The History of Ancient Egypt

استمارة تقييم الرسائل البحثية ملقرر دراس ى اوال : بيانات تمأل بمعرفة الطالب االسم : رائد يسري فوزي نصيب كلية : اداب الفرقة/املستوى : االولي الشعبة : عام اسم املقرر :لغة انجليزية كود املقرر: .. استاذ املقرر :ايات الخطيب البريد االلكترونى [email protected]: للطالب عنوان الرسالة البحثية : The history of Ancient Egypt

ثانيا: بيانات تمأل بمعرفة لجنة املمتحنيين هل الرسالة البحثية املقدمة متشابة جزئيا او كليا ☐نعم ☐ال فى حالة االجابة بنعم ال يتم تقييم املشروع البحثى ويعتبر غير مجاز تقييم املشروع البحثى م عناصر التقييم الوزن التقييم النسبى 1 الشكل العام للرسالة البحثية 2 تحقق املتطلبات العلمية املطلوبة 3 يذكر املراجع واملصادر العلمية 4 الصياغة اللغوية واسلوب الكتابة جيد

نتيجة التقييم النهائى /100 ☐ناجح ☐راسب

توقيع لجنة التقييم 1. .2 .3

ترفق هذه االستمارة كغالف للمشروع البحثى بعد استكمال البيانان بمعرفة الطالب

Introduction: Ancient Egypt is an ancient civilization in the northeast of Africa. The civilization of the ancient Egyptians (1) was concentrated on the banks of the Nile River in what is now known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Egyptian civilization began around the year 3150 BC, when King Mina (Narmer) combined southern and northern Egypt together, and subsequently developed over the next three millennia. It historically contained a series of politically stable kingdoms, interspersed with periods of relative instability called intermediate periods. Ancient Egypt reached the height of its civilization in the era of the modern state, after which it entered the country in a period of slow decline. Egypt was attacked at that time by many foreign powers, and the rule of the Pharaohs officially ended when the Roman Empire Ancient Egyptian civilization succeeded in the Nile River Valley, where it had all the ingredients for agriculture, fertile soil, water and a temperate climate. Forecasting floods and controlling their damages helped produce abundant agricultural crops that contributed to social and cultural development. With the availability of the necessary materials, the authorities extracted many minerals from the valley and the surrounding desert areas, wrote and developed an independent writing system in them, and organized collective construction and agricultural projects, in addition to trade with the regions Surrounding Egypt, the strengthening of military forces for military defense was necessary to resist the enemies of abroad, and to assert the dominance of the Pharaonic families over the country. These activities were organized and stimulated by a group of bureaucrats, religious and administrative leaders under the control of the Pharaoh of Egypt, who was keen on cooperation and unity between the Egyptians, in the context of a tight system of religious beliefs The achievements of the ancient Egyptians included the exploitation of quarries, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the construction of huge pyramids, temples, and obelisks, in addition to a practical and effective mathematics system in medicine. Irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, the Egyptian faience and glass painting technology, new forms of literature, and the first known peace treaty Ancient Egypt left a lasting legacy for all mankind and the ancient Greeks took from it a lot and the Romans followed. The Egyptian civilization, art and architecture were copied and imitated widely in the world, and its relics were transported to far regions of the world. The ruins and remains inspired the imagination of travelers and writers for centuries Discoveries in the early modern period on Egyptian antiquities and fossils led to scientific research of the Egyptian civilization, manifested in a science called Egyptology, and further appreciation of its cultural heritage in Egypt and the world.

Search items: 1- Islamic Egypt 2- Greek and Roman Egypt 3- The pre-dynastic era

4- Byzantine and Roman Egypt

Firstly: Islamic Egypt: : start of Arab rule to the beginning of the Umayyad dynasty 640-661 CE The Muslims ’departure from their Arabian Peninsula to the Levant and Iraq is a record of an eternal page from their glorious history, and what was achieved at their hands in a few years was far beyond the expectations of leaders and caliphs. As soon as the shrine settled in Amr ibn al-Aas in Palestine, he felt the urgent need to open Egypt with the aim of securing the Levant from the Byzantine danger crouched over the land of Egypt. Al-Arish, Al-Farma, and Bilbeis, supplementing the successive defeats of the Byzantines, who withdrew to the Babylon Fortress, and after a siege that lasted a few months, the Muslims entered Egypt and crossed the Nile to the west and imposed the siege on Alexandria until they conquered it in the year 21 AH / 641AD.Amru continued his conquests in the south, but the Roman king, Emperor Constantine, took advantage of Amr bin Al-Aas’s preoccupation with his conquests of these areas and directed to Alexandria a naval campaign that was able to enter the city, then looted it and killed a number of Its inhabitants, so Amr returned again and entered Alexandria and defeated the Byzantines and killed their leader with the help of its Coptic residents, and made some reforms and raised the grievances and fines imposed by the Romans on the residents and treated them well and returned their bishop Benjamin to his chair, which attracted their During his tenure, Amr ibn al-As established the city love and condemned him with obedience and loyalty of Fustat to be the seat of the governorate of Egypt after him. During the reign of Othman bin Affan, he made the state of Egypt in the year 23 AH / 643AD his brother in breastfeeding Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Al-Sarh, who began directing military campaigns to North Africa, and he was the first to consider establishing an Arab fleet in cooperation with the Wali of Sham Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan, with the aim of eliminating On Byzantine influence on the eastern and southern coasts of the Mediterranean. During the reign of Abdullah bin Abi

Al-Sarh, the Islamic armies arrived in Dongola in Sudan in the year 31 AH / 651AD and reconciled their people according to a treaty whose provisions included some economic agreements.

Secondly: Greek and Roman Egypt: took over Alexander the Great he took over in 332 BC and left 331 BC to continue his wars against the Persians and Alexander died in 323 BC Ptolemaic rule of Egypt lasted three centuries Where In 336 BC. M Philip of Macedonia died, and his son Alexander was succeeded to the throne of Macedonia. He was twenty years old, so he united the Greeks and conquered large parts of the world and the fact that the Greek Empire In 334 BC. M triumphed over Dara III, the last ruler of the Persian Empire In 331 BC. M invaded Egypt and went to the Temple of Amun and asked to become a pharaoh on the land of Egypt and was called by the priests of Amun as the son of the machine to begin the rule of the Ptolemies appeared the rule of the Ptolemies. It is said that in 323 BC. M. Alexander died in Babylon. He reached the age of 33 years. Some historians said that he died in Alexandria. His leaders met in Babylon to discuss the problem of the rule of the Macedonian Empire whose founder died before he organized the inheritance of the throne and the way of governing it, without leaving a will or nominating a successor. After a violent dispute, it was agreed that the throne of a young fool called Philip Arhidus who was a half-brother of Alexander, was elevated. With recognition Jenin "Roxana", the wife of "Alexander" of Persia , and she was pregnant if he was male in the participation of "Philip" the king as a partner under guardianship and took over after his half-brother, Fleet Arhoyaeus and it is important for us that he divided the Alexander Empire among pimps and the share of Egypt from one of the senior military leaders who accompanied Alexander was in his conquests and his name was Ptolemy the son of La Gus and the rule of his family began and he was called the Ptolemaic Rule to begin in Egypt the rule of the Greek Ptolemaic occupation Ptolemy Ibn Lagos: as ruler of Egypt (323 BC-305 BC) and then as King of Egypt (305 BC-284 BC) Egypt belongs to a leader named "Ptolemy" who established the rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty, which ruled Egypt from 333 to the age of 30 BC. M . Ptolemy the First managed to annex some regions that historians consider to be annexes to Egypt such as Burqa, southern Syria, Phenicia, Palestine, and Cyprus. He declared himself king over Ptolemy I Ibn Lagos (Sotir), the savior of the soter,

who ruled as a satrapi, that is, a governor of Egypt, from 323 to 305 BC. M. Then, in his capacity as king, when he became independent from Egypt from Alexandria's successors to 284 BC. Ptolemy the Second (285 BC-246 BC): Pt. He shared with his father the authority in the year 285 BC. M, then alone after his death 284 BC. M. Ptolemy II was nicknamed Philadelphus (i.e. the lover of his sister whom he married) and in 271 BC, Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, was expelled by the Romans from Italy after his project failed to invade Italy and when the power of Rome began to appear in 273 B.C. Ptolemy II began relations Diplomacy between him and Rome, and his embassy sent any representatives in order to establish frie ndship between the two parties. Ptolemy's sense of the growth of Rome's war power was correct, and the Treaty of Friendship signed between him and Rome was beneficial to later generations of Ptolemies, as the Roman naval and land power spread east in the second century BC. And while Rome entered wars in the conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms that fell under its rule one by one .. Egypt remained independent, friendly to Rome, to the extent that Rome granted it protection on several occasions when the need to do so

Third: The pre-dynastic era: There is no doubt that the first effects that humans left especially those stone tools - appeared during the last stages of the transition from the Pliocene era to the Pleistocene, when the Nile began to split its course again through the sediments that had filled the stream before. Not for this Stone tools have a distinctive feature, and there is no doubt that prehistoric scientists easily identify with them the types of European Stone Age tools that derive their names from some French sites, and even Parisian suburbs such as relative to a place called Near Paris, the Assyrian civilization relative to a place called Saint Acheul in northern France and the Levalloision civilization relative to a place called Levallois near Paris). But in the late stages of the Stone Age Petroglyphs have evolved, as we see some African animals (such as giraffes, elephants, ostriches, etc.) trying in vain to escape hunting hunters who carry arrows filled with arrows on their shoulders. And you see them show great skill, whether by throwing arrows, or setting traps that do not disappoint. as such Some symbolic issues that influenced cultural heritage in, Pharaonic Egypt also appeared later such as the view of the sun disk confined between the two horns of the cow. There is

no doubt that the cultures of the ancient Paleolithic period were established for a long time in Egypt, as it lasted until about 6000 BC, on the banks of the Nile itself ln fact, the Neolithic period did not I appear until during the five thousand years BC: On the high plateaux that overlooked Faiyum or the Radi, and where the drought factors had not been completely completed, there were groups living in mastery of making a primitive type of pottery, but also known as the industry Baskets and weaving, in particular, have mastered cereal cultivation Wheatand barley and all the techniques require d for this agriculture(such as machetes, grain mills, and silos in which crops are preserved). But that does not prevent us from saying that: Agriculture has been long overdue in Egypt from the rest of the Near East. In the face of the Neolithic culture, which appears to be somewhat crude, which existed in Fayoum, and in the ashes of Bani Salama In Lower Egypt near present-day Cairo), around five thousand years BC in Upper Egypt, civilizations known as the Copper Stone Age civilization arose, and this designation refers to the use of copper metal, but it seems that this use was limited to the manufacture of valuable pieces and tools, However, it is noted that these civilizations were clearly separated in the field of fear industry and ivory works, and they are called "Badari" civilization. As for the period approaching the fourth millennium BC, we call it the "pre-dynastic period

Four: Byzantine and Roman Egypt: The history of Roman Egypt began with the defeat of Egypt in 30 BC. In front of Octavian (later Emperor Augustus Caesar), after defeating Marcus Antonius and the Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium. In the aftermath, Egypt (Egypt) became a province of the Roman Empire, and included most of present-day Egypt except a peninsula Sinai. Both provinces, in Cyrenaica to the west and Arab countries to the east, were bordering Egypt. Egypt played the main producer of grains The empire The Roman Empire, circa 117, surrounds the Mediterranean Sea, and the province of Aegyptus is shown in red. It was a creation in Egypt to be the happiest country on earth, because the Nile irrigates and nourishes it, and because it is the most Mediterranean country able to content itself with its goodness - it is rich in love and fruit, and its land produces three yields per year, and no other country was above it in its industries, and it was exporting yields And manufactures to a hundred Qatar and Qatar, and rarely disturbed and worried about her foreign or civil war. But it seems that The Egyptians” despite

these reasons - or perhaps they are for these reasons - “We have not enjoyed freedom for one day in all of their history” (1), Josephus said. This is because their wealth was tempted by tyrants or conquerors, one by one, over fifty centuries, in which they succumbed to these tyrants and conquerors. Rome did not consider Egypt as a state of its own, but rather considered it a property of the Emperor himself, and was ruled by a ruler responsible before him alone. It was m Thirty, and the Greek language remained in that era as the official language - and no attempt was made to prepare the population, as Egypt's function in the empire was to be the resource from which Rome derived the grain it needed, and for this reason large areas of land were extracted from the priests and given to Roman financiers or The Alexandrians, made a vast waste in which peasants work and exploit without mercy. Government capitalism remained the same as it was under the Ptolemies

Summarize the topic:

The Arab Republic of Egypt is one of the countries that many civilizations have succeeded in, leaving different marks that appeared in the antiquities and fossils that researchers found. History scholars divided the periods that passed over Egypt to the history of ancient Egypt and the history of modern Egypt, as Egypt was the only country in the world The ancient one, which reached the concept of writing, and created the hemoglobin letters and signs, as the Egyptians were distinguished by registering all the events of their lives and their history, thus Egypt became the first country with a recorded written history and the land of Egypt is distinguished as a land that embraced the prophets and messengers. From Mrs. Hajar, as our master Joseph, peace be upon him, came to her, and in it God Almighty, Moses, peace be upon him, spoke to her

Research sources (reference): 1- Book of Dr. Ayat Al-Khatib 2- The book of Dr. Muhammad Al-Khatib, the book of Egypt during the pharaohs 3- B aines, John and Jaromir Malek (2000). The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt Facts on File .Hölbl ،Günther. 2001. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire - 4- Translated by Tina Saavedra. London: Routledge Ltd.

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