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Challenges and Positives Stories in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg

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Challenges and Positives Stories in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg UPPSATSER FRÅN KULTURGEOGRAFISKA INSTITUTIONEN June 2013 The contradiction between public space and safety: challenges and positives stories in post-apartheid Johannesburg - A field study of the urban landscape in Johannesburg and the open urban village of Parkhurst Marie Nenzén Master's Thesis in Urban and Regional Planning, 30 credits Supervisor Andrew Byerley Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University www.humangeo.su.se Abstract Nenzen, Marie (2013). The contradiction between public space and safety: challenges and positive stories in post-apartheid Johannesburg – a field study of the urban landscape in Johannesburg and the open urban village of Parkhurst. Urban and Regional Planning, advanced level, master thesis for master exam in Urban and Regional Planning, 30 ECTS credits Supervisor: Andrew Byerley Languages: English The purpose with this thesis is to explore the urban landscape in post-apartheid Johannesburg, investigate the concept of the growing numbers of various types of urban villages and moreover look into the open urban village of Parkhurst. The main questions that are addressed in the thesis are: How would the urban landscape in post-apartheid Johannesburg be described and which types of urban villages can be identified? What would the residents in Parkhurst explain to be the reasons for living in an open urban village and what are their opinions on safety, public space and closed urban villages? Qualitative methods were used as in observation studies and inductive in-depth interviews during the field study in Parkhurst, Johannesburg. The study shows that the concept of urban villages can create both a negative spatial situation and a positive spatial situation – depending on the type of urban village. The thesis also shows that it is possible to feel safe living in a open urban village in a city with high crime and that thoughtful design and effective management of spaces in the city are essential factors that can prevent places from becoming ‘hot spots’ for crime. Key words: Urban Village, Open Urban Village, Community, Public Space, Segregation, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, Safety, Johannesburg. 1 Foreword This thesis has been enabled by my extensive knowledge and experience gained by living for prolonged periods in Johannesburg during the last ten years. Through living in various areas of Johannesburg I have seen the city develop and change over the years. I have been acquainted with various neighborhoods and the people living there. This knowledge and experience has proven invaluable for being able to conduct this thesis. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................5 1.2 The aim of the study......................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Disposition ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Delimitation of the study.................................................................................................. 8 2. Method............................................................................................................10 2.3 Qualitative Inductive Method......................................................................................... 10 2.1 Observations and other methods .................................................................................... 10 2.2 Field work ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.5 In- depth semi-structured interviews.............................................................................. 13 2.6 Research ethics............................................................................................................... 13 2.7 Challenges and criticism of the sources ......................................................................... 14 2.7.1 Interviews, observations and other sources............................................................. 14 2.7.2 Field work ............................................................................................................... 15 3. Theoretical approach.......................................................................................16 3.1 Space and place .............................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Public and democratic space ................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Community and communities within cities............................................................. 17 3.2 The concept of Urban Villages....................................................................................... 19 3.3 The concept of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design............................... 20 4. Empirical data.................................................................................................24 4.1 City Marketing - Spatial development Goals and Visions............................................. 24 4.2 The spatial development situation in post-apartheid Johannesburg............................... 26 4.2.1 Post-apartheid Johannesburg: ethnic and economic divisions. ............................... 26 4.2.2 Post-apartheid physical structures........................................................................... 26 4.2.3 Post-apartheid planning and an “open window” ..................................................... 27 4.2.4 Sense of community in Johannesburg..................................................................... 28 4.2.5 The concept of Urban villages in Johannesburg ..................................................... 29 4.3 Parkhurst......................................................................................................................... 36 4.3.1 Parkhurst: an up-market urban village in a city with high crime ............................ 36 3 4.3.2 Observation study.................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Interviews....................................................................................................................... 40 4.4.1. Reasons for living in Parkhurst .............................................................................. 40 4.4.2. Opinions on closed urban villages ......................................................................... 41 4.4.3. Security and feeling of safety in Parkhurst ............................................................ 42 4.4.4 Public space and rights of movement...................................................................... 43 4.4.5 Death or rebirth of public space .............................................................................. 44 4.4.6 Other mechanisms that contribute to a feeling of safety......................................... 45 5. Analysis ..........................................................................................................46 5.1 Urban landscape in post-apartheid Johannesburg .......................................................... 46 5.2 Urban villages and community in Johannesburg ........................................................... 47 5.3 Parkhurst: an up-market open urban village in a city with high crime .......................... 49 6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...55 7. References…………………………………………………………………...57 8. Apendix……………………………………………………………………...61 4 1. Introduction More than half of the world’s population are living in urban areas. The world’s urban population will continue to grow while the rural population is expected to decrease with about 28 million between 2005 and 2030. Most of this growth will happen in the developing world and in Africa the urban population is expected to double between 2000 and 2030 (UNFPA 2007, 1). Researchers, such as Jane Jacobs with her book “The death and Life of Great American Cities”, highlight the positive and safe effect of having a healthy number of pedestrians and movement in the streets of cities. For Jacobs the essence of a good neighbourhood is when a balance is achieved between people’s privacy as well as their desire to make contact with one another (Jacobs 2011). Sophie Watson, author of “City Publics”, is another influential supporter of the importance of public space in cities. She attempts to reclaim the public space from the negative descriptions of being dangerous, dull and seen as spaces of exclusion. She emphasizes the value of contributing to more positive stories of public space, especially the less talked about spaces such as streets and pavements that have not been debated as much as squares, malls, theme parks etc. Watson also advocates that positive words of a space spread, contributing to more people visiting the place and in turn having a positive outcome on the area (Watson 2006, 7). In South Africa the society has undergone major changes in a relatively short time; less than twenty years ago the country had a very strict apartheid regime and today South Africa is a democratic country where everyone should have equal rights. After apartheid was abolished enormous changes took part in the entire society, not least the city’s structure has changed radically in Johannesburg. A growing trend since apartheid was abolished is the development of various closed urban villages, which in many cases hampers the ability
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