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David Brannan Phd Thesis @59618/1! >1<<9<5=7 -80 >41 <961 92 >419693A + <1;18>-8> -80 <1.16659?= /4<5=>5-8 5018>5>A 0BUJE .QBNNBN - >IFRJR =TCMJSSFE GOQ SIF 0FHQFF OG ;I0 BS SIF ?NJUFQRJSX OG =S# -NEQFVR '%%* 2TLL MFSBEBSB GOQ SIJR JSFM JR BUBJLBCLF JN <FRFBQDI,=S-NEQFVR+2TLL>FWS BS+ ISSP+$$QFRFBQDI"QFPORJSOQX#RS"BNEQFVR#BD#TK$ ;LFBRF TRF SIJR JEFNSJGJFQ SO DJSF OQ LJNK SO SIJR JSFM+ ISSP+$$IEL#IBNELF#NFS$&%%'($()' >IJR JSFM JR PQOSFDSFE CX OQJHJNBL DOPXQJHIS >IJR JSFM JR LJDFNRFE TNEFQ B /QFBSJUF /OMMONR 6JDFNRF UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS VIOLENCE, TERRORISM AND THE ROLE OF THEOLOGY: REPENTANT AND REBELLIOUS CHRISTIAN IDENTITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ST MARYS COLLEGE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF A PHD BY DAVID BRANNAN ST. ANDREWS, SCOTLAND SEPTEMBER 2006 Acknowledgements and Dedication While I have done the work and accept the mistakes in this dissertation as purely my own—anything good that came from this has been because of many other people who have helped me along the way. Bruce Hoffman is the greatest terrorism specialist in the world, but more than that he has been my friend and mentor along the way. I hope you will allow me to continue following along behind you learning and growing by watching and listening to you. Anders Strindberg is a hard headed Swede without whom I could not have had nearly as many fun arguments about my topic. I sure hope we have many more arguments in the future. Philip Esler guided me in this dissertation through the attacks of 9/11, me going to serve in Iraq and after I was wounded, he encouraged me to return to finish even though I didn’t really want to. He is a brilliant academic and man of integrity. Mario Aguilar took over my supervision at the end of this project when he really had no time for yet another postgraduate student to lead through the difficult dissertation submission process. He did it anyway and he did it with style and grace—much needed grace I might add. My Grandfather, USAF Chief Master Sergeant, Carl W. Schafer (ret.) never went to college. Despite that he realized it was important for me and he helped me get this done. I really appreciate it a lot. Three beautiful and strong women went to unbelievable lengths to help me do this PhD. My daughters Adrian and Elizabeth had to put up with a lot of silly talk for years about Identity theology. They have always been interested in my theological as well as political discussions and I have appreciated their insight and love along the way. My wife Alison is a star. As you can see, lots of people had to help me along in this process—but without Alison it would not have happened, period. Even though it made me mad when you noticed my typos and grammar issues, I appreciated you pointing them out. And when I wanted to, “just stop the madness” 10,000 different times—you had the guts, and coffee to keep me going till I got it done. I’m still not going to dedicate it to you though—because I want to dedicate a proper book to you not some dry dissertation. I love you, thanks, and we are sure glad that’s over aren’t we? ABSTRACT What has come to be known within the Academy as, Identity theology, is presented in the literature as a monolithic belief system which supports and encourages terrorism and other forms of political violence. This dissertation argues that inattention to theological and social issues within the many Identity theology based groups in the US has led to a deeply flawed understanding of the relation between Identity adherents, terrorism and other political violence. Discussions about these groups in the literature is flawed and there is an imprecise understanding which has led to an inaccurate alignment of widely varied social groups with a pejorative classification that is neither descriptive of the various theologies at work, nor the social manifestations observed in these groups. Fuirther, the research suggests that the academic community known as “Terrorism Studies” continues to contribute to the inaccurate understanding and that those inaccuracies are likely impediments to effective government policy in relation to the phenomenan known as Identity theology. The research presented here suggests that there are both theological and social distinctions, which can and should be delineated and understood by all those researching Identity groups. The research highlights four significant types or differences within what is now known as Identity theology, by highlighting the nuance between social groups including the Church of Israel, Covenant, Sword and the Arm of the Lord (CSA), Mission to Israel, KKK and Aryan Nations and suggests that a more precise understanding of the differences could lead to declining instances of violence and more openness to positive social change by those who currently follow these very different types of theological belief systems. iii DECLARATIONS I, David W. Brannan, I hereby certify that this thesis, which his approximately 95,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. October 26, 2006 Signed; David W. Brannan I was admitted as a research student January 2000 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in January 2000; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St. Andrews between January 2000 and September 2006. October 26, 2006 Signed; David W. Brannan I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolutions and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. October 26, 2006 Signed; David W. Brannan In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration. December 15, 2006 Signed; David W. Brannan iv ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii DECLARATIONS......................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 11 What is Christian Identity?............................................................................................................ 13 Challenges to understanding......................................................................................................... 20 The problem and a place to start................................................................................................... 23 The thesis of this dissertation and the questions it seeks to answer.............................................. 29 Understanding theologically motivated political activism ........................................................... 33 Outline........................................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 42 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SECONDAY LITERAURE ....................................................... 42 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 42 An historical review of British-Israelism...................................................................................... 44 Toward a sociological explanation ............................................................................................... 54 The need for further data............................................................................................................... 62 Identity theology? ......................................................................................................................... 66 Broad sociological statements about the American-Right............................................................ 71 Different millenarian outlooks among far-right groups................................................................ 73 Beginnings rather than conclusions .............................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................. 80 v ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS.......... 80 Into the abyss: The failure of the current analytical models......................................................... 80 Modeling “terrorism”...................................................................................................................
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