DOCSLIB.ORG

Scaling-Up Climate Change Effects in Greenland Stine Højlund Pedersen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scaling-Up Climate Change Effects in Greenland Stine Højlund Pedersen Scaling-up Climate Change Effects in Greenland Stine Højlund Pedersen PhD Thesis 2017 1 Scaling-up Climate Change Effects in Greenland Stine Højlund Pedersen PhD Thesis 2017 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. Department of Bioscience, Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring, Arctic Research Centre 2 Data sheet Title: Scaling-up Climate Change Effects in Greenland Subtitle: PhD Thesis Author: Stine Højlund Pedersen Institute: Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark and Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring. Publisher: Aarhus University, Denmark URL: www.bios.au.dk/en/ Year of publication: 2017 PhD supervisors: Senior Researcher Niels Martin Schmidt and Senior Researcher Mikkel P. Tamstorf, Aarhus University, Denmark, and Dr. Glen E. Liston, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, U.S.A. Assessment Associate Professor Dr. Marc Macias-Fauria, School of Geography and the committee: Environment, University of Oxford, UK., Professor Dr. Jason E. Box, Department of Glaciology and Climate, The Geologic Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Denmark, and Senior Researcher Dr. Morten Frederiksen, Department of Bioscience, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Please cite as: Højlund Pedersen, S. 2017. Scaling-up Climate Change Effects in Greenland. PhD Thesis. Aarhus University. Department of Bioscience, Denmark. 178 pp Abstract: In ice-free Greenland, extensive knowledge and a mechanistic understanding of interactions between abiotic and biotic ecosystem components have been gained from observations collected in the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring (GEM) sites during 10-20 years. This PhD project was initiated to facilitate an understanding of these interactions also in between observational sites using up-scaling. Since, the seasonal snow cover is a key driver of changes in Arctic ecosystems, snow is the main focus of this interdisciplinary study. The project aim was twofold; (i) to quantify the spatial and temporal changes and variability in snow characteristics across multiple spatial scales and time periods in ice-free Greenland, and (ii) to investigate the effects of these snow changes and variability on biotic components of the ecosystems. This was accomplished by combining ground-based observations, spatial-temporal snow and atmospheric modeling tools, and remotely sensed vegetation greenness in a stepwise up-scaling to gradually larger domain extents. Keywords: Snow, vegetation greenness, gradients, observations, modeling, scales, remote sensing, Greenland. Layout and all photos: Stine Højlund Pedersen Front cover: Freshly fallen snow in the morning near Tasiilaq, East Greenland. Back cover: Heavily eroded snow surface at sunset near Qassiarsuk, West Greenland. ISBN: 978-87-93129-39-9 Printed by: LaserTryk.dk A/S Circulation: 50 Time and place of 24 February 2017 at 13:00, Niels Bohr Auditorium, Aarhus University, Department defence: of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Animations: 3 Table of Contents Data sheet ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Preface ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 List of included papers .................................................................................................................................. 8 List of additional contributions...................................................................................................................... 9 Summary ......................................................................................................................................................10 Resumé (Summary in Danish) ......................................................................................................................12 Eqikkaaneq (Summary in Greenlandic) .......................................................................................................14 Seasonal snow cover in the Arctic ecosystems.............................................................................................16 Snow monitoring in Greenland.....................................................................................................................17 Challenges in research of changing Arctic snow cover: a scale/resolution mismatch between observations, modeling, and impacts. .................................................................................................................................17 Scaling-up from point to region to entire ice-free Greenland .......................................................................18 Scale-dependent modeling representing processes at relevant resolution ....................................................18 Inclusion of ground observations .............................................................................................................20 Stepwise knowledge-gain in time and space across multiple scales ............................................................21 Local scale ................................................................................................................................................21 Regional scale ...........................................................................................................................................22 Entire ice-free Greenland .........................................................................................................................22 Looking into the future .................................................................................................................................23 Perspectives and Concluding remarks ..........................................................................................................23 References ....................................................................................................................................................25 Paper I .............................................................................................................................................................. Paper II ............................................................................................................................................................ Paper III ........................................................................................................................................................... Paper IV ........................................................................................................................................................... Paper V ............................................................................................................................................................ Paper VI ........................................................................................................................................................... Paper SI ........................................................................................................................................................... Paper SII .......................................................................................................................................................... Paper SIII ......................................................................................................................................................... Paper SIV ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 5 Preface This thesis represents a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark. The research presented in this thesis is the results of a four year PhD project conducted at Department of Bioscience and Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University under the supervision of Niels Martin Schmidt, Mikkel P. Tamstorf, and Glen E. Liston. A part of the results are produced in collaboration with international as well as Danish colleagues, all of whom are listed as co-authors of the respective papers. The thesis includes an introduction describing the aims, data sources, challenges, and methodology of the PhD project. Hereafter, I summarize and synthesize the findings of the four published papers, a manuscript, and an extended abstract (Paper I-VI) comprising the thesis. When I started my university education almost ten years ago, my wish was to understand and figure out how the nature around me was functioning. One of the requests to the part of nature, I was going to study, was that it had to vary over relatively short time spans, for example between seasons or from year to year, unlike processes evolving over millions of years. Therefore, I pursued the field of physical geography and learned about passing weather systems, river discharge, plant and soil gas-flux exchange, and temperature fluctuations. But I fell in love with the science of snow and not least in Greenland. And I promise you that very early in my PhD studies my desire for the volatile nature of snow was met. An early morning in March
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ARCTIC RIFT COPPER Part of World’S Newest Metallogenic Province: Kiffaanngissuseq
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346029727 ARCTIC RIFT COPPER Part of world’s newest metallogenic province: Kiffaanngissuseq Technical Report · November 2020 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18610.84161 CITATIONS 0 2 authors, including: Jonathan Bell Curtin University 17 PUBLICATIONS 13 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Greenland View project Mineral asset valuation and pricing View project All content following this page was uploaded by Jonathan Bell on 20 November 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ARCTIC RIFT COPPER Part of world’s newest metallogenic province: Kiffaanngissuseq Technical Assessment Report Greenfields Exploration Ltd November 2020 This report presents a holistic view of north eastern Greenland’s geology. The empirical evidence of mineralisation and geological record are tied in with mineral system components from global through to prospect scales. The source rocks, geodynamic triggers, pathways, and deposition sites are all identified within a preserved terrane. This work defines the Kiffaanngissuseq metallogenic province, a previously undescribed mineral system. For the first time, we identify a c. 1,250 Ma orogenic event in the basement as the geodynamic trigger related to the basalt- hosted native copper within the Arctic Rift Copper project. A c. 385 Ma fluid migration is identified as the trigger for a second copper-sulphide mineralising event expressed within the project, that also emplaced a distal zinc deposit within Kiffaanngissuseq. This multi-episodal mineral system is supported by a regional geochemical and hydrodynamic framework that is not articulated elsewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Place Names in Northern East Greenland
    Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland In this section all officially approved, and many Greenlandic names are spelt according to the unapproved, names are listed, together with explana- modern Greenland orthography (spelling reform tions where known. Approved names are listed in 1973), with cross-references from the old-style normal type or bold type, whereas unapproved spelling still to be found on many published maps. names are always given in italics. Names of ships are Prospectors place names used only in confidential given in small CAPITALS. Individual name entries are company reports are not found in this volume. In listed in Danish alphabetical order, such that names general, only selected unapproved names introduced beginning with the Danish letters Æ, Ø and Å come by scientific or climbing expeditions are included. after Z. This means that Danish names beginning Incomplete documentation of climbing activities with Å or Aa (e.g. Aage Bertelsen Gletscher, Aage de by expeditions claiming ‘first ascents’ on Milne Land Lemos Dal, Åkerblom Ø, Ålborg Fjord etc) are found and in nunatak regions such as Dronning Louise towards the end of this catalogue. Å replaced aa in Land, has led to a decision to exclude them. Many Danish spelling for most purposes in 1948, but aa is recent expeditions to Dronning Louise Land, and commonly retained in personal names, and is option- other nunatak areas, have gained access to their al in some Danish town names (e.g. Ålborg or Aalborg region of interest using Twin Otter aircraft, such that are both correct). However, Greenlandic names be - the remaining ‘climb’ to the summits of some peaks ginning with aa following the spelling reform dating may be as little as a few hundred metres; this raises from 1973 (a long vowel sound rather than short) are the question of what constitutes an ‘ascent’? treated as two consecutive ‘a’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change
    arctic security in an age of climate change This is the first book to examine Arctic defense policy and military security from the perspective of all eight Arctic states. In light of climate change and melting ice in the Arctic Ocean, Canada, Russia, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, and the United States, as well as Iceland, Sweden, and Finland, are grappling with an emerging Arctic security paradigm. This volume brings together the world’s most seasoned Arctic political-military experts from Europe and North America to analyze how Arctic nations are adapting their security postures to accommodate increased shipping, expanding naval presence, and energy and mineral development in the polar region. The book analyzes the ascent of Russia as the first “Arctic superpower,” the growing importance of polar security for NATO and the Nordic states, and the increasing role of Canada and the United States in the region. Dr. James Kraska serves as the Howard S. Levie Chair of Operational Law at the U.S. Naval War College, where he also teaches on the faculty of the International Law Department. Kraska is a commander and judge advocate in the U.S. Navy. He has served as legal adviser to joint and naval task force commanders in the Asia-Pacific and has completed four Pentagon major staff assignments. He was the principal military contributor to the president’s U.S. Arctic Region Policy, and he coordinated Arctic issues and law of the sea for the armed forces at the National Security Council and International Maritime Organization. Author of Maritime Power and the Law of the Sea (2011), Kraska also holds appointments as Senior Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in Philadelphia and as Guest Investigator at the Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of DENMARK and GREENLAND BULLETIN 21 · 2010 Exploration History and Place Names of Northern East Greenland
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND BULLETIN 21 · 2010 Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland Anthony K. Higgins GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND MINISTRY OF CLIMATE AND ENERGY Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 21 Keywords Exploration history, northern East Greenland, place names, Lauge Koch’s geological expeditions, Caledonides. Cover illustration Ättestupan, the 1300 m high cliff on the north side of Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord discovered and so named by A.G. Nathorst in 1899. Frontispiece: facing page Map of Greenland by Egede (1818), illustrating the incorrect assumption that the Norse settlements of Greenland were located in South-West and South-East Greenland. Many of the localities named in the Icelandic Sagas are placed on this map at imaginary sites on the unknown east coast of Greenland. The map is from the second English edition of Hans Egede’s ‘Description of Greenland’, a slightly modified version of the first English edition published in 1741. Chief editor of this series: Adam A. Garde Editorial board of this series: John A. Korstgård, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Aarhus; Minik Rosing, Geological Museum, University of Copenhagen; Finn Surlyk, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen Scientific editor of this volume: Adam A. Garde Editorial secretaries: Jane Holst and Esben W. Glendal Referees: Ian Stone (UK) and Christopher Jacob Ries (DK) Illustrations: Eva Melskens Maps: Margareta Christoffersen Digital photographic work: Benny M. Schark Layout and graphic production: Annabeth Andersen Geodetic advice: Willy Lehmann Weng Printers: Rosendahls · Schultz Grafisk a/s, Albertslund, Denmark Manuscript received: 22 April 2010 Final version approved: 1 July 2010 Printed: 21 December 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arctic in World Affairs
    Robert W. Corell is a principal at the Global Environment Technology Foundation, where he leads the Center for Energy and Climate Solutions. He is a senior fellow at the Consortium for Ocean Leadership, and led the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. He holds CORELL The Arctic in World Affairs: A North Pacific Dialogue on professorships at the University of Miami and the University of the 2019 North Pacific Arctic Conference Proceedings KIM Global-Arctic Interactions—The Arctic Moves from Periphery Arctic. He was Assistant Director for Geosciences at the National to Center addresses six major themes relating to key policy- Science Foundation, where he had oversight for the Atmospheric, KIM relevant issues in the Arctic. The book adopts a holistic Earth, Ocean Sciences, Polar Programs. He is an oceanographer and engineer by background and training, having received PhD, MS, and MOE approach that is informed by contemporary global political, BS degrees at Case Western Reserve University and MIT. MORRISON economic, scientific, and environmental realities, and addresses a range of issues of interest to the North Pacific Arctic states Jong Deog Kim is a vice president at the Korea Maritime VANDERZWAAG Institute (KMI), a government-affiliated organization in the Republic The Arctic in World Affairs (Canada, Russia, and the U.S.) and the leading North Pacific of Korea. He serves as director general of KMI’s planning and YOUNG non-Arctic states (China, Japan, and Korea). coordination division and as the Arctic policy research program A North Pacific Dialogue on Global-Arctic Interactions: The Arctic in World Affairs The Arctic in World Part I—Policy Dialogue on Global-Arctic Interactions— manager, including the North Pacific Arctic Conference sponsored The Korea Maritime Institute (KMI) is a government-affiliated to Center from Periphery Arctic Moves The Dialogue on Global-Arctic Interactions: A North Pacific The Arctic Moves from Periphery to Center consists of six policy perspectives concerning global-Arctic by KMI.
    [Show full text]
  • Call for Proposals “The North & Arctic Indigenous Peoples Section” Association for Canadian Studies in the United States
    Call for Proposals “the North & Arctic Indigenous Peoples Section” (deadline for proposals is: March 15, 2017) Association for Canadian Studies in the United States 2017 Biennial Conference: “Celebrating Canada's Sesquicentennial Journey” October 18-21, 2017 Tuscany Suites and Casino, Las Vegas, NV http://www.tuscanylv.com The Arctic is one of the most important emerging regions in the world and the focus of intense political action. As the clearest source of empirical data for anthropogenic climate change, the polar north has become the catalyst for extraordinary innovation and collaboration in the natural and human sciences and in fields of technology and engineering. Yet beyond its role as an inspiring and vital ecosystem, the Arctic is also a socially dynamic and politically contested space. Notwithstanding international debates and claims over Canadian Arctic sovereignty, Indigenous peoples living at the intersection of national agendas and arctic environments have been instrumental in reimagining their homelands as the setting for new models of governance, environmental stewardship/training and sustainable development which seek to address the unique and urgent challenges of the region. Indeed, discussion of northern economic development cannot be divorced from questions of Indigenous/human rights, community health and impacts on ecological systems. To mark the 150th anniversary of Canada’s Confederation organizers of this section would like to offer faculty, researchers, graduate students and advanced undergraduate students the opportunity to reflect on and engage with Arctic issues in a Canadian or comparative trans- Arctic context (inclusive of Alaska, Greenland and elsewhere) while remaining open to perspectives that address the next 150 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Capabilities in the Arctic, SIPRI Background Paper
    SIPRI Background Paper October 2016 MILITARY CAPABILITIES SUMMARY w Climate change is making the IN THE ARCTIC: A NEW COLD Arctic region—and its expected natural resources—more accessible. Overlapping claims WAR IN THE HIGH NORTH? by the fi ve Arctic littoral siemon t. wezeman states—Canada, Denmark, Norway, the United States (all of which are members of NATO) and Russia—have raised concerns about future confl ict in the region and have I. Introduction stimulated new thinking about the security situation in the Forecasts of far-reaching climate change in the Arctic have stimulated new Arctic. All fi ve states started to thinking about the security situation in the region. Some have identifi ed the strengthen their military region as heading towards confl ict, notably over natural resources, and offi - presence and capabilities in the cial documents of the fi ve Arctic littoral states—Canada, Denmark, Norway, Arctic even before the rise in Russia and the United States—refer to the potential for military confronta- tensions between Russia and tion and indicate a perceived need to increase military capabilities accord- NATO members observed since ingly.1 All fi ve states have strengthened their military presence in the Arctic 2014. This increase in tensions has fuelled fears of the onset of or increased military capabilities for Arctic use and have presented plans for a new ‘cold war’ and possible further strengthening of their military capabilities, especially in the Arctic confl ict in Europe. It has also areas beyond their national territories. Overall, however, the offi cial docu- resulted in a further build-up of ments are cautious towards expanding military policies in the Arctic: while military capabilities in the recognizing the need to improve security and policing in the region, they Arctic region.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Frontiers 2014 Regional Hubs in Support of Arctic Emergency Response
    Arctic Frontiers 2014 Regional hubs in support of Arctic Emergency Response Asgrimur L. Asgrimsson Arctic Frontiers New Challenges and opportunities Risks and impacts Prevention and response Infrastructure in support of MRO Risk factors Lines of communication Arctic Air Routes Arctic Shipping Routes SAR Agreement Air Traffic • 116.338 a/c through Icelandic FIR in 2013. • The traffic north of 70° inside IFIR was: 20.372 a/c. Cross boundary Cooperation on Surveillance and SAR • Maritime Surveillance Aircraft – 360° radar – SLAR – EO/IR • Helicopters • Patrol Vessels • Other ships SAR Agreement: R Ice Patrol Radar picture of ice in Denmark Strait by the Icelandic MSA. Background • Ice around Iceland – In Denmark Strait • Danger to shipping – Cargo ships – Fishing vessels Background Maxim Gorkij - 1989 • People on board: 953 • Hit iceberg 90-100 nm WSW of Svalbard Background Maxim Gorkij - 1989 • More than 100 people on the ice • All people had been rescued after 18 hours by helicopters and coast guard vessel from Svalbard Ship Fires • Ship fires – Fernanda – Goðafoss – Britannia Seaways Places of Refuge for ships in distress • Roads along the coast • Robust communication systems • 3 International airports • 6 Ports of Refuge • 6 Places of Refuge Background What we can expect in N-East Greenland? Costa DeliziosaCosta at Concordia Ilulisat, Disco Bay. Cruises the summer of 2013 – Ocean Nova • Passengers 73 • Aug 27th – Sep 10th • “Passengers are welcome on the bridge around the clock” Ocean Nova ran aground in 2009 • Antarctica, Feb. 2009 • 106 POB – 65 pax, 30 crew, 11 expedition staff. – Australia, US, Britain, Canada and more. – All saved. M/V Plancius • 112 PAX, 30 crew • Aug 25th – Sep 8th Ella Island • Day 6 Blomster Bugt • Land at Blomster Bugt to view the beautiful geological formations.
    [Show full text]
  • Coast Guard Collaboration in the Arctic
    Coast Guard Collaboration in the Arctic - Canada and Greenland (Denmark) - By Andreas Østhagen 1 Prepared for the Munk-Gordon Arctic Security Program; a joint partnership between the Canada Centre for Global Security Studies at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto, and the Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation. The views expressed in this paper are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Munk-Gordon Arctic Security Program. 2 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 2. New Maritime Challenges ...................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Increased Destination Shipping ....................................................................................... 6 2.2. Dealing with Risk – International Agreements ............................................................... 8 3. Arctic Coast Guards: Canada and Greenland ....................................................................... 10 3.1 The Canadian Arctic ....................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1. The Canadian Coast Guard ..................................................................................... 11 3.1.2. Future Challenges ................................................................................................... 12 3.2. Greenland ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Coastal Zone in North East Greenland
    Mapping the Coastal Zone in North East Greenland Detection of coastal morphology, tidal flats, and shallow water bathymetry using high-resolution satellite imagery covering sites in West and North East Greenland Mikkel Høegh Bojesen, Rasmus Eskerod Borgstrøm, Kirsty Langley, Eva Mätzler, Alexandra Messerli, Mikkel Lydholm Rasmussen, and Karl Brix Zinglersen Technical Report no. 112 Greenland Institute of Natural Resources In collaboration with Asiaq Greenland Survey and DHI GRAS A/S 1 Title: Coastal Mapping. Detection of coastal morphology, tidal flats, and shallow water bathymetry using high-resolution satellite imagery covering sites in West and North East Greenland Authors: Mikkel Høegh Bojesen, Rasmus Eskerod Borgstrøm, Kirsty Langley, Eva Mätzler, Alexandra Messerli, Mikkel Lydholm Rasmussen, and Karl Brix Zinglersen Publisher: Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Final version: 29-05-2019 Date of publication: Financial support: This project is carried out under a cooperation agreement between the Ministry of Mineral Resources & Labour and Asiaq; including a sub cooperation agreement between Asiaq, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and DHI GRAS. Project: Project 0043: Mapping the Coastal Zone in NE Greenland ISSN: 1397-3657 ISBN: 87-91214-90-4 EAN: 9788791214905 Web: https://natur.gl/ Citation: Zinglersen KB, Garde E, Langley K, & Mätzler E (2020) RemoteID. Identification of Atlantic Walrus at haul out sites in Greenland using high-resolution satellite images. Technical report no. 11 , Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland. ISBN 2 2 English Summary 4 Greenlandic summary – Kalaalissut Naalisarneqarnera 4 Danish summary – sammenfatning på dansk 4 1. Introduction and Background 5 1.1 Satellite based analysis 5 1.2 Field Sites 5 1.3 Fieldwork activities 7 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Will the World's First Sovereign Inuit Nation Be Created by Global Warming?
    GREENLAND Will the world’s first sovereign Inuit nation be created by global warming? How climate change may make more accessible natural resources the key to financial independence. by John Bechtel, Freelance writer one day be the first nation-state with an Inuit There are some who look Danish, but who the world with local business operators, majority, and if so, it may also have achieved speak Greenlandic. and no one could speak more passionately that status because of climate change. And there are a few anomalies like Sarah or convincingly about the joys of life in Woodall, featured here, who was born in Greenland than she does. She loves the land, So who, or what, exactly, Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay in South the outdoors, the people, prefers the cold are these Greenlanders? America, adopted by American parents, to the sticky hot, and says it’s all a matter of The answer to that question is hotly grew up in Washington, D.C., earned a knowing how to dress in layers using the debated in Greenland. For some, it is more right materials. And Sarah’s hair is on fire Sarah Woodall Masters Degree in Tourism at George about the language than the land. Some Washington University, got an opportunity about all things Greenland! She wants you to reenland’s got buzz. Greenlanders Greenlanders are dark-skinned with dark to intern in Greenland, fell in love with it visit her and her friends at www.greenland. are well along on the road to self- eyes, the classic Inuit look, and they speak and made it her home.
    [Show full text]
  • Greenland and Iceland in the New Arctic
    December 2020 Greenland and Iceland in the New Arctic Recommendations of the Greenland Committee Appointed by the Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Development Co-operation Greenland and Iceland in the New Arctic Recommendations of the Greenland Committee Appointed by the Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Development Co-operation Publisher: The Ministry for Foreign Affairs December 2020 utn.is | [email protected] Layout and text processing: The Ministry for Foreign Affairs/Hildur Sigurðardóttir ©2020 The Ministry for Foreign Affairs ISBN 978-9935-9582-4-2 Graenland-A4-enska.pdf 1 09/12/2020 13:51 December 2020 Qaanaaq Thule Air Base Avannaata Kommunia Kalaallit nunaanni Nuna eqqissisimatiaq (Northeast Greenland National Park) C Upernavik M Y CM MY Uummannaq CY Ittoqqortoormiit CMY K Qeqertarsuaq Ilulissat Aasiaat Kangaatsiaq Qasigiannguit Kommuneqarfik Kommune Sermersooq Quqertalik Sisimiut Qeqqata 2.166.086 km2 Kommunia total area Maniitsoq 80% Tasiilaq is covered by ice sheet Nuuk 21x the total area of Iceland 44.087 km length of coastline Paamiut Kommune Kujalleq Ivittuut 3.694 m highest point, Narsarsuaq Gunnbjørn Fjeld Narsaq Qaqortoq 56.081 population Nanortalik 3 Greenland and Iceland in the New Arctic Table of Contents Preface. ............................................................ 10 Main Recommendations .................................................. 12 I. Framework Agreement and Parliamentary Resolution .................... 12 II. Ten Recommendations .............................................. 12
    [Show full text]