Two Old Babylonian Texts from MARAD ( Wana Wa AL Sodum ) Dr
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Marten Stol WOMEN in the ANCIENT NEAR EAST
Marten Stol WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Marten Stol Women in the Ancient Near East Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson ISBN 978-1-61451-323-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-1-61451-263-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0021-3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Original edition: Vrouwen van Babylon. Prinsessen, priesteressen, prostituees in de bakermat van de cultuur. Uitgeverij Kok, Utrecht (2012). Translated by Helen and Mervyn Richardson © 2016 Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin Cover Image: Marten Stol Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz GmbH & Co. KG, Lemförde Printing and binding: cpi books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Introduction 1 Map 5 1 Her outward appearance 7 1.1 Phases of life 7 1.2 The girl 10 1.3 The virgin 13 1.4 Women’s clothing 17 1.5 Cosmetics and beauty 47 1.6 The language of women 56 1.7 Women’s names 58 2 Marriage 60 2.1 Preparations 62 2.2 Age for marrying 66 2.3 Regulations 67 2.4 The betrothal 72 2.5 The wedding 93 2.6 -
A PRELIMINARY STUDY of the SUMERIAN CURRICULAR and LAMENTATIONAL TEXTS from the OLD BABYLONIAN CITY of KISH by Joshua A. Bowen A
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE SUMERIAN CURRICULAR AND LAMENTATIONAL TEXTS FROM THE OLD BABYLONIAN CITY OF KISH by Joshua A. Bowen A dissertation submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland February, 2017 © 2017 Joshua A. Bowen All Rights Reserved Abstract The collections of Sumerian and Akkadian tablets that have been excavated at various Old Babylonian sites have been surveyed and subjected to corpus-based analysis, including the tablets from prominent cities such as Nippur, Ur, Sippar, Isin, and Uruk. However, until very recently, attention has not focused on the important northern city of Kiš. Although many of the literary and liturgical duplicates from Kiš have been translated and discussed, neither the curricular nor the lamentational corpora have been treated as a whole. The goal of my dissertation, therefore, is to survey and analyze the entirety of the Old Babylonian (ca. 2000-1600 BCE) curricular and lamentational textual material from Kiš in order to identify local features or traditions that were unique to these genres. The survey of the curricular textual material will seek to accomplish two goals. First, it will identify the curricular compositions that were used in scribal education at Kiš during the OB period. Second, it will determine the ways in which the Kiš scribal curriculum deviated from the curricula that are known from other OB cites, such as Nippur, Ur, and Sippar. The latter investigation will reveal two patterns at Kiš. First, it will demonstrate that, although several curricular duplicates varied from manuscripts found at the major scribal center, Nippur, there is evidence to suggest that there were lines of textual transmission that connected the OB Kiš lexical tradition to those that were found in the MB and the first millennium. -
A Nebuchadnezzar Cylinder (With Illustrations)
A NEBUCHADNEZZAR CYLINDER. BY EDGAR J. BANKS. IN recent years the Babylonian Arabs have learned a new industry from the excavators, for when no more lucrative employment is to be had, they become archeologists, and though it is forbidden to excavate for antiquities without special permission, they roam about the desert digging into the ruins at will. A day's journey to the south of Babylon, near the Euphrates, is a ruin mound so small that it has scarcely attracted the attention of the explorers. It is marked upon the maps as Wannet es-Sa'adun, but among the Arabs of the surrounding region it is known as Wana Sadoum. During the past two years this mound has been the scene of the illicit labor of the Arabs. The greatest of all ancient builders was Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon from 604 to 561 B. C. There is scarcely a ruin in all southern Mesopotamia which does not contain bricks stamped with his name, or some other evidences of his activity. He de- lighted in restoring the ancient temples which had long been in ruins, and in supporting the neglected sacrifices to the gods. He preferred to build new cities and enlarge the old ones rather than to wage war. Few of his records hint of military expeditions, for he was a man of peace, and it is as a builder or restorer of old temples that he should best be known. That his name might be remembered it was his custom, when restoring a temple, to in- scribe large cylinders of clay with his building records, and to bury them in the walls of the structure. -
GLASSNER, J.-J. — the Invention of Cuneiform.Writing in Sumer
57 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — ASSYRIOLOGIE 58 Glassner takes the relevant passage of Enmerkar’s letter to the sovereign of Aratta as containing enough magical force to “nail down” the Arattan to obedience to the mythical master of Uruk, referring, i. a., to the Mesopotamian custom of “clinching” house sales by driving a nail into the wall as a symbol of possession. He believes that this is exactly what happened to the lord of Aratta, who was “taken possession of” by the wedge(s) of the script in which Enmerkar’s message was written. The second chapter focuses on the review of the current state of knowledge of the emergence of cuneiform writing in ancient Southwestern Asia. Here the author takes, more or less, the side of authors of most manuals — cuneiform writ- ing is supposed to have been invented probably in southern Mesopotamia, in Late Uruk times (c. 3,500 — 3,200 B. C.). Here let us acknowledge with gratitude the diligence of the translators who complemented the book’s bibliography with works published after its appearance in French in 2000. Jean- Jacques Glassner’s conclusions based on the work of Diet- rich Sürenhagen may now be checked from the latter author’s own publication (Sürenhagen 1999). Here I wish to add a few of my own observations on the age of the invention of the cuneiform script: 1) it is likely to have been invented at the very end of — or, shortly after the extinction of — the Halaf culture, as the parallels between Halaf-culture repertory of symbols and the thesaurus of the earliest cuneiform signs are very few (Charvát 2002, 91-92), 2) the age of its invention may fall with in the Ubaid period: the leading decoration principle of Ubaid-culture pottery — the “Gleitspiegelung”, or mirror image — represents ASSYRIOLOGIE one of the procedures used in the earliest cuneiform (Glassner, op. -
A Fresh Start Comes from God: Theological, Historical, and Sociological Background of the Clean-Slate Acts of Leviticus 25 and Deuteronomy 15
A Fresh Start Comes from God: Theological, Historical, and Sociological Background of the Clean-Slate Acts of Leviticus 25 and Deuteronomy 15 Von der Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig angenommene D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTRIX PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von SandyJo Dorothea Rogers geboren am 15.08.1979 in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, the United States of America Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Andreas Schüle Dr. habil. Takayoshi Oshima Tag der Verteidigung: 11. Mai 2020 ii Selbständigkeitserklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, die vorliegende Dissertation selbständig und ohne unerlaubte fremde Hilfe angefertigt zu haben. Ich habe keine anderen als die im Schriftenverzeichnis angeführten Quellen benutzt und sämtliche Textstellen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus veröffentlichten oder unveröffentlichten Schriften entnommen wurden, und alle Angaben, die auf mündlichen Auskünften beruhen, als solche kenntlich gemacht. Ebenfalls sind alle von anderen Personen bereitgestellten Materialien oder erbrachten Dienstleistungen als solche gekennzeichnet. I hereby declare that I have completed the present dissertation independently and without unauthorized assistance. I have not used any sources other than those listed in the bibliography and I have marked as such all passages of text taken literally or in spirit from published or unpublished writings and all information based on oral information. All materials or services provided by other persons are also marked as such. Leipzig, am 30.01.2020 SandyJo Dorothea Rogers Abstract The clean-slate acts of the Hebrew Bible, i.e., the Year of Jubilee in Leviticus 25 and the Šemittah Year and the Law of Slave Release in Deut 15:1-18, are a part of the tradition of clean-slate acts in the ancient Near East. -
Historical Fragments
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE BABYLONIAN SECTION VOL.XI11 HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS li I' LEON LEGRAIN EEIILADE1,PHIA PUB1,ISHED BY TIIE UNIVERSITY RiUSEUM 1922 CONTENTS PAGE IN'TKODUCTION ................................. j9 NI~PURCHRONOLOGY ........................... I 1-13 CITIESOF SUMERAND AKKAD................... 14 TRANSLATION AND COIMMENTARY LIST OF KINGS(NO . I, 2) ...................... 15-28 THEEND OF THE ~'HIRDUK DYNASTY.IBI-SIN AND ISBI-IRRA(NO . 3. 6. 9) ..................... 28-33 A SEALGIVEN BY IBI-SINTO THE HIGHPRIEST OF ENLIL(NO . 5) ............................. 34-41 LIST OF TEMPLES(NO . 7. 16) ................... 41-45 CLAYTAG FROM SURUPIJAK(NO . 12) ............ 47 SEAL I.MPRESSION OF THE TIMEOF GIMIL-SIN (No. 13).................................. 47-48 INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON(NO . 14. 15)........... 48-50 VOTIVECONE OF ARAD-SIN(NO . 18) ............ 51-54 UR-ENGURAND NIN-SUN(NO . 23) ............... 55-60 BAL KANIZI(NO . 24) ........................... 60 NIN-DIN-UG-GA(NO . 26) ........................ 61 RUINOF MAERON A PRFSARGONICDATE (NO. 27) 62-63 PATESIOF MARAD(No . 28) ..................... 63-64 PATES{OF A~NUNNA(NO . 31)................... 65 INCANTATION. KITLIALOF THE DEAD(NO . 33) .... 66 SUMERIANLETTER ON FII;LI)S AND ORCHARDS (N0.34) .................................. 67 ~NCANTAT~ONBY 'THE BROKENREED OF APSU (NO. 3j) .................................. 68 FRAGMENTOF TI-IE CODE,SLAVES' WAGES (NO . 39) 70 HYMNTO NINAZU(NO . 41) ..................... 71-74 RUILDING~NSCR~PT~ON OF DUNGI(NO . 42) ....... 74-77 BUILD~NC~NSCRIPTION (NARAMSIN, HAMAZI) (No. 43) .................................. 77-78 1-ITURGY OF PA-GIBIL-SAG(NO . 44) .............. 78-80 TUMMALOF NINLIL (NO . 48) ................. 80-82 PRAISEOF LIBIT-ISTAR(NO . 49) .............. 82-83 (3) PAGE ,\ IJ~r2SE FOR LAND,THk; j.lH YEAR AFTER 'IIIE CAPTUREOF ISIN (NO. -
A STUDY of DIET in MESOPOTAMIA (C.3000
A STUDY OF DIET IN MESOPOTAMIA (c.3000 - 600 BC) AND ASSOCIATED AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES AND METHODS OF FOOD PREPARATION by Elizabeth Rosemary Ellison Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted to the University of London in the Faculty of Arts for the Degree of Doctor of.Philosophy May 1978 IBIBiN (LONDIN. UNIV. ABSTRACT This study has been undertaken in order to find out what were the main foodstuffs consumed by the people of Mesopotamia, whether they would have provided an adequate diet containing all the essential nutrients, and whether the foodstuffs could have been supplied locally. Agricultural techniques have been looked at to see how efficiently and in what quantities food crops were produced and the methods of food preparation have been examined in order to see in what form the food- stuffs were consumed. The modern climate and countryside are outlined and the evidence for the ancient climate and changes in the courses of the rivers are set against them. The sources of evidence used can be divided into three main categories. These are: direct evidence of food sources from excava- tions - that is, botanical and zoological remains indicating the existence of specific cereals, vegetables, meat-animals etc, at a given place and at a . given point of time; indirect evidence from excavations such as tools and artefacts which could have been used in the production and preparation of food, representations of plants, animals, food- preparation and consumption on cylinder seals, stone reliefs, pottery, inlay work, jewellery etc; and evidence from cuneiform tablets of the variety of foodstuffs known, and in many cases, of the amounts of foodstuffs eaten. -
OLD AKKADIAN WRITING and GRAMMAR Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu OLD AKKADIAN WRITING AND GRAMMAR oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu MATERIALS FOR THE ASSYRIAN DICTIONARY NO. 2 OLD AKKADIAN WRITING AND GRAMMAR BY I. J. GELB SECOND EDITION, REVISED and ENLARGED THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada c, 1952 and 1961 by The University of Chicago. Published 1952. Second Edition Published 1961. PHOTOLITHOPRINTED BY GUSHING - MALLOY, INC. ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1961 oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS pages I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF OLD AKKADIAN 1-19 A. Definition of Old Akkadian 1. B. Pre-Sargonic Sources 1 C. Sargonic Sources 6 D. Ur III Sources 16 II. OLD AKKADIAN WRITING 20-118 A. Logograms 20 B. Syllabo grams 23 1. Writing of Vowels, "Weak" Consonants, and the Like 24 2. Writing of Stops and Sibilants 28 3. General Remarks 4o C. Auxiliary Marks 43 D. Signs 45 E. Syllabary 46 III. GRAMMAR OF OLD AKKADIAN 119-192 A. Phonology 119 1. Consonants 119 2. Semi-vowels 122 3. Vowels and Diphthongs 123 B. Pronouns 127 1. Personal Pronouns 127 a. Independent 127 b. Suffixal 128 i. With Nouns 128 ii. With Verbs 130 2. Demonstrative Pronouns 132 3. 'Determinative-Relative-Indefinite Pronouns 133 4. Comparative Discussion 134 5. Possessive Pronoun 136 6. Interrogative Pronouns 136 7. Indefinite Pronoun 137 oi.uchicago.edu pages C. Nouns 137 1. Declension 137 a. Gender 137 b. Number 138 c. Case Endings- 139 d. -
Studies in Old Babylonian History
PIHANS • XL Studies in Old Babylonian History by Marten Stol Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul 1976 UITGA YEN VAN HET NEDERLANDS HISTORISCH-ARCHAEOLOGISCH INSTITUUT TE lSTANBUL Publications de l'Institut historique et archeologique neerlandais de Stamboul sous la direction de E. VAN DONZEL, Pauline H. E. DONCEEL-VOUTE, A. A. KAMPMAN et Machteld J. MELLINK XL STUDIES IN OLD BABYLONIAN HISTORY STUDIES IN OLD BABYLONIAN HISTORY by MARTEN STOL NEDERLANDS HISTORISCH-ARCHAEOLOGISCH INSTITUUT TE !STANBUL 1976 Copyright 1976 by Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten Noordeindsplein 4-6, Leiden All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form I.S.B.N. 90 6258 040 8 Printed in Belgium CONTENTS page PREFACE . IX l. A DATE LIST CONTAINING YEAR NAMES OF WARAD-SIN AND RIM-SIN 1 1. The date list . 2. The year names of Warad-Sin 6 3. The year names of Rim-Sin . 18 4. The year names of Sin-iqi:Sam 23 5. Sabium of Baby1on in Southern Babylonia 27 6. Synchronisms of Gungunum and kings of Isin 29 7. Bur-Sin and Sumu-el . 30 Il. UNIDENTIFIED YEAR NAMES OF HAMMURABI 32 Ill. RIM-SIN Il . 44 1. The ninth year of Samsu-iluna 44 2. Two archives . 45 3. Evidence from other texts 47 4. Intercalary months and the calendar 48 5. The defeat of Rim-Sin II 50 6. The events of Samsu-iluna year 10 52 7. Rim-Sin II, years (a) and (b) 53 8. The aftermath 55 Appendixes 56 IV. -
The Uruk Countryside
The Uruk Countryside The Uruk Countryside The Natural Setting of Urban Societies Robert McC. Adams and Hans J.Nissen The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1972 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1972 Printed in the United States of America International Standard Book Number: 0-226-00500-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 78-179489 ERRATA: This map replaces figure 1, pages 2-3. The overlay showing the location of dunes and seasonal swamps is erroneously placed on the original. -- - - I % ^ 173 ? I I I )194(1*195l .! \\ 31030'N.LAT. \, m0 z 261 387 j\·388298 ý4O0 R' o o10 20 KM. I I I BAT- Contents Illustrations vii Preface ix 1 CONFIGURATIONS OF SETTLEMENT Robert McC. Adams xi 1. Physiographic Characteristics and Problems 1 2. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Early Urbanization 9 3. Continuity and Change in Early Historic Settlements and Watercourses 35 Historical and Topographical Notes: Ur III- Old Babylonian Periods Hans J. Nissen 4. Resettlement and Abandonment in Later Antiquity 55 5. Recent Life and Settlement 67 6. The Uruk/Warka Region in Historic and Comparative Perspective 85 2 ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURFACE COLLECTIONS Hans J. Nissen 95 7. Typological Dating Criteria 97 8. Surface Collections 105 Appendix: Catalog of Surveyed Sites 219 Robert McC. Adams Index 239 Illustrations 1. Topographic map of ancient sites and water- 18. Cassite-Middle Babylonian settlements and courses in the Warka region 2-3 watercourses 40 2. Early Uruk and earlier sites 10 19. -
F. M. Fales, "Moving Around Babylon: on the Aramean and Chaldean Presence in Southern Mesopotamia."
F. M. Fales, "Moving around Babylon: On the Aramean and Chaldean Presence in Southern Mesopotamia." In: E. Cancik-Kirschbaum, M. van Ess, & J. Marzahn (eds.), Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2011), 91–112. Frederick M. Fales Moving around Babylon: On the Aramean and Chaldean Presence in Southern Mesopotamia 1. A glimpse at the human and social “landscape” of the Babylonian region in the early cen- turies of the 1st millennium BC, as depicted in the textual material of the age, is sufficient to suggest that the main cities of ancient tradition and fame – from Babylon itself to Borsippa to Sippar to Nippur to Isin to Uruk and Ur – would have only contributed to a limited extent to the overall population. Specifically, all around these well-established urban seats of politi- cal power or of religious authority or of learning – where a dwindling population of ancient Sumero-Akkadian stock survived – a massive, and often hovering, presence of Aramean and Chaldean tribally-based groups had been progressively gathering. These groups were in part settled in specific ecological niches of the alluvial plain between the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates, and were in part (seasonally or permanently) circulating in the countryside among the named cities, with no particular scruples about going in and out from the urban precincts themselves. This brief essay has the scope of touching upon the available evidence on these peoples of non-native origin who were, comprehensively, “moving around Babylon” between the 8th and the 7th century BC. But the notion, here propounded, of “moving around Babylon”, should not be understood as a mere historical-geographical guideline; there is decidedly more to it than meets the eye. -
Sumer (From Akkadian Šumeru; Sumerian Ki-En-Ĝir15
Sumer Sumer (from Akkadian Šumeru; Sumerian ��� ki-en-ĝir15, approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land"[note 1])[1] was an ancient civilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Although the earliest historical records in the region do not go back much fur- ther than ca. 2900 BC, modern historians have asserted that Sumer was first settled between ca. 4500 and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic people who may or may not have spoken the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc. as evidence).[2] These conjectured, prehistoric people are now called "proto- Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians",[3] and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia (Assyria).[4][5][6][7] The Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery.[3] However, some scholars such as Piotr Michalowski and Gerd Steiner, contest the idea of a Proto- Euphratean language or one substrate language. Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdat Nasr and Early Dy- nastic periods. During the third millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians (who spoke a Language Isolate) and the Semitic Akkadian speakers, which included widespreadbilingualism.[8] The influ- ence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.[8] This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the third millennium as a sprachbund.[8] Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language.