybetween humanthe and nonhuman animals. I an exists still there mastery, arelational of isademonstration and values human reflects shows everythingconclusion that institution even if history zoo the aboutthis of that the itis allacknowledging about animalagency in this worldly becoming. Thisleads a to human/nonhuman contact zone, where mutual becoming can potentially take place. Above all, monolithic category look atand spacethe of zooin the all its particularities as the repack this is to posthumanism of message the ofthe human,then category the constructing about all is zoo the framework humanist inthe If subject. human the around concentrated petrifies every as humansaction that perspectivethemselves, ascribe to God’s that the “objective” abandoning position allegedly gaze–this privileged of disembodied the of Peter Sloterdijk, “Rules for the Human Zoo: a response to the Letter on Humanism”, on Letter the to a response Zoo: Human the for “Rules Sloterdijk, Peter 149 In his “Rules for the Human Zoo: A Response to the Letter on Humanism”, Peter ; what is the message of posthumanism? I think that posthumanism allows the 27 (2009): 15. 86 Environment and with in the CEU eTD Collection (the art of the zoo) that makesexamples visible of bodily the becomings character many brings about in“doing” boundary.(with)as things engaged practice Contemporary a social art of theanimals. relationhuman/nonhuman the I arguere-articulating and approach that thatanthropocentric the wewe challenging of site canas humanseven talk have about “Zooart” mymakeproposed to central further, asto be pushed study Iseevisual and anewcould arts zoo.The potentialities forsuch the I thinkvisual aremultiple: I studies the analysis that in encounters human/nonhuman the in analyzing studies further for foundations theoretical of limitationsthe ofthe setmanagedbelievethesis.up important to Nevertheless, thatI I wasimpossiblebecause work up duringissues my came Addressing the that all huge project. challenged by of“becoming posthumanistnotion the with” animal developed into a others posthumanism. of just version one about talk cannot one that realize me made biopolitics dystopian and life of politics affirmative the between biopolitics of collapse “bare This life”. of position vulnerable into the falling be seenas might dangerously or ontologies, alternative are enabling that figures asliberatory becelebrated can entities ambiguous Those hybrids. are full natureculture of zoo likethe leaky and places already are boundaries the fact, In enough. well from other each separated never were humanities, of my majorfindings is being dichotomies that often are that fetishized inand demonized the one hermetic. However, fixed and were thought boundaries thatI the destabilize to attempted responsibility. of ethics multidimensional a forfoundation this become respond, thus, a capacity newthe could relationship to between humans and nonhumans. of The etymology word“responsibility”the can be found in trapped. In my opinion responsivenessthe of the gazeup waysopens for new relations posthumanisticonoclast crushing thehall in mirrors of human which has the subject been My study of the zoological garden as a paradigm of a biopolitical space that can be Operating realm binary in nature/culture andof the oppositions of human/nonhuman,I 87 CEU eTD Collection 151 news/7808406/Orang-utans-like-looking-back-at-zoo-visitors.html 150 the point of view of my study. The zoo animals do gaze back! At least the orangutans do. from stress highdue tothe number Istill ofvisitors, foundinformation interesting this from suffer not do incaptivity animals that prove was to goal researchers’ thatthe from article the “people watching” as a pleasurable way to spend an way a to afternoon.” as “peoplepleasurable watching” like thatjust behaviour –“A visitors the us they suggests manyof study regard orang-utan of enjoy Zoo gazing at Melbourne the orangutans from that discovered University Melbourne of utans 'likeback looking atzoovisitors'”. aseries Through experiments scientistsof from Sloterdijk would say. enacted “gazingback”somehow zoological the himself” as andalso“tamed a human, as artist as a the of watching, specimen.camera technology the aphotographic By using was public, werebeing from behindopen to unpreparedvisitors thebarsby photographed the namethe of speciesthe beingdisplayed –“HomoSapiens –HumanBeing”. Inthe zoothat was with Onthefencethere inanaplaque hewhere himself animals. cage for empty locked Park. Zoological the space of zoological (19th of century arrangement) and thesocalled new OldZoo gardens: two the the place in Pozna symposium “ZOOART” took that “Human being” of an art wasapart project Vartiainen. His challenged? I found the best illustration of these processes becomingdoes with animal look like?others can How controllingthe gazecan arrogant be is an artistic performance of Timo with nonhuman in the peculiaranimals quasi-taxidermic space zoologicalthe of garden.How “Orang-utans 'like looking back at zoo visitors'”, Telegraph, visitors'”, zoo at back looking 'like “Orang-utans Kurzwelly Michael ed. Michael Kurzwelly This evening I got a message This an from alink my friendevening Igot article with to “Orang- entitled Ĕ ’s (Poland) public space in 1994. The artists wereinvited toworkin spacethe ZOOART –Exhibition Album 150 Vartiainen decided to undertake hisundertake Vartiainen in to decided project OldZoo, the 88 , (Pozna http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science- Ĕ : International Artists Centre, 1994) , Retrieved,, 08. 06. 2010. 151 Although itis obvious CEU eTD Collection Barthes, Roland. Barthes, Braidotti, Rosi. Braidotti, Blanchard, Pascal, Nicolas Bancel, and Sandrine Lemaire. “From human zoos to colonial Berger, John. Matter of How anUnderstanding Toward Performativity: “Posthumanist Karen. Barad, Bhabha, Homi K. “Berlin Zoo Stock Leaps as Polar Bear Fever Grows,” April 4, 2010. Bancel, Nicolas, Pascal Blanchard, and Sandrine Lemaire. “Ces zoos humains de la ———. Grayorum.”In “Gesta Francis. Bacon, Hannah. Arendt, ———. Agamben, Giorgio. Adams, Carol J. Acampara, Ralph. “Zoos and Eyes: Contesting Captivity and Seeking Successor Practices.” In Bibliography Adorno, Theodor. Polity Polity 2002. 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CEU eTD Collection Zoo InBudapest(#3) Zoo InBudapest(#2) Zoo InBudapest(#1) http://www.moviegoods.com/movie_poster/zoo_in_budapest_1933.htm. http://www.moviegoods.com/movie_poster/zoo_in_budapest_1933.htm. http://www.moviegoods.com/movie_poster/zoo_in_budapest_1933.htm. Hagenbeck_Tierpark_und_Tropen-Aquarium-Zoos. . Movie poster. . Movie poster. . Movie poster. . Movie 93