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A Widespread Review of Smart Grids Towards Smart Cities

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A Widespread Review of Smart Grids Towards Smart Cities energies Review A Widespread Review of Smart Grids Towards Smart Cities Mina Farmanbar *, Kiyan Parham, Øystein Arild and Chunming Rong Faculty of Science and Technology, Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; [email protected] (K.P.); [email protected] (Ø.A.); [email protected] (C.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 October 2019; Accepted: 22 November 2019; Published: 25 November 2019 Abstract: Nowadays, the importance of energy management and optimization by means of smart devices has arisen as an important issue. On the other hand, the intelligent application of smart devices stands as a key element in establishing smart cities, which have been suggested as the solution to complicated future urbanization difficulties in coming years. Considering the scarcity of traditional fossil fuels in the near future, besides their ecological problems the new smart grids have demonstrated the potential to merge the non-renewable and renewable energy resources into each other leading to the reduction of environmental problems and optimizing operating costs. The current paper clarifies the importance of smart grids in launching smart cities by reviewing the advancement of micro/nano grids, applications of renewable energies, energy-storage technologies, smart water grids in smart cities. Additionally a review of the major European smart city projects has been carried out. These will offer a wider vision for researchers in the operation, monitoring, control and audit of smart-grid systems. Keywords: smart city; smart grid; solar; wind; energy storage; smart water grid 1. Introduction Nowadays, considering the development of smart devices, there is a keen interest in linking interfacing items through available networks [1]. The aim of smart devices is to share/access information to/from other devices for taking smart decisions by having the capability of being integrated into current infrastructures as much as possible [2]. On the other hand, currently people move to cities to improve their life quality and the United Nations expects that by 2050, 70% of the world’s population will be settled in cities [3]. It is evident that urbanization has its own challenges including resource shortage, energy and waste management, aging of the existing infrastructures, human health problems etc. [4,5]. The smart city idea has been the spotlight during last decade and is suggested as an optimal solution of overcoming urbanization problems by researchers. Herein, smartness is defined as the desire of improving the quality of life within cities and residents living there from several points of views by utilizing information and communications technology (ICT). However, employing ICT in city setups does not construe a smart city [6]. For a smart city concept, there are many definitions and a widespread one describes a smart city as the connecting environment of physical, social, business, and ICT infrastructure for elevating the intelligence of the city [7] by balancing the demand and supply of different functionalities [8]; 75–80% of world energy consumption is attributed to cities [9,10], which leads to the generation of 80% of the total greenhouse gas emissions [11]. Bearing this in mind, besides the scarcity of fossil energy sources and increasing populations of cities, the renewable essence of renewable energy sources best fits the recent global energy demands of sustainable smart cities [12]. Smart grids (SGs) or the updated version of traditional “dumb” energy infrastructures stand as the key and vital items supporting the concept of a sustainable future city [10]. They merge the Energies 2019, 12, 4484; doi:10.3390/en12234484 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 Energies 2019, 12, 4484 2 of 18 a sustainable future city [10]. They merge the non-renewable and renewable energy resources into eachnon-renewable other, reducing and the renewable environmental energy resources problems. into Meanwhile each other, they reducing carry the the benefits environmental of lower problems. power costMeanwhile and a reliable they carry energy the benefitsservice of[13–16]. lower powerThere costis a andlack a of reliable monitoring/real-time energy service [13 control–16]. There in the is a traditionallack of monitoring non-smart/real-time systems, control which increates the traditional a challenging non-smart opportunity systems, for which SGs to creates act as a a challenging real-time solution.opportunity In case for of SGs a tosmart act ascity, a real-time the new solution. generation In caseof smart of a smart energy city, systems the new and generation grids have of smartthe capabilityenergy systems to manage and the grids energy have of the buildings capability which to manage are on their the energyway of ofmodernization, buildings which by linking are on theirthe smartway grids of modernization, and buildings by to linkingeach other the for smart efficient grids energy and buildings consumption/generation to each other for [17]. effi cientIn fact, energy the smartconsumption grid provides/generation new [services17]. In fact, for thethe smartinhabita gridnts provides of smart new homes services (SHs) for by the the inhabitants exploitation of smart of availablehomes (SHs) resources by the [18] exploitation and demonstrates of available a major resources potential [18] and from demonstrates the viewpoint a major of economic potential and from businessthe viewpoint value [19]. of economic Making andan allowance business valuefor the [19 smart]. Making grids anand allowance taking into for consideration the smart grids their and indispensabletaking into consideration service to other their infrastructures indispensable make service them to other an exemplary infrastructures guide makefor the them implementation an exemplary ofguide the smart for the cities. implementation By 2020, it of is the predicted smart cities. that Bythe 2020, smart it isenergy predicted sector that will the smartreach energyits highest sector developmentwill reach its within highest the development smart city within territory. the smartIt is expected city territory. that It15.8% is expected of the thatglobal 15.8% smart of the energy global marketsmart valued energy approximately market valued approximatelyUS $248.36 billion US will $248.36 be devoted billion will to smart be devoted energy to [3]. smart energy [3]. InIn short, short, the the smart smart city cityperception perception addresses addresses the arising the arising challenges challenges of urbanization of urbanization issue, which issue, iswhich and is is andgoing is goingto be tochallenging be challenging in the in thefuture. future. Suryadevara Suryadevara and and Biswal Biswal [20] [20 published] published a a comprehensivecomprehensive review review of of smart smart plug plug technology technology as as a apotential potential contributor contributor to to green green energy energy and and the the smartsmart grid/micro-grids grid/micro-grids and and smart smart cities. cities. Hernández-C Hernández-Callejoallejo [21] [21 reviewed] reviewed four four major major aspects aspects of of smart smart gridsgrids by by going going through through 316 316 applications applications of of smart smart grids. grids. Uslar Uslar et etal. al. [22] [22 ]conducted conducted an an inclusive inclusive overviewoverview of ofstate-of-the state-of-the art artand and related related work work for th fore theory, the theory, distribution, distribution, and usage and usage of the ofsmart the smartgrid architecturegrid architecture model. model. Espe et Espe al. [23] et al. re-read [23] re-read some research some research papers papers issued issued in the inperiod the period 2009–2018 2009–2018 and groupedand grouped them thembased based on their on theirresearch research contribution contribution into into the thecategories categories of ofprosumer prosumer smart smart grid grid classification.classification. Fallah Fallah et et al. al. [24] [24] focused focused on thethe currentcurrent state-of-the-art state-of-the-art of of computational computational intelligence intelligence (CI) (CI)techniques techniques employed employed for advance for advance intelligent intelligent load forecasting load forecasting in energy in smartenergy grids smart besides grids classifying besides classifyingdifferent CIdifferent techniques. CI techniques. However,However, there there is is a alot lot of of work work to to be be carried carried ou outt due due to totechnological, technological, economical, economical, and and governing governing barriers.barriers. The The aim aim of of this this paper paper is to provideprovide an an impression impression of of the the role role of smartof smart grids grids towards towards smart smart cities citiessince since they they play aplay major a major role in role this regard.in this regard. Firstly, weFirstly, will definewe will SGs define in more SGs detail in more and demonstratedetail and demonstratetheir importance their inimportance smart cities, in whichsmart willcities, be wh followedich will by be stating followed the rolesby stating of micro the/nano roles grids, of micro/nanosolar energy, grids, wind solar energy, energy, energy wind storage energy, and ener smartgy storage water gridsand smart by smart water cities. grids Lastly, by smart a review cities. of Lastly,the major a review European of the smart major city European projects smart will be city carried projects out. will To thebe carried best of out. the authors’To
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