O wonder! How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world That has such people in’t. William Shakespeare, The Tempest (V.i. 181–84) Green Line

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Exklusiv für Hessen: Topic zum Thema “From apartheid to reconciliation”

Hessen Textquellenverzeichnis: 5 From Dance with a poor man’s daughter by Pamela Jooste, published by Black Swan. Reprinted by permission of The Random House Group Limited; 6–7 From Miriam’s Song by Mark Mathabane © New Millenium Books, a Division of Mathabane Books & Lectures, Oregon, USA; 8 From The Blues Is You in Me, AD Donker, , 1976; 9–10 Used by permission of the Nelson Mandela Foundation, Soufh Africa, www.nelsonmandela.org; 12–13 Copyright © 1998 by Desmond Tutu. Used by permission of Lynn C. Franklin Associates, Ltd. on behalf of Archbishop Desmond Tutu; 14–15 © Christopher Hope, 2005. Reproduced by permission of the author c/o Rogers, Coleridge & White Ltd., 20 Powis Mews, London W11 1JN.; 16 © 2004 Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt GmbH, Düsseldorf Bildquellenverzeichnis: U1.1 Avenue Images GmbH (Fancy RF), Hamburg; U1.2 plainpicture GmbH & Co. KG (ilubi images), Hamburg; U4.1 Avenue Images GmbH (RF/Tim Pannell), Hamburg; 1.1 Avenue Images GmbH (Fancy RF), Hamburg; 2.1 Getty Images (Pettersson), München; 2.2 Fotosearch Stock Photography, Waukesha, WI; 2.3 iStockphoto (RF/Ken Sorrie), Calgary, Alberta; 3.1 Corbis, Düsseldorf; 3.2 Getty Images (Hulton Archive), München; 4.1 Getty Images (Per-Anders Pettersson), München; 5.1 shutterstock (Poleze), New York, NY; 5.2 Randomstuik – Umuzi, Cape Town; 6.1 Corbis (Gideon Mendel), Düsseldorf; 6.2 Getty Images (William F. Campbell/Time Life Pictures), München; 8.1 Corbis (Hulton-Deutsch Collection), Düsseldorf; 9.1 Ullstein Bild GmbH (dpa), Berlin; 9.2 Corbis (David Turnley), Düsseldorf; 9.3 Corbis (Reuters/Shaun Best), Düsseldorf; 10.1 Logo, Stuttgart; 11.1 Picture-Alliance (KPA/TopFoto), Frankfurt; 11.2 Corbis (Peter Turnley), Düsseldorf; 12.1 Ullstein Bild GmbH (Galuschka), Berlin; 13.1 The Associated Press GmbH (Adil Bradlow Pool), Frankfurt am Main; 13.2 Getty Images Deutschland GmbH RM (Walter Dhladhla, München; 14.1 Ullstein Bild GmbH (Reuters/Siphiwe Sibeko), Berlin; 15.1 Rapid Phase Ltd., North, Johannesburg; 16.1 shutterstock (David Gilder), New York, NY; 17.1 Getty Images (Alexander Joe/AFP), München Every effort has been made to locate owners of copyright material, but in a few cases this has not proved possible and repeated inquiries have remained unanswered. The publishers would be glad to hear from any further copyright owners of material reproduced in this book.

5 4 3 2 1 1. Auflage 1 | 2019 18 17 16 15 Alle Drucke dieser Auflage sind unverändert und können im Unterricht nebeneinander verwendet werden. Die letzte Zahl bezeichnet das Jahr des Druckes. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Das Gleiche gilt für die Software sowie das Begleitmaterial. Jede Nutzung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen oder in den Lizenzbestimmungen (CD) genannten Fällen bedarf der vorherigen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. Hinweis zu § 52 a UrhG: Weder das Werk noch seine Teile dürfen ohne eine solche Einwilligung eingescannt und in ein Netzwerk eingestellt werden. Dies gilt auch für Intranets von Schulen und sonstigen Bildungseinrichtungen. Fotomechanische oder andere Wiedergabeverfahren nur mit Genehmigung des Verlages. © ® Ernst Klett Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart 2015. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Internetadresse: www.klett.de Autorin: Ellen Butzko, Tübingen Beratende Mitarbeit: Dr. Thomas Becker, Nürnberg; Anette Bormann, Attenkirchen; Klaus Gerking, Leer; Antje Körber, Merseburg; Axel Plitsch Wülfrath; Dr. Uwe Vogel, Leipzig

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Topic From apartheid to reconciliation A South Africa – past Introduction; quotes; timeline 2 and present Spot on facts The system of apartheid Fact files; diagram 4 B Life under apartheid Coloured women From Dance with a Poor Man’s Daughter by 5 Pamela Jooste; graph Black schools From Miriam’s Song by Mark Mathabane 6 C The struggle against [C] I remember Sharpeville Poem by Sipho Sydney Sepamla 8 apartheid Sabotage and terror acts Speech by Nelson Mandela 9 D International Boycotts and sanctions Quotes 11 reactions E Coming to terms The Truth and Reconciliation Speech by Desmond Tutu; cartoon; 12 with the past Commission [C] listening text F South Africa today Eden in an electric fence Newspaper article from Guardian Weekly; 14 cartoon A cartoon Cartoon strip by S. Francis, H. Dugmore, Rico 15 Spot on language German-English interferences Language exercises; mediation text 16

Symbols and abbreviations [p] Do this task with another person. [g] Do this task in a (small) group. [K] This film clip is on the Service-CD South Africa (W503253). [C] This listening text is on the Service-CD South Africa (W503253). [C] This song is on the CD-ROM in the teacher’s book. [m] You will need Internet access to complete this task. S1 This is a reference to the Skills section.

adj adjective esp especially sg singular adv adverb fml formal sb somebody AE American English hum humorous sl slang antonym i. e. id est (Lat.) sth something ↔ BE British English = that is syn synonym coll collocation infml informal v verb disappr disapproving n noun, substantive vlg vulgar e. g. exempli gratia (Lat.) pej pejorative vs versus = for example pl plural

1 Topic From apartheid to reconciliation A South Africa – past and present

Close the door on» the past and the ghosts come through the window.« Journalist Christopher Hope

By recovering and investigating some» of the hidden stories of the past, we construct a new and broader understanding of human experience.« Apartheid Museum

1652 1886 The first European 1836/7 colonists, the Dutch, Many Afrikaner farmers move Gold is discovered on settle at the Cape of northwards into the interior to the Witwatersrand Good Hope. They are get away from the rule of the 1852–54 (Johannesburg). The demand 1806 often referred to as British and to control their own Two Boer republics are for cheap, unskilled labour Afrikaners or Boers The British affairs. The journey becomes created: the Orange in the mines increases (farmers). Over time defeat the known as the ‘Great Trek’ and is Free State and the rapidly. The government they come to regard Dutch at the later interpreted as a triumph over South African Republic drafts laws to force blacks South Africa as their Cape and take both the British and the black (also known as the off the land and into the own country. control of it. Africans. Transvaal Republic). mines.

WORD BANK 1 [p] Team up with another student and discuss what the pictures and the quotes the past continues to on these two pages reveal about South Africa in the past and present. haunt sb • to come to terms with one’s past • 2 Both Germany and South Africa have had to come to terms with inhumane to put the past behind regimes (national socialism and apartheid respectively). How can a country best one • to cling to the deal with and commemorate past injustices? Discuss these ideas. S26 past • to redress past punish members of the old regime • create a national holiday • erect statues/ grievances • to look into the future/ahead memorials • name schools/streets after resistance fighters• establish a reparations fund for former victims • build museums to commemorate the past

2 m Online-Link: 594000-2801] From apartheid to reconciliation A South Africa – past and present]

The past dealt with in a cavalier» fashion does not remain the past. It refuses to lie down quietly.« Archbishop Desmond Tutu

If there are dreams about a beautiful South Africa, there» are also roads that lead to their goal. Two of these roads could be named Goodness and Forgiveness.« Nelson Mandela

1911–36 1936–45 1880–81/1899–1902 1910 Several laws are The Second World War leads to a The Boers fight two The Union of South Africa is created. passed to limit the shortage of labour because white wars of independence The British agree to the clause rights of blacks: they workers are enlisted in the army. against the British. of racial segregation in the new are forbidden to own More Africans move into the towns The Second Boer War constitution. Blacks are barred land, they can be leading to increasing white hostility ends in a British victory from the vote in the former Boer forced to live in special and calls for stricter segregation. and intensifies the republics, elsewhere black voting areas, they are barred Fascist ideas, developed in Europe, resentment of the Boers rights are attached to the ownership from certain (semi-) have a marked influence on against the British. of property. skilled jobs. Afrikaner thinking.

3 Read the timeline up to 1945. Which factors and FACT FILE events help to explain why a radical system of racial Full name: Republic of South Language: English segregation was installed in South Africa in 1948? Africa (11 official ethnic languages) Capital: (Tshwane) Area: 1.22 million sq km 4 In this topic you will find out more about events in Population: 47.9 million (470,693 sq miles) South Africa from 1948 to the present day. Create (estimated 2008) Natural resources and exports: your own timeline, modelled on the one above, Ethnic groups: Black 79.5 %, gold, diamonds, other metals White 9.1 %, Coloured (mixed and minerals, machinery entitled: “Apartheid in South Africa and the path to race), 8.9 %, Indian/Asian 2.5 % Currency: Rand (ZAR) democracy.”

3 From apartheid to reconciliation Spot on facts

Spot on facts

The system of apartheid

n ‘Apartheid’ is a Dutch word which can be the holder’s photograph and fingerprints. An 40 translated as ‘separateness’; it is the term for the amendment in 1972 stated that blacks were only formal segregation of groups of people on the allowed into urban areas for 72 hours without grounds of race. In 1948 the Afrikaner National a pass. Police regularly raided black townships 5 Party won elections with a programme of looking for blacks without passes, imprisoned apartheid and managed to stay in power for offenders or moved them to their homelands. 45 46 years until 1994. n The Bantu Education Act of 1953 regulated n As of 1949 marriages between whites and non- schooling for blacks. The syllabus focused whites were prohibited by the Prohibition of on tribalism, rote learning, discipline and 10 Mixed Marriages Act; as of 1950 sexual relations punishment. The overall goal was to teach black between blacks and whites were forbidden. children ‘that equality with Europeans was not 50 Police could raid homes to enforce the law. for them’. Blacks could only attend separate n The Population Registration Act of 1950 classified universities, also known as ‘tribal colleges’. South Africans into four racial groups: Whites, n The Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 15 , Africans and Indians. gave the government almost unlimited powers to outlaw opposition. It defined communism 55 1946 Census: as any scheme to promote disturbance or Racial groups in South Africa disorder. It declared all political parties opposing the apartheid regime illegal and prohibited 69 % African 21 % White demonstrations. Offenders faced imprisonment 8 % Coloured or a five-year banning order. In 1962 and 1967 60 2 % Indian even tougher laws allowed the government to detain anyone suspected of action against n The Group Areas Act of 1950 determined apartheid for up to 180 days. Torture was routinely which areas in a city were reserved for which applied by the Security Police and prisoners racial group. People living in the ‘wrong’ area frequently died from the wounds inflicted. The 65 were forcibly removed; districts with a mixed death sentence was in effect, too. In 1985 a state 20 population were bulldozed. Many families were of emergency was declared which enabled the torn apart, and members of an ‘inferior race’ had government to virtually act outside the law. The to apply for permits to visit their relatives. legal situation prevented many people from n The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 established voicing their opinion openly, many opponents 70 ‘homelands’ for the blacks. They consequently fled the country. 25 lost their South African citizenship and required passports to enter South Africa. It effectively stripped them of all civil rights. The government set aside infertile areas for the creation of homelands which soon resulted in starvation on 30 a large scale. n The Separate Representation of Voters Act of 1951 forced coloureds to vote separately from the whites, but they were only allowed white representatives in parliament. Blacks were not 35 represented in parliament. n The Abolition of Passes Act of 1952 replaced the old passes – which blacks were forced to carry and which controlled their movement into the cities – with a new ‘reference book’, including

4 m Online-Link: 594000-2802] From apartheid to reconciliation B Life under apartheid]

B Life under apartheid

1 [p] Work with a partner. One of you reads the text below, the other one reads the text “Black schools”. Note down important key words and summarise your text for your partner. Use the information on the previous page to explain the historical situation in which your text is set.

Coloured women “What people say about my mother is that she took a little trip on the Kimberley train.” When a person in the Valley says this, it’s all they’ll ever need to say. Other people will nod their heads and pull their faces because they know all about that 5 story but that’s not to say that everyone knows. White people don’t know and it just goes to show that they don’t know everything. […] On ordinary trains you will find suitcases and boxes and parcels with all kinds of worldly goods packed in them. On the Kimberley train, if you know what to look for, you’ll find people like us and they’ll have no luggage. All they’ll be 10 carrying with them are their hopes and dreams. We all know this but we don’t talk about it except behind our hands and TIP behind people’s backs. We never talk out loud about people who leave their Kimberley is the capital families and go to Johannesburg to try and pass for white. The ‘try-for-Whites’ we of the Northern Cape call them and because the disgrace is so big we keep what we know about them province, also called Diamond City. The Valley is 15 to ourselves out of respect for the family and the ones who stay behind. a colloquial term used in […] The Kimberley train’s secret is that it doesn’t go to Kimberley at all. It goes this novel for certain parts all the way to Johannesburg and Johannesburg is where some people want to be of Cape Town (District Six, but I don’t say why. Mowbray). In Johannesburg it can suit people to be colour-blind. All you have to do 20 is get there and be light enough to ‘pass’. Then you can walk from one world 13 to pass for/as sb/sth to be straight into the other. Easy as pie and no questions asked. That’s what people accepted as sb/sth 21 easy as pie (infml) very easy say. After that, if anyone asks you to show your ID you look them straight in the 33 the world’s my oyster (idiom) eye and say you’ve lost it, just like a white person would. As if it didn’t matter at die Welt liegt mir zu Füßen all. That’s all it takes. VIP FILE 25 People in Johannesburg can’t tell by looking and sometimes, if a try-for-white woman catches a man’s eye, he will be willing to take a chance and ask her to marry him. Even respectable white men with money do this and sometimes, if the woman is pretty enough, they will do it even if in their hearts they are not quite sure. 30 It can happen to anyone and if it does happen, then that woman’s troubles are over. She can put her family behind her for ever and she need never come back again. Once the ring is on her finger everyone will look up to her and give Pamela Jooste (born 1946) her respect and the world will be her oyster. Just as long as no-one ever finds out. lives in Cape Town. She grew up in District Six, From: Pamela Jooste, Dance with a Poor Man’s Daughter, 1999 where people of all ethnic 2 a) Name the narrative perspective used and explain its function. S8 backgrounds lived until b) Examine the use of language and register in this text. How do they tie in with the apartheid regime had the multi-racial population the narrative perspective? S8, S10 forcefully removed. Her 3 Creative writing: Imagine you are a coloured person trying to pass for white. book Dance with a Poor Man’s Daughter is largely One day you meet somebody from your past. Write about this encounter. based on childhood 4 [m] [p] Research: Find out more about the Cape Town suburb of District Six. experiences and she won several prizes for it. Share your information with a partner, then report to your class. S32

5 From apartheid to reconciliation B Life under apartheid

Black schools

VIP FILE The white inspectors – who are all Afrikaners – visit our classroom. I’m afraid of them, as are many of my classmates, but the mistress has told us not to show our fear. The white inspectors smile and nod approvingly as they listen to us fervently recite the Lord’s Prayer and sing our hearts out in the hope of impressing them to give us more benches, primers, and other school things. 5 They don’t. But my disappointment fades when at the end of the year I get promoted to Sub-B after passing the final exam. I’m very happy. Other students Mark Mathabane (born fail the final exam, and according to Bantu Education rules, they can’t be 1969) grew up in a promoted to the next class. They have to repeat Sub-A. A lot of them eventually ghetto in Johannesburg. drop out, in part because few parents can afford to keep using their hard-earned 10 In 1978 he won a tennis scholarship to the US, money to pay school fees and purchase uniforms and books for a child who where he eventually keeps failing. settled. He became an To my horror, there are more cleanliness inspections in Sub-B, which are author, relating the almost always random. I soon learn that proper hygiene is an obsession at Bovet story of his youth in Community School. 15 the bestseller Kaffir Boy (1986), and an educator, “Cleanliness is next to godliness” is constantly drummed into our heads – we serving as a White House are told that the poverty in our homes and the squalor of Alexandra is no excuse Fellow (1996). Miriam’s for looking and smelling like pigs – especially because one never knows when Song (2000) is the white inspectors might come to assess our progress. If students at our school story of his sister who are found to be slovenly, it might be held against the school, and we might not 20 continued to live in the Johannesburg ghetto until receive enough money from the Department of Bantu Education to pay for an the end of apartheid. ever-growing list of school needs: benches, desks, textbooks, chalk, salaries for teachers and mistresses, and more classroom space. Lord’s Prayer Vaterunser One morning after assembly the Sub-B mistress – women, who are paid less 4 primer a book for teaching 5 children to read than men, always teach the overcrowded madhouses of the lower primary – 25 Sub-B name for the second announces that we are going to have our bloomers (panties) inspected. All 7 grade in primary school boys are ordered outside. We girls are lined in a row and ordered to raise our during apartheid 17 squalor dirt, misery gym dresses. The mistress goes around the hall sniffing our bloomers. Mine are 17 Alexandra a township of raggedy but clean. A lot of girls have bloomers that smell of urine; some have Johannesburg bloomers with traces of feces from improperly wiping with pieces of newspaper 30 20 slovenly untidy or dirty in appearance because few families can afford toilet paper; and some have no bloomers at all. 30 feces !*fi:si:z? Kot They all get whacked with a cane. […]

6 From apartheid to reconciliation B Life under apartheid

A record number of pupils are enrolled in Sub-B. There isn’t enough room for everyone inside the hall. During xivitanelo, dictation, half the class take the 35 dictation exam outside in the dusty courtyard because being crammed together makes it easy for pupils to copy from one another. And copying is severely punished. I’m glad I’m not among those who have to take xivitanelo outside. The last time I did I failed because I got dizzy from squatting on my haunches in the hot 40 sun while simultaneously trying to write on my slate and listen to the mistress shouting dictation from the top of the stairs, a distance of about forty feet. Her voice kept fading in and out as she turned around to keep an eye on dozens of pupils scattered across the courtyard, many of whom were dozing from fatigue and hunger. 45 Those taking xivitanelo inside have to sit on the cold cement floor because not enough benches have been supplied by the Department of Bantu Education. But I’m happy. At least I’m out of the broiling sun. After xivitanelo the mistress goes from pupil to pupil checking the answers. Using a white chalk, she draws a big right (check mark) across the slates of those 39 haunches backside, bottom 43 fatigue !fE*ti:G? extreme 50 who got the answers correct, and a big wrong (cross) across the slates of those tiredness who didn’t. I’m among those who get a big right. I’m thrilled. 47 broiling very hot From: Mark Mathabane, Miriam’s Song, 2000

5 Describe the graph below. Then use the information in the text above to explain WORD BANK why a significantly higher percentage of black students are enrolled in Sub-A or Discussion Sub-B than in the higher grades. S27 the system has serious drawbacks • a distinct/ 6 a) The book Miriam’s Song is subtitled A Memoir. What are the striking language long-term disadvantage features of this text type? S4 • to feel disadvantaged/ underpriviledged/ Compare the narrative perspective with that used in the previous text. S8 b)  second-class/oppressed • 7 Discussion: What negative consequences do you see for an entire country if a large desirable/advantageous/ profitable • to develop group in society is excluded from an adequate education? S26 one’s full potential • to become highly skilled/ qualified • dissatisfaction/ social unrest Standard 10 Black enrollment in Standard 9 South African schools, 1982 Standard 8 Standard 7 Standard 6 Standard 5 Standard 4 Standard 3 Standard 2 Standard 1 Sub-B Sub-A 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 %

7 [From apartheid to reconciliation C The struggle against apartheid [m Online-Link: 594000-2803

C The struggle against apartheid

[C] I remember Sharpeville

On the 21st March 1960 in a flash on a wrath-wrecked of the eye ruined-raked morning of gun-fire … 15 a black sea surged forward they fled they fell … 5 its might ahead our heads bowed mind behind our shame aflame it had downed centuries-old our faith shaken containment … we buried them for what they were 20 it sucked into its core our fallen heroes and our history 10 the aged and the young … into a solid compound From: Sipho Sydney Sepamla, of black oozing energy The Blues Is You in Me, 1976

VIP FILE Sipho Sydney Sepamla (1931–2007) grew up in Johannesburg, studied in Pretoria and went into teaching. Disappointed with Bantu education, he became a writer of poems, short stories and novels. Today, he is considered a forerunner of Black Consciousness, a movement that emphasised black self- reliance in the anti- apartheid struggle.

FACT FILE The Sharpeville massacre As a reaction to the hated pass laws the PAC (Pan Africanist Congress) 1 The poem consists of three parts. Give each part a title. organised a mass protest in Sharpeville, 50 km from 2 Using your background knowledge about apartheid, try to explain the following Johannesburg. Several expressions. If necessary do further research. thousand men, women, wrath • ruin • might • centuries-old containment • aflame• faith and children assembled in front of the police station; 3 a) Sepamla has been called a “poet-as-historian”. Which features in the poem are they were supposed to poetic, which ones are factual? hand in their passes b) Explain why the second part of the poem is shorter than the others. S6 and give themselves up for arrest. The police c) What is the effect of the use of anaphora, particularly the repetition of the first opened fire, shot fleeing person pronoun? protesters in the back d) How do you interpret the last two words: “[we buried …] our history“? S6 and killed 69 of them, including some children. 4 Creative writing: Imagine protesting against some injustice as part of a large Sharpeville marked the crowd of people. You suddenly notice the police aiming their guns at the crowd. end of organised non- Write an interior monologue about this situation and what ensues. (Look up more violent resistance. information about Sharpeville if you want to.) S12

8 From apartheid to reconciliation C The struggle against apartheid

5 Before your read: Look at the photos of Nelson Mandela from different periods of his life. Describe the changes and comment on them. S28

Nelson Mandela (left) in prison on Robben Island Nelson Mandela becomes the first black president of South Africa

Sabotage and terror acts Nelson Mandela’s statement at the opening of his trial on charges of sabotage at the Supreme Court of South Africa in Pretoria on April 20, 1964.

I was one of the persons who helped to form Umkhonto. I, and the others VIP FILE who started the organisation, did so for two reasons. Firstly, we believed that as a result of Government policy, violence by the African people had become inevitable, and that unless responsible leadership was given to canalise and 5 control the feelings of our people, there would be outbreaks of terrorism which would produce an intensity of bitterness and hostility between the various races of this country which is not produced even by war. Secondly, we felt that without violence there would be no way open to the African people to succeed in their Nelson Mandela was struggle against the principle of white supremacy. All lawful modes of expressing born in 1918 in Qunu, 10 opposition to this principle had been closed by legislation, and we were placed Eastern Cape. In 1944 he in a position in which we had either to accept a permanent state of inferiority, or became active for the to defy the government. We chose to defy the law. We first broke the law in a way ANC and from 1964 till which avoided any recourse to violence; when this form was legislated against, 1990 he was in prison for anti-apartheid activism. and then the government resorted to a show of force to crush opposition to its In 1993 he received the 15 policies, only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. […] Nobel Peace Prize. He Four forms of violence were possible. There is sabotage, there is guerrilla was elected as the first warfare, there is terrorism, and there is open revolution. We chose to adopt the black President of South first method and to exhaust it before taking any other decision. Africa in 1994. He retired from politics in 1999, but In the light of our political background the choice was a logical one. Sabotage he continues to fight for 20 did not involve loss of life, and it offered the best hope for future race relations. human rights and against Bitterness would be kept to a minimum and, if the policy bore fruit, democratic the HIV/AIDS epidemic. government could become a reality. This is what we felt at the time, and this is what we said in our manifesto: “We of Umkhonto we Sizwe have always sought to achieve liberation without (Umkhonto (we Sizwe bloodshed and civil clash. We hope, even at this late hour, that our first actions 1 25 will awaken everyone to a realisation of the disastrous situation to which the literally ‘Spear of the Nation’, the active military nationalist policy is leading. We hope that we will bring the government and its wing of the ANC supporters to their senses before it is too late, so that both the government and 12 to defy to refuse to obey or its policies can be changed before matters reach the desperate state of civil war.” show respect 27 nationalist policy here: the 30 The initial plan was based on a careful analysis of the political and economic policy of the Afrikaner situation of our country. We believed that South Africa depended to a large National Party

9 [From apartheid to reconciliation C The struggle against apartheid [m Online-Link: 594000-2804

extent on foreign capital and foreign trade. We felt that planned destruction of FACT FILE power plants, and interference with rail and telephone communications, would The African National tend to scare away capital from the country, make it more difficult for goods Congress from the industrial areas to reach the seaports on schedule, and would in the 35 (ANC) was long run be a heavy drain on the economic life of the country, thus compelling founded in the voters of the country to reconsider their position. 1912 to fight Attacks on the economic life-lines of the country were to be linked with against racial discrimination in the sabotage on government buildings and other symbols of apartheid. These newly created Union attacks would serve as a source of inspiration to our people. In addition, they 40 of South Africa. In the would provide an outlet for those people who were urging the adoption of early years of apartheid violent methods and would enable us to give concrete proof to our followers its members protested that we had adopted a stronger line and were fighting back against government peacefully with strikes and acts of civil violence. disobedience. In 1960 In addition, if mass action were successfully organised, and mass reprisals 45 the ANC was banned, taken, we felt that sympathy for our cause would be roused in other countries, and frustrated with all and that greater pressure would be brought to bear on the South African non-violent attempts, government. some of its members went underground. In This then was the plan. Umkhonto was to perform sabotage, and strict 1994 the ANC became instructions were given to its members right from the start, that on no account 50 the governing social were they to injure or kill people in planning or carrying out operations. […] democratic party, In the long run we felt certain we must succeed, but at what cost to ourselves supported by trade unions and the rest of the country? And if this happened, how could black and white and the communist party. ever live together again in peace and harmony? These were the problems that faced us, and these were our decisions. 55 Experience convinced us that rebellion would offer the government limitless opportunities for the indiscriminate slaughter of our people. But it was precisely because the soil of South Africa is already drenched with the blood of innocent Africans that we felt it our duty to make preparations as a long-term undertaking to use force in order to defend ourselves against force. If war were inevitable, we 60 wanted the fight to be conducted on terms most favourable to our people. The fight which held out prospects best for us and the least risk of life to both sides was guerrilla warfare. […] During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black 65 36 drain Belastung domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which 36 to compel to force sb to do all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal sth 45 reprisal violent reply to an which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I aggressive act am prepared to die. Nelson Mandela, Pretoria, April 20, 1964 6 Use the text and any other information you have gained to illustrate Nelson Mandela’s statement: “All lawful modes of expressing opposition to this principle had been closed by legislation” (line 9). 7 Analyse the tone of the speech. Then examine how Mandela puts forward his defence. S10 8 [m] [g] In groups of four, find out about other protests against apartheid, such as the Black Sash women, the defiance campaign, the strikes known as ‘stay-at- home-days’ and the uprising. Each of you chooses one campaign and then informs the other group members about it.

9 Debate: Violence is a legitimate means to fight for basic human rights. S26

10 m Online-Link: 594000-2805] From apartheid to reconciliation D International reactions]

D International reactions

Boycotts and sanctions Calls for boycott of goods from South Africa • “Lego out of South Africa. Lego is sold for at least 30 million Danish Kroner every year in South Africa. Boycott Lego.” • “Boycott Polaroid until it stops all sales to South Africa.” 5 • “Don’t buy any South African goods.” • “Chase Manhattan invests your dollars in apartheid. Close your account.” Examples of sports sanctions against South Africa • “South Africa has been barred from taking part in the 18th Olympic Games in Tokyo over its refusal to condemn apartheid.” BBC News, 1964 10 • “During the apartheid years, we were mostly excluded from international rugby. [...] When we toured New Zealand the year after, our players had to train in horse stables to avoid demonstrators and were flour bombed from light aircraft during matches.” Blogger Mike Smith Examples of political sanctions 15 • The UN asks its member states to “cease forthwith any provision to South Africa of arms and related materials of all types.” Resolution 481, 1977 • “Major cities such as New York are refusing to do business with anyone who does it in SA and many of America’s largest companies are being forced to face moral and political questions about their operations under an apartheid 20 regime.” The Guardian, March 11, 1985 • “Two of Ireland’s major universities have launched an academic boycott against SA. They warned staff who work there during their holidays or while on sabbatical that they will be dismissed.” Sowetan, May 14, 1986 Chase Manhattan name of 6 Controversy over the effects of sanctions an American bank 15 forthwith 25 • “Examples of the effective use of sanctions include South Africa where it is from now on 15 provision here: sale thought that international sanctions isolated the government and helped 23 sabbatical a period of bring its policies of apartheid to an overdue end.” M. S. Smith, Conflict Research time which a teacher at Consortium, University of Colorado university can take off to do research • “The role those sanctions played in the eventual demise of the apartheid 27 overdue überfällig 30 regime […] was probably very small.” Philip I. Levy, Yale University 29 demise here: collapse

1 [p] Discuss what you would personally be prepared to do or not to do to protest against a totalitarian government in another country. S26

2 Debate: Are sanctions an effective tool to fight an inhumane regime? S26

11 From apartheid to reconciliation E Coming to terms with the past

E Coming to terms with the past

FACT FILE Several factors led to the collapse of the the major industries, and the new industries apartheid regime. Domestic developments: required large numbers of skilled workers. In the wake of the 1976 Soweto uprising But the Bantu education system prevented and the death of hundreds of blacks at the this. International developments: Outside hands of the police, black protests became pressure grew in the form of international increasingly numerous and violent. By sanctions and protests. Economic sanctions 1985 the government declared a state of prevented badly needed investments. emergency. White resistance to apartheid In 1990 Mandela was released from prison grew: youth resented conscription to the and the ban on the ANC and other political army and church leaders condemned parties was lifted. The old apartheid laws apartheid. Economic developments: The were repealed and a new constitution government had to spend enormous took effect in 1993. In the first democratic amounts on defence and weapons at a election in 1994 the ANC won with a 62.6 % time when the international gold price fell majority. Mandela became the first black sharply. Farming and mining ceased to be South African president.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission VIP FILE The following is part of a speech made by Archbishop Desmond Tutu at the Nobel Peace Laureates Conference at the University of Virginia, USA, in November 1998.

Forget the past, and let’s get on with the business of living in the present. And so, you can give yourselves, as they did in Chile, “blanket amnesty”. Blanket amnesty, which is really amnesia. We forget. Let’s try to forget. Mercifully, mercifully, God has created us in a particular kind of way. The past dealt with in a Desmond Tutu (born 1931) studied theology cavalier fashion does not remain the past. It refuses to lie down quietly. Bygones 5 in South Africa and don’t become bygones just by your say-so. You don’t have a fiat and then you say, England. He became the “Now, bygones, you are gone.” They don’t go. They return inexorably. They will first black Archbishop of return to haunt you. And you remember those quite haunting words in Dachau, the Anglican Church in the concentration camp museum, at the entrance there: “Those Who Forget the Cape Town in 1986. For his unceasing efforts to Past Are Doomed to Repeat It.” 10 use non-violent resistance Yes, but there is this way, the South African way, which didn’t happen because against apartheid he South Africans were particularly smart, it was forced on them because of the was awarded the Nobel realities of our situation: no one won. The apartheid government didn’t win, the Peace Prize in 1984. liberation movements didn’t win. Stalemate. Hey, how are we going to deal with After apartheid ended he was chairman of the this? And they struck on this compromise. Compromise tends to have a bad 15 Truth and Reconciliation press, but it’s not always a bad thing. Because, they said, “OK, in exchange for Commission. truth, you will get amnesty. In exchange for telling us everything you know about what you want to ask amnesty for, you will get freedom. Of course, if you don’t, Chile after the dictatorship the judicial process, we hope, will take its course.” You see, to say “let us forget 2 in Chile from 1973–1990 blanket amnesty amnesty about it” was unsatisfactory also for other reasons. One of them is that you re- 20 2 for all victimize the victims. You say to the victims, “What happened in your case either bygones the past didn’t happen, or it doesn’t matter.” And you remember Dorfman’s ‘Death and 5 fiat an official order 6 inexorable impossible to the Maiden’: the woman recognizes the voice of the man who tortured and raped 7 prevent her. And she manages to tie him up, and she’s got a gun, and he still denies. And 14 liberation movements she is on the verge of killing him. And then, he turns around and he admits he 25 here: the military wings of banned political parties did, and she lets him go. Because the lie subverted her identity, her integrity. 14 stalemate Pattsituation And we found, you know, that just in the telling of the story, people have 22 ‘Death and the Maiden’ a experienced a catharsis, a healing. […] play about a torture victim 26 to subvert to destroy or I want to give you one or two examples, and then I will sit down. A white undermine woman is a victim of a hand-grenade attack by one of the liberation movements. 30

12 m Online-Link: 594000-2806] From apartheid to reconciliation E Coming to terms with the past]

A lot of her friends are killed. And she ends up having to have open-heart surgery, and she goes into the ICU. She comes to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to tell her story. And she tells her story. And she says, “You know, when I came out of hospital, my children had to bathe me, had to clothe me, 35 had to feed me. And I can’t walk through the security checkpoint at an airport – I’ve still got shrapnel inside me – so, all kinds of alarms go off when I walk through.” Do you know what she said? She said, of this experience that left her in this condition? It has – can you credit it? – she says, “It has enriched my life.” She says, “I’d like to meet the perpetrator, I’d like to meet him in a spirit of 40 forgiveness. I would like to forgive him.” Which is extraordinary. But then, she goes on to say, she goes on to say – can you believe it? – she goes on to say, “I hope he forgives me.” […] The very last example. The ANC exploded a bomb in Pretoria in one of its

main streets, called Church Street. They were attacking the headquarters of the 32 surgery (medical) operation 45 South African Air Force. One of the officers was blinded in that attack, a 32 ICU intensive care unit at white man. When the ANC operative applied for amnesty – and amnesty is hospital 36 shrapnel (Bomben-)Splitter applied for in an open hearing – the ANC operative, Abu-Bakr Ishmael, turned 39 perpetrator sb who to Neville Clarence and asked for forgiveness. And the two – the one white blind committed a crime man, and the Indian – shook hands. And that picture became a kind of icon. It 46 operative here: sb who does secret work 50 was emblazoned on the front pages of our newspapers, and on television. And 50 to emblazon to decorate sth Neville Clarence said, “As we shook hands, it was as if both of us didn’t want to let with a striking image go of the other.” Desmond Tutu, Charlottesville, November 5–6, 1998

1 a) In the text above Tutu explains the motives for setting up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Sum up the most important points. b) Present the two cases where past grievances were dealt with successfully.

2 What stylistic devices are used in the speech? Explain their effect. S15

3 [C] Listen to the end of the speech. What, according to Tutu, is the significance of WORD BANK the South African example for the rest of the world? S21 Feelings gratitude • tranquility • 4 [p] Tutu says: “To forgive is not just to be altruistic. It is the best form of self- elation • contentment • interest.” Talk about personal experiences with a partner, when you forgave solemnity • joy • serenity someone or were forgiven. • to feel light-hearted/ generous • nagging 5 [m] [g] Project: Research a case that went before the Truth and Reconciliation dissatisfaction • sense Commission. Present it in class and decide whether the applicant should be of defeat • shame • contrition granted amnesty or not. S22

13 From apartheid to reconciliation F South Africa today

F South Africa today

1 Before you read: What is your idea of living in Eden? Note down a few ideas, then share them with your classmates. While you read the text compare your personal views with the Eden outlined in the article.

Eden in an electric fence Dainfern, a walled fortress-suburb in the northern stretches of Johannesburg is set among fields, nature trails and wooded suburbs, and is, inch for inch, probably the most costly secure space in Africa. And one of the most successful. […] Jo’burg is the city of beautiful walls where people fortify their houses, 5 barricade their flats, electrify their fences, buy dogs and guns. Or they move into cluster-villages, gated, guarded and patrolled round the clock. They all sell freedom from fear, but Dainfern does it better, and does it with style. What segregates South Africans these days is security, and how much of it you can buy is what separates the saved from the servants. Dainfern is the 10 answer to the Jo’burger’s prayer: to live a life in a safe place where no bullets fly and car-jackers fear to tread. […] Dainfern’s achievement has been to persuade those behind its walls that this isn’t a prison, it is a paradise; it’s not a life sentence, it’s a lifestyle. “No one who is not supposed to be in here is in here,” the managers of Dainfern told me in tones 15 township that might well apply to those confined in less happy institutions. I got their drift. Anyone not meant to be in here runs the risk of being electrocuted, shot or arrested. Embedded in the walls that ring the enclave are seismic sensors. Reinforced steel bars reach down 3m into the earth to stop human moles who might tunnel 20 beneath the fortifications. Detectors along the length of the perimeter wall listen for incursions. An electric fence tops the wall and carries enough current, a polite notice warns, “to cause death”. Closed-circuit cameras constantly check the perimeter defences. In the gatehouse control-room staff screen and record fortress Festung every visitor who comes and goes. Rapid-reaction vehicles stand ready, and 25 1 .to fortify to make secure frequent armed patrols glide down Collingham Close and Willowgrove Road 5 against burglary and attack cluster-village geschlossene Patricia, who has lived here for years, got to the heart of what makes 7 Wohnsiedlung Dainferners happy. “What we have here is the way it was. When you could stroll gated equipped with a through your neighbourhood and leave your windows open. When your kids 7 security entrance or gates 30 16 confined locked-in took their bikes and rode down to the river. What we’re doing is remaking the life 16 to get the drift (coll) to of the 60s in the new millennium.” […] understand sb Diepsloot (deep ditch) is just down the road. It is a vast, apocalyptic place of 19 reinforced here: particularly strong rutted roads, shacks, houses, thin children, thinner goats, constant cooking fires, 20 mole Maulwurf constant funerals, dirt roads and dust. You do not see white faces in Diepsloot. 21 perimeter wall the wall that Lucas, 20, lives in Diepsloot and works as a security guard in Dainfern. 35 surrounds an area 22 incursion the appearance of “Maybe they don’t like our smoke, maybe they don’t like our taxis, but they like sth that is not wanted our muscles,” he says. Last July a rumour went around Diepsloot that residents 22 current Strom were to be moved to new housing miles away. The township erupted in riots that 28 to stroll to walk in a slow, relaxed way went on for days. Thembi, who is out of work and 18, says: “It wasn’t true that 33 rutted roads Straßen mit we were moving, but people thought it was true and they got very angry. This is 40 tiefen Spurrillen home.” 33 shack very simple, small building made of wood, The riots shut down the entire area. They were the worst seen since South metal and other materials Africa put the apartheid era behind it. Cars were stoned, reporters attacked.

14 From apartheid to reconciliation F South Africa today

Police fired rubber bullets and many were arrested. I heard from Moses, a FACT FILE 45 gardener in Dainfern, a phrase used again and again about those riots: “God’s The new South Africa anger broke loose.” Young Mathoba told me he stoned journalists because • The ANC is riddled with “you have to talk to someone”. The bitterness in Diepsloot was not directed at corruption and scandals. Government officials are Dainferners but at the city council that “is more corrupt than the old apartheid accused of fraud, but people,” says Sophie, a maid in Dainfern. “Big jobs and good times for bigwigs – rarely face prosecution. 50 no house, no hope for us.” • Living standards have South Africa right now is not much interested in history; all the talk is of the declined after apartheid. “new”. But history goes on being terrifyingly interested in South Africa. Close the • Gang violence and crime has become a major door on the past and the ghosts come through the window. problem, making South Christopher Hope, Guardian Weekly, March 11–17, 2005 Africa one of the most dangerous countries. 2 [p] How would you like living in Dainfern? Jot down a few ideas first, then • The HIV/AIDS epidemic exchange your views with a partner. is particularly rampant. • One of the more 3 Reduce the information about Dainfern and Diepsloot in this news story to the positive figures is most important points and write two mini fact files about them. German-born Helen Zille, mayor of Cape 4 a) Find examples of the following rhetorical devices: Town, who successfully alliteration • anaphora • repetition tackled crime and unemployment. See the glossary of literary terms or use the Internet for help. • Tourism is still an b) What are typical features of this news story? S4 important source of income, with some 10 5 Creative writing: Imagine you were either Lucas, Moses or Sophie. Write their blog million annual visitors. entry about living in Diepsloot and working in Dainfern. S12 6 What is the cartoonist’s view of “The new South Africa”? Interpret the cartoon below. S28

A cartoon

15 From apartheid to reconciliation Spot on language

Spot on language

German-English interferences

Die schwarze Elite von Südafrika heute weisen kann, braucht sich um viele 40 staatliche Aufträge erst gar nicht zu bewerben. Die meisten Schwarzen sind stolz auf die Macht, die einige wenige wie Ramaphosa heute in 45 den einst blütenweißen Chefetagen ausüben. Doch als prominenter schwarzer Geschäftsmann ist Ramaphosa auch Zielscheibe für jene, die den kometenhaf- 50 ten Aufstieg der „schwarzen Rand-Lords“ kritisieren – eine Anspielung auf die weißen Immigranten, die am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts nach der Wenn in diesen Tagen der zehnte 20 der Mann, der während der 55 Entdeckung der Goldfelder an den Jahrestag des politischen Wechsels Apartheid-Ära die mächtige Johannesburger Witwatersrand in Südafrika gefeiert wird, fällt Bergarbeitergewerkschaft NUM strömten und vereinzelt zu großem wieder der Name Ramaphosa. (National Union of Mineworkers) Reichtum gelangten. 5 Doch der Politik hat der Mann in den größten Streik der süd- Für seine Kritiker symboli- mit dem spitzbübischen Lächeln 25 afrikanischen Geschichte führte, 60 sieren Ramaphosa und schwarze entsagt. Heute verkörpert der ist zum bekanntesten schwarzen Mitstreiter wie der vor allem 51-Jährige wie kein anderer den Industriekapitän geworden. im Minen- und Bankwesen wirtschaftlichen Aufstieg der Geholfen hat ihm das tätige Tokyo Sexwale die immer 10 schwarzen Elite am Kap. […] Bestreben des ANC, der schwarzen größere Kluft zwischen der dün- Mit seiner Investmentge- 30 Bevölkerung nach dem politischen 65 nen schwarzen Oberschicht und sellschaft Millennium Consolidated Umbruch auch wirtschaftlich den der großen Gruppe schwarzer Investments (MCI) mischt er heute Rücken zu stärken. Schlagwort: Habenichtse. [...] in vielen Branchen mit: in der Black Economic Empowerment Wolfgang Drechsler, Handelsblatt, 15 Versicherungs- und Textilindustrie, (BEE). Immer öfter werden heute 28. April 2004 im Mediensektor, im Mobilfunk, 35 in Südafrika Schwarze bei lukra- in der Immobilienbranche und tiven Staatskontrakten bevorzugt. 11 Investmentgesellschaft investment trust 14 Branche industry neuerdings im Bergbau – sein lang Wer als „weißes Unternehmen“ 17 Immobilienbranche real estate gehegter Traum. Ausgerechnet keinen schwarzen Partner vor- 40 staatlicher Auftrag state contract

1 Mediation: Summarise the main points of this article in English. S33 2 The present tense in German – different tenses in English. Review the tenses with the help of a grammar book. Then translate these sentences. S33 1. Er arbeitet jetzt seit 10 Jahren in derselben Firma. 2. Wir planen jetzt gerade unser nächstes Projekt. 3. Wir betrachten jetzt die Angelegenheit als erledigt. 4. Ich versuche es jetzt noch einmal.

16 From apartheid to reconciliation Spot on language

3 Fill in the appropriate tenses.

White South Africans 1 (flee) the country at 9 (only • see) that poor South Africans 10 (live) a much higher rate than in previous years. in hell. For some months now one of the national Economists 2 (agree) that the gap between best-selling books 11 (be) Don’t Panic, aimed at the rich and the poor in South Africa 3 (widen). disappointed South Africans. In its opening chapter They 4 (point out) that the lot of the poor 5 the author asks: “ 12 (Have • we) a viable country (improve) and the unemployment rate 6 (go by 2020?” It cannot be overlooked, though, that in down). Optimists 7 (emphasise) that South Africa 10 years’ time the country 13 (be • certainly) very 8 (be) a democracy for only 15 years. Pessimists different from today.

4 Review the position of adverbs in English with the help of a grammar book. Then put the adverbial expressions in the brackets in the correct position.

1. African women experienced fewer restrictions 5. About 20,000 women marched and handed than men, that’s why they were at the forefront over letters of protest against the proposed of resistance. (usually • often • in the early pass laws. (on 9 August 1956 • to the Union 1950s) Buildings • in Pretoria • peacefully) 2. The South African government planned to 6. The women’s resistance failed to achieve its introduce passes for women. (in the 1950s • too) objectives. (unfortunately • back then) 3. Women resisted this attempt. (for several 7. As a result of the pass laws women were forced years • categorically) to settle. (increasingly • illegally • in the cities) 4. Their resistance grew into a national movement. 8. August 9 is a public holiday to celebrate National (soon) Women’s Day. (today • in South Africa)

5 False friends or not? Translate these sentences with the help of a German-English dictionary. There are some expressions which can be translated (almost) literally and others which have no direct equivalent in English. S3

1. Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn! 5. Es ist aus und vorbei. 2. Wie du mir so ich dir. 6. Schwarze und Weiße können sich auf Augenhöhe 3. Wie auch wir vergeben unseren Schuldigern. begegnen. (aus dem Vaterunser) 7. Wir sollten diese Angelegenheit ad acta legen. 4. Lass mal Gras über die Geschichte wachsen. 8. Die Zeitungen graben ständig alte Geschichten aus.

6 Which gerund constructions in the following text are used correctly and which aren’t? Make corrections where necessary.

Archbishop Tutu tried to do everything for avoiding bloodshed. He set up the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to give blacks and whites a chance for forgiving each other. There were some moving cases 5 in which former political activists apologised to their victims for causing them so much harm. Most commentators felt the commission was a major step for overcoming the apartheid era. In 2001 the Apartheid Museum was opened in Johannesburg for teaching 10 children about the past. However, there are now many young South Africans who believe it is time for forgetting the past.

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