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Study on the Economic Benefits of Marine Protected Areas Literature Review Analysis Study on the economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas Literature review analysis Written by ICF Consulting Services Limited, in association with IEEP and PML Sept 2017 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) Unit A.3 — EMFF E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels EUROPEAN COMMISSION Study on the economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas Literature review analysis Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) Contract No EASME/EMFF/2015/1.3.1.8/SI2.737373 2018 EN Study on the economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 ISBN 978-92-9202-379-9 DOI 10.2826/40733 © European Union, 2018 Study on the economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas Report authors Pantzar, Mia (IEEP) Russi, Daniela (IEEP) Hooper, Tara (PML) Haines, Rupert (ICF) Quality review Rayment, Matt (ICF) Kettunen, Marianne (IEEP) Study on the economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas Table of Contents Executive summary ........................................................................................... 1 1 Context and study objectives ......................................................................... 6 1.1 Context ....................................................................................... 6 1.2 Study objectives .......................................................................... 8 1.3 This report .................................................................................. 9 2 Scope and definitions ..................................................................................10 2.1 Economic benefits .......................................................................10 2.2 Blue economy sectors ..................................................................10 2.3 Defining MPAs and SPMs ..............................................................12 2.4 Ecosystem services framework ......................................................15 2.5 Geographic scope ........................................................................15 2.6 Evidence quality ..........................................................................16 3 Methods applied ..........................................................................................17 3.1 Literature review method (Task 1) .................................................17 3.2 Literature analysis method (Task 2) ...............................................21 3.3 Method for gap analysis (Task 3) ...................................................22 4 Overview of the literature ............................................................................23 5 Cost Benefit Analyses and cross-sectoral studies .............................................25 5.1 Overview of the evidence base ......................................................26 5.2 State of the art on CBAs in Europe with the inclusion of blue economy benefits 28 5.3 Non-European examples of CBAs ...................................................33 5.4 Conclusions: net benefits of MPAs .................................................35 5.5 Other cross-sectoral analyses of economic benefits without cost comparison 38 6 Evidence of benefits to fisheries and aquaculture ............................................41 6.1 Introduction – economic benefits of MPAs and SPMs ........................42 6.2 Overview of the evidence base ......................................................44 6.3 Insights regarding economic benefits of MPAs and SPMs to fisheries ..50 6.4 Evidence on sustainable use – striking a balance .............................63 7 Evidence of benefits to maritime tourism .......................................................65 7.1 Introduction – economic benefits of MPAs and SPMs ........................65 7.2 Sustainable use – striking a balance ..............................................77 8 Evidence of benefits to other blue economy sectors .........................................81 8.1 Introduction – economic benefits of MPAs and SPMs ........................81 8.2 Sustainable use – striking a balance ..............................................82 9 Evidence of ‘de facto refuges’ .......................................................................84 9.1 Introduction ...............................................................................84 9.2 Overview of the evidence base ......................................................85 9.3 Artificial reefs .............................................................................86 9.4 Energy installations .....................................................................87 10 How to realise the benefits – cross-sectoral observations .................90 10.1 Synergies and sectoral reinforcements ...........................................91 10.2 Conflict and conflict resolution ......................................................92 10.3 The role of governance ................................................................97 Study on the economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas 11 Gap analysis ............................................................................. 105 11.1 Fisheries and aquaculture ........................................................... 106 11.2 Maritime tourism ....................................................................... 108 11.3 Other blue economy sectors ....................................................... 109 11.4 De facto refuges ........................................................................ 109 12 Conclusions .............................................................................. 111 12.1 The evidence base ..................................................................... 111 12.2 Economic benefits of MPAs and SPMs ........................................... 111 12.3 How to maximise benefits while ensuring conservation objectives ... 114 ANNEXES....................................................................................................... 116 13 Literature review protocol ........................................................... 117 14 Definitions of benefit pathways ................................................... 122 Study on the economic benefits of Marine Protected Areas Table of Figures Figure 1. Overall study methodology – simplified process diagram ................... 9 Figure 2. Simplified schematic overview of the literature process ....................17 Figure 3. Overview of the literature (left); Geographical distribution of selected evidence base (right). (NEA: North-East Atlantic; MED: Mediterranean Sea; BLS: Black Sea; BAS: Baltic Sea; ALL: applicable to all EU seas; INT: international evidence including ORs, OCTs and transferrable evidence). .................................................24 Figure 4. Geographical break down of the evidence base on CBAs of MPAs (n=15). 26 Figure 5. Geographical break down of the evidence base on economic benefits to the fisheries sector (n = 44). .............................................................................44 Figure 6. Geographical break down of the evidence base on economic benefits to the maritime tourism sector (n=33). ...................................................................67 Figure 7. Geographical break down of the evidence of ‘de factor refuges’. ........85 Figure 8. Conceptual framework of MPA benefits pathways. Source: Own representation 122 Figure 9. MAES Framework. Source: Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES), accessed February 26, 2016 from http://biodiversity.europa.eu/maes .................................................................. 123 Table of Tables Table 1. Sector groups as defined in this study ............................................11 Table 2. Evidence hierarchy ......................................................................16 Table 3. Keywords used in the evidence gathering .......................................18 Table 4. Summary of aspects included in the evidence database ...................20 Table 5. Categories of rejected studies .......................................................20 Table 6. Summary of selected evidence*** (NEA: North-East Atlantic; MED: Mediterranean Sea; BLS: Black Sea; BAS: Baltic Sea; ALL: applicable to all EU seas; INT: international evidence including ORs, OCTs and transferrable evidence). ..........23 Table 7. Cost Benefit Analyses of European MPAs – most robust examples .....32 Table 8. Estimates of net benefits of MPAs and SPMs identified in the literature (where benefits have been accounted for monetarily) ...........................................36 Table 9. Benefits and costs accounted for in CBAs of MPAs and SPMs .............37 Table 10. Evidence of economic benefits of MPAs and SPMs to fisheries – overview of identified evidence falling within the scope of the study (NEA: North-east Atlantic; MED: Mediterranean Sea; BLS:
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