AIR SUPERIORITY FORMULA: COOPERATION USAF Retires Last Military, Industry Piston Fighter Work Closely
-AIR SUPERIORITY FORMULA: COOPERATION USAF Retires Last Military, Industry Piston Fighter Work Closely
R ecent retirement of the last pis By O rval R. Coo~ t on-powered fighter plane to an Air Presid e n.t , A·i rc raft Industries Assoc iation Force m useum points up the remark able progress made by the USAF The bal ance of power that the free and the nation's aircraft industry in world holds today-U. S. air power just over a decade. - stems directly from a relationship . It was only in 1945 that the just between the government and the air retired piston-engine fi ghter plane craft industry that is unique in the was the hottest thing in the Air history of customer-producer deal Force's inventory. Its top speed was ings. 450 miles per hour. Its maximum T his relation altitude was about 40,000 feet. ship r etains all .Ju st as World War II ended, the of the inherent aircraft indus try had started turn a d va ntages of ing out j et-powered fighter planes competition for which co ul d reach speeds of nearl y GERMAN AIR MISSION VISITS U.S.-Lt. Ge n. Josef Kammhuber, th e c u s tom er {)00 miles an h our and altitudes be- Chief of Staff of the Ge~ · m a n Ail· Force (left), spoke be fore a 1·ecent and, at the same yond 45,000 feet. . . m eeting of the Export Committee of the Airc1·aft Industries Association. time, charges in With each passmg year, aircraft H e is shown with Maj. Gen. J. M. Weikert (USAF-Re t.) , Chairman of tlw dustry with the AlA E"-"}lOrt Committee, and Gen. Thomas D. White, Vice Chief of Staff greatest respon manufacturers' r esearch gave t~1 e of the U. S. Ah· Force. Gen. Kammhuber said the Ge~ · m a n Ai1· Force must AUSAF faster and more potent au· be put into conditio n by 1959 to defend against Russian pla n es capable sibilities ever W'craft. Engine m~nufa c tur ers, whose of ope1·ating in the Mach 1.3 to Mach 1.6 sp eed range. " If tha t is not vested in private enterprise. The first turbojet engmes probd~lcd~d 1,600 possible," b e said, "it would b e b etter to h ave no German Air Force." close government-industry teamwork ounds of thrust, are m mg gas The German Air F01·ce, now a p a 1·t of NATO, will b e composed of ten has produced a succession of supe p I ·nes 10 times as powerful. tactical wings a nd e ight to te n ail· defense wings with 1,326 ail·craft. rior aerial weapons. tur J I . b A a result, 1!1 the years etween The demand for greater perform ; and 1957, fi gh ter p_lane speeds ance, reliability and automatic func 194 Faster! Faster! tioning breeds complexity. The air ]wv e moved from 450 mil es an hou r in the piston plane t? better than craft of World War II bear a re semblance to modern aircraft rough 1400 in today's turboJets. Furth er Alice in Wonderland Would Find Tm:hnology d increases are Just around the ly comparable to a crystal and cat's s pee d" . corner as stu 1es contmue ~n ~as Pace in Aircraft Industry_ Familiar Gait whisker radio set and a combination turbine engines capable of de!Jvenn ,e: television, radio and phonograph set. An aircraft industry executive, see, it takes all the running you ~ to 25,000 pounds of th rust and Modern aeronautical ve hicles are p dynamicists do research on new castin g around for opening remarks can do , to keep in the same more accurately termed weapons for a speech he was planning, re aei O . d . I bl place . If you want to get so me systems. confi gurations anh . matena _s capa d e called a scene from Alice in Wonder o f handling sue u1 tra son1 c _spee s. where else, yon 1nust rnn at Today's aircra ft and missil es have land. least twice as fast as that.' " Similarl y, the 12-year p e r~od has sped past the point where the gov " ... still the Quee n kept cry The Queen's description of the tremendous advances 111 fir e ernment could economically direct see r~e r T he piston fi ghter of 194S ing 'Faster! Faster!', but Alice pace in Wonderland, th e executive in detail their design and production. ptnd ;nachine guns man ually fired felt she co uld not go fast er, decid ed, precisely fitted the tech The manpower requirements would use I e pilot. But the 1957 jet fi ghter thot£gh she had no breath left nological situati on of th e aircraft in be prohib itive. As complexity grows ) to say so. However fast they . •Y 1 1 ost cases carne. s a f ast- fi nn. g dustry. I t requires all the running apace with performance require Jn m or air-to-a ir missil es. Auto- went they never see med to pass the gove rnment-industry team ca n ments, th e a ircraft industry must as· anything. c annon. fire controI systems 1oc k on do just to keep up with the brea th sume even greater respo nsibility for ma li C · · d fi. '"Well, in o ur co untry,' said less technological pace, and to get enemY plane, zero m an 1e futu re aircraft and missiles. th e . sil es or cannon with deadly Alice, still panting a little, 'you'd ahead and stay ahead requires run A upersonic bomber now under the m JS. generally get to somewhere else ning twice as fa st. going fli ght tests has 16 major, high a c cura CY · advances by th e aircra ft - if you ran very fa st for a long It all goes to underline the World ly complicated sub-systems th at fu nc . Th e~e in the fi ghter fi eld have time as we've been doing.' War II slogan : "T he diffi cult we du ti on almost automaticall y. To mold Jndustl Yarall eled in bombers and " 'A slo w sort of co untry,' immediately; the impossibl e takes a these systems within the basic air said the Queen. 'Now here, you, little longer." fr ame. balancing weight: against per been P 1 nes as well. All USAF c argo_ ~ ~a c ti c a l and straJ:egic bomb form ance increases, requires th e fir st-lin w jet powered, except for hi ghest order of technical manage .4Aers are no) omber fl ee t. whi ch is rap 118 Million Air Passengers Predicted by 1970 ment by industry. ~th e )l e a~Y~ J converted from a combi The Civil Aeronautic Administra pasengers by 1960 - as aga in st 4 Even th e lar gest aircraft manufac- id l ~ )J e ~{' piston and jet engines to tion pred icts th at by 1970, 118 mil million in 1956- 8.9 million by 1965, 1ur er co uld not alone produce a natJOil . . force. And many cargo. lion pa ssengers a year wi ll be flyin g and 11.5 milli on by 1970. modern plane. The prime contractor a n all_- J: t. and training aircraft are U.S. dom esti c airlines, compared Additionall y, a lead ing airline - or weapons system manager- re ref u e iJ~1 "' ]aced by jets or t~Jrb o prop s. with 4·2 million in 1956. CAA fore executive fi gures the world's a ir lies on a va st netw ork of more than being 1 ep d va nces are typical of the see 66 million passengers a year by transport fl eet wiU be call ed on to 50.000 subcontractors and suppliers These a r esearch and production 1960 ; 93 million by 1965, and 118 carry 12.5 billion ton-miles by 1961. for th e greater part o[ the weapon. fores_ig ht, of th e nation's a i_r ?raft miJl ion by 1970. This means there will be no sur T hi s broad base of hi ghl y specialized requJre4 " to k eep U. S. md1tary On overseas routes. CAA estimates plus of transportati on in the future ~ ki ll s , which wa s brought aboul by anle- coll1 P suP rem e. an an nu al volum e of 6. 2 million wi th new jets entering service. (See COMPETITIO N. Page 7) a ir a rJilS Plane Views PLANES Planes is published by the Aircraft Industries Associa~ion or America, Inc., the national trade associa tion of the manuiacturers or m ilitary, transport , and personal aircr a ft, helicopters, ftying missiles a nd their accessories, instr uments a nd components. The purpose of Planes is to: Foster a better public understanding of Air Power and the AN INFRA RED requirements essential to preser vation of American leader ship in the air; HOMING DEVICE Illustrate a nd explain the special problems of the aircraft industry and its vital role in our national security. FOR MISSILES 1 Publication Office : 610 Shoreham Building, Washington 5, D. C. DEVELOPED BY THE New York Office: 150 East 42nd Street, New York 17, New York. Los Angeles Office : 7660 Bev erly Boul evard, Los Angeles 36, California . AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY IS 1 ALL MATERIAL MAY BE REPRODUCED- MATS OF ALL CHARTS SENSITIVE ENOUGH TO DETECT ARE AVA ILA BLE FREE A LIGHTED CIGARETTE MORE THAN HALF A MILE AWAY
The history of aeronauti cal power pla nts is brie f- little more than fi fty A U. S. JET INTERCEPTOR years. But in this brief period there has occurred a kaleidoscope of mec hani PLANE CARRIES ELEC cal accomplishments. T he United States engine ind ustry has progressed from a 12-horsepower engine capable of sustainin g fli ght for a few hundred TRONIC EQUIPMENT feet Lo rocket engines deliv ering hundreds of thousands po unds of th rust EQUAL IN COST AND that will soo n propel a missil e o ut of the atmosphere into space and strike a target 5,000 miles from the launching site. A chart on Page 8 of this COMPLEXITY TO THAT issue of Planes depicts the various types of aeronauti cal engines n011· being developed and prod uced. USED BY AN AVERAGE The greatest single advance in powerplant history has been the adapta tion of jet propulsion as an aircra ft engine. The piston engine, which was TELEVISION STATION remarkably refined to a point where the weight-to-power ratio wa ;: l -to-1, was un able to push fl ight to the speed o f sound. AIRCRAFT PARTS The j et principle has made supersonic fli ght routine in militarY opera TODAY ARE FINISHED ti ons, pushed open new frontiers in the air. The basic simplicity of the turbojet gives few clues to its great power. The turbojet runs with only a TO CLOSER TOLER single rotating part : the shaft on which the compressor and turbin e whee l ANCES THAN THE are moun ted. I t scoops in huge quantities of air (seve ral tons a minu te) . compresses and ignites it wi th fu el (anything from kerosene to powdered TOOLS USED TO BUILD coal ) and spews the expa nding gases through the tailpipe at speeds of AIRCRAFT DURING 1,200 miles per hour. A Behind this simplicity lie thousa nds of hours of design engin eering ancr-' WORLD WAR li testing. The turbine blade, which is a mini ature airfoil, must be manufac· ' PLANES ' Lur ed to tolerances of two-thousandths of an inch ; ball bearing tolerances are held to fi fty-millionths of a n inch. Hundreds of different designs in volv- in g the inlet diameter and contour, the fl ow of air, injection of fu el. the Roof or Plane search for metals to withstand the searing heats, are all refl ected in its AIR QUOTE simple great power. All the Same " Hight now we are coming into The swift development o f the gas turbine engine was made p o ;: ~ ib l e by Back in 1944, a roadhouse pro the missil e era. military demands. But there was a n important commercial di vidend. .l e t. pri etor on the outskirts of J ohannes "In 1954, about 90 per cent of transpo rts are scheduled fo r delivery Lo airlines next year, powered by a burg, South Africa, was un able Lo our procurement money went for jet engine thoroughly proven in mil itary aircraft. W hen this engine lifts the buy corrugated iron roofin g to patch aircra ft, and only 10 per cent first production jet transport off the runway it will have accumulated went for missiles. up th e leaky roo f of his cafe. 4,500,000 operational hours, insuri ng the same hi gh degree o[ reliabi lit y Unda unted, he purcha ed a war " In the 195 8 budget, about 35 th at has made U. S. piston-powered a ircra ft the sta nda rd [ the world. weary twin-engined tran port plane per cent of our procurement 0 which h ad crashed in the Tran vaal, money wi ll go for mi ssiles, and in The turboprop- a jet engin e turning a propeller- also has im po rtant and perched it atop the roo f of hi s 1961, that will be split 50-50 be mili tary and co mmercial applications. T he turboprop is fa ster than the establishment. For 12 long years, tween aircraft and mi ssiles. piston engine but lacks the speed of th e pure jet. But it has the adl' antage the transpo rt adorned the roof as an ·'Just as the aircraft required of lower fuel consumpti on for economi cal long-range operati ons. T he turbo unha ppy groundling, keepin g the new fl exibility in mil itary think prop engin es which will be used nn passenger p la nes also have been proven
pa trons free of rain and snow. ing and planning fo r its most ef in extensive mil ita ry use tha t. includ es 1,000 or more fli ght hours in 11·eatlt er Last year , however, the wa r-w eary fective use, missiles will req ui re co nditions more severe than airlines normally encounter. craft was bought by a representative ev en more. Our main challenge T he first turbojet engines ma nufactured in the U. S. were b a ~e d nn of an undesignated Ameri can fi rm during th e coming yea rs will be foreign designs. During Worl d War II the American en o- ine industrv co n to integrate missiles into our com for a handsome price. di smantled, centrated on the production of piston engines and was un: ble to expe;1d th e bat force without losin g eff ecti ve and sh ipped by land and sea to eff ort to develop gas turbine engin es. Bu t imm ediately a fter Worl d Wa r Durba n and NataL ness. In shor t, our probl em will II, our engine ind ustry brought the full force of a vigo rous a nd imaginative And to what purpose was the be one of when a nd how to substi research a nd develo pment p rogram to bear on the gas turbine. With in a vintage aircra ft a. signed ? Flyin g tute mi ssil es for aircraft without what else? en-da ngering our ecurity at any few yea rs a fter t.h e war, the engine manufactu rers we re prod ucing model T oda y, completely refurbished, time a long the line. J usl as ne.w of their ow n design in t. he 10,000-pound thrust class. a ircraft have Jed us to certam the ve n e ra bl ~ but s t u~· d y plane. is T he U. S. today lead. the world in th e production o f je t: engines- n10 re chan o-es in our orga nization struc than 90,000 have been b uilt in the last ten yea rs. hack in 5er v1ce, oc?as10nally fl ymg tu r es~ it is more than li kely that ' t . for mer nestmg place. T he next ste p beyond producing gas turbine engin es of greater power over 1 s · I missiles will create the need for en ted t 1e resta urateur : "I en tirely new structures. I t is obvi and effi ciency could be coupling the gas turbine with ramj et or rocket p o ,~r e r C to have lost the old girl, o m~ ous that we must keep our minds fo rms. T he turboj et could be uti li zed at its most effi cient alt itudes. giVI ng am s.oil · y nice to k now t ha t. s h e 1.s but 1t J S . , free to mov e ahead rapidly if we way to th e ramj et or rocket . at their peak efficiency altitudes. Indu stry are to get th e most eff ectiveness ex per ts predic t. that jet p ropulsion will be the primary form of twwer fo r flyi ril g aga Jjn,t. have added that the I- e mrrr f J from our progressing techn ology." the next fifty years. f h"? . former roo was a so a 1 - -Ge rr eral Nathan F. Twining, P ower is the pivot upo n which the a ircraft industry turns, th e pac e saga o · ~ te to the durability of 1 Chief of Staff, USA F, December maker for av iation progress. T he engin e industry already is preparm g: for glowi1_1 g ttb· bu _ ircr a ft. no matter 18, 1956. Amen can- Ul 1t a a fu tu re that will open up space it. se][ a. a hi ghway for air travel. j10w ancient.
2 HE nati on' · guided misl
would not be unfair to state that the industry Several seconds later, a second V-2 dropped know-how which made manned aircraft and on Epping and the guided missile era began. air power the deciding factors in World War There is now little doubt that if these V-2's II and the Korean War is certain to make the had been equipped with nuclear warheads, guided missile (and the airplane) the domi the victor in World War II might not have nant factor in any future conflict. been the Western Allies. From our point of The guided missile is not actually a new view, it was very fortunate that the V-2's pay weapon of warfare. The Bible tells us that load of 3,000 pounds of high explosive was David overpowered an aggressor, Goliath, by small and the accuracy relatively poor. De propelling a sort of missile, a stone fired from spite these shortcomings, the V-2 ballistic mis a slingshot. The Chinese used rockets against sile became a co nstant and irritating threat to the Tartars in the thirteenth century. Fire the Alli es for the duration of the war. arrows were launched from catapults during the Crusades. In the eighteenth century, the ITH V-E and V-J clays came the cry of famous British Rocket Corps used rockets W "bring the boys home." Contracts for with startling results. billions of dollars worth of airplanes and for Even if the definition of guided missiles is research and development on both manned made more strict- i.e., an unmanned aerial aircraft and guided missiles were cancelled. vehicle which, while in fli ght, can change its Military planners were fully aware at the time trajectory and be guided, the U.S. Air Serv that th e era of jet propulsion for aircraft and ice by 1919 was using production models of a the age of the missile were just beginning. But " fl ying torpedo." Orville Wright, Charles F. the funds necessary to full y finance research Kettering, Elmer Sperry and General H. H. and output were simply not to be had. Much Arnold headed a group of engineers who be of the job fell to the aircraft companies, who gan promoting this " fl ying torpedo" just a were in no position to pay for the needed little more than a decade after the 1903 Wright studies because their production co ntr ac t s ~ Brothers fli ght By September 1919, the first had been cut back and they were deep in the successful launching of the " fl ying torpedo" red. Similarly, the American people, through - a small aircraft-type missile powered by an the Congress, at that time convinced that ag internal combustion engine and propeller gression had been ended for all time, kept ap had taken place. propriations for guided missile research at a very low level. Air-to-Air D URING the 1920's and the 1930's, Pro- Despite these drawbacks, the aircraft com fessor Robert H. Goddard, of Clark Uni panies and associated firms began studies on versity, Worcester, Massachusetts, carried on the various guided missile types. Included scores of high-altitude rocket experiments, but were air-to-air missiles for defensive actions his findings were all but ignored in the United against enemy bombers and fi ghters, air-to States. The same was not true of Europeans, surface and air-to-underwater missiles for of especially the Germans, who made careful note fensive use, surface-to-air anti-aircraft-type of the Goddard experiments and expanded and interceptor-type missiles to down enemy on them . bombers before th ey could reach targets in By World War II, advances in military th e United States, and several varieties of techn ology permitted increased use of guided surface-to-surface missiles. Included in the I ombs like the American Azon , Razon and last category were tactical missiles to support Tarzan and the German Fritz X. Later in the our ground troops, ship- and submarine-ba eel war, the Germans started using the V-1 buzz wea pons u able against targets ashore, and bomb. On September 8, 1944-, the 1azis' first longer-range missiles in both the air-breath successful launching in ange r of their V-2 ing and ballistie categories. ballistic missil e too k place. Fired in Holland, Many of these missile are already in mas it fell 180 mi le away at Chestwi ck, England. production and operational u e and oth er arc
USAF: BOMARC ARMY S11 rfa ce-to-Air Honest J ohn , Nike, Corporal Surface-to-Surface
currently at the stage where th ey are ready An interes ting point about the frequently for production. Each passing yea r brings 11·ith expressed confidence of most informed offi it improvements in existing missiles. As eYi· cials that the ballistic missile is aLnost certain dence, it need onl y be pointed out that the to be attained in accordance with the present Army's Nike Ajax anti-aircraft missile is highly optimisti c time-table is that we would scheduled to be replaced by Nike Hercul es, be at least one year behind current planning which has improved range and performance. had not one of the pioneer aircraft compani es The avy's ship-to-surface Regulus I is to be in the field had co nsiderable foresight. In the supplemented by Regulus II, which travels late 1940's, the Air Force found it necessary farther at supersoni c, rather than subsonic, to cancel Project MX-774, the forerunner of speeds. And the Air Force's TM-61A Matador, the Atlas program, for economy reasons. But designed to support Army troops, has been the company invo lved in the project carried replaced on the manufacturer's producti on on research solely with its own money for one line by the TM-61B, which provides beller full year and with onl y limited military sup· guidance and therefore greater accuracy. port for several other years before the Atlas project was beg un in earnest in 1951. HE nati~n 's lon~-ran ge ~bomb e r striking The most significant event causing present Tforce ultimately IS destmed to be aug optimism about the ballistic missile program mented by both intermediate range and inter took .place in 1952-1953. This has since been continental ballistic missiles. These ballistic labeled th e " thermonuclear breakthrough," missile projects, which have been assigned the and made it possible to achi eve higher destruc top priority over all other military programs tive yields from smaller warheads in the nose by the ational Security Council, include the cone of the ICBM. The reduction in size and Air Force's Thor IRBM and Titan and Atlas weight of the warhead, tied in with th e in ICBM's and the avy's Polaris IRBM. It is creased yield of the fu sion reacti on, pe rmitted rtJI no accident th at the prime contractor and th e the ICBM to be effecti ve. power plant producer on each of these top priority ballisti c missiles is an old-line avia "\V liTH the kn owledge of the th e rm ? n~ c l e ar tion company, each well-schooled in the prob W breakthrough, a team of the nati on s top lems of aerodynamic heating, thrust augmen scientists, headed by the late Dr. John von tation, construction materials and all the other eumann and former Assistant Air Force Sec· areas common to both manned and un manned retary Trevor Gardner, recommended in Feb aerial vehicles. The only other long- range ruary 1954. that the ICBM program be ac ballistic missile under development in the celerated. The scien tifi c group's recommenda United States at present, the Army 1up iter tions were accepted and the intercontinen tal IRBM, has been assigned to the Air F orce for ballisti c missile program was made the top possible use, but research funds available after priority program in the Air Force. Later on, July 1, 1957 wi ll preclude th e Air Force from on the advice of a second panel of top-level carrying on studies on both the Thor and scientists, th e IRBM program was started and 1upit er IRBM's. One of these will be elimi placed on a co-equal status with th e ICBM, nated as a research project during the 1953 the over-all ballistic missile program bein g fi scal year. assigned the No. 1 priority in the Defense either th e IRBM nor th e ICBM will be Department late in 1955. ready for operati onal use for several years. We in this co untry must realize that if we But th e aircraft industry has evolved two air· can develop ba lli stic missiles successfull y, the breathing intercontinen tal mi s il es, th e turbo same must be true of th e Russ ians. They jet-powered Snark and the ramjet 1ava ho, garnered as many docum ents and scientists to serve in th e inventory. The Snark is al from th e Ge rman missile research center at ready in limited production and the 1 avaho is Peenemunde as possible right after V-E Day close to that stage. and have been ca rrvi ng on crash program de·
USAF: NAVAHO USAF : SNARK Su rface -to-Su rf ace Su rface-t o-Surface sig ned to attain ballistic missiles since that 1946-1957. Who knows whether this nation 1951 is rapidly being foll owed in procure time. Their leaders have made periodic ref would still be free if the aircraft industry had ment. In 1952, only four cents of the Air erences to " over-water rockets" and the like not done so effi cient a job ? Much as the Force's " aircraft and rela ted procurement" meaning that our own aircraft industry sci: manned intercontinental bombers and high dollar went for purchase of g uided missiles. enlists must also cope with the problem of speed fi ghters have successfully prevented the T wo years later it was a dime; by 1956 it was developing an anti-missile missile, which will outbreak of a full-scale nuclear war, their 12 cents. F o r 1958, abo ut 35 per cent of the be able to knock a Soviet ballistic missile out new co mpanion in arms-the missiles being: USAF 's procurement m oney will go for mis- of the sky before it can do any damao-e to evolved and built by the nati on's a irplane, siles and it is expected tha t .the 50-50 split be American cities. Efforts like these take ~n o r e eng ine and system producers-rna y he the tween aircraft a nd missiles will show up in than money, which can always be made avail future deterrent. the budget submitted in January 1960 for abl ~ in a nation as ric~1 ~s ours. Development fi scal 1961. The USAF 's percentages are proJe_cts fo_r potent Imssde_s. of any sort take certam pnceless commod1tJes-tin e ( 1 · I N a real sense, the companies in the aircraft pa ra ll eled b y the missile procurement fi gures e 1 IV liC l can never be bought), technical e .· industry are making tremendous strides in of the A rmy and Navy. ~ . . . xpe11 ence I ( bas1cally sumlar to the problems of d developing new weapons ,rhich will make Despite the increasing emphasis that is a n. ·c ra ft ) , s k'II1 e d manpo wer ( fa ·1 · mann. .e I some o f their older products unnecessary. It being placed on all types of guided missil es, • • 111 1 tar Wit 1 the necess1ty of workmg to extreme] I might be defin ed as a case o f " technological it must b e remembered that thev are actually .tolera nces), management capabilit , { c ose unemployment" for certain types of piloted a nother weapon o f wa r. The ma,nned a irplane rable to that fo und in an industt· ) I ~olmpa- aircraft. will always be able to accomplish everything y w l!C 1 in creased aircraft production from OO - that the g uided missile can, although perhaps 6 A good example is found in President 96,000 annua ll y in the years bet , ' 0 to E isenhower's budget message to Congress for not always quite as quickly. As a supplement and 1944) and specialized resear ;' een 1939 to the lJil oted airc raft the o- uided missil e has 1 the coming fi scal year. In that message, the ' 0 . duction facilities. c and pro· President noted that the Army's growing certain advantages, notably its ability to fl y !!uided missile capabilities and the increased hig her a nd faster. For. these reasons, the mis 0 the uninitiated, it mi o- ht ~ ff ec tiv e n ess and mobility of tactical air s!le is bo und to be less susceptible to intercep T th e modern g uided missile . all~ p e ar that tr on than the airplane. One other advantage . IS Jttfe planes had made possible a pla nned reduction than a s h ~ ll _h ous1n g electronic bla _ 1ll ore in the number of Tacti cal Air Command inherent in the missile is that there are no men But the mr ss1l e of today is 111 u I ck boxes. a board, meaning that the lives of air crewmen 1 wings. that. It is an a irframe with Wt: more than Among the missiles respons ible for the a re not endangered. . n ~ l 1n the same sense that manned anc fin s, scheduled reducti on in T AC are the Air fi ghters and transports are air[ . bombers. . I . 1anl es I Fo rce's Matador and the Army's Corporal, L IKE the _missile, the military airplane ~ as ~ uu es _ a _yropu s JO_n system Whi ch · t re- Lacrosse and Honest 1o hn surface-to-surface one basic purpose in life-the destructiOn marned " to the au·frame for err; . must be weapons. These four missiles are being pro of enemy targets. Our manned aircraft are tion, just as in the piloted Plan lcrent opera duced b y two of the leading airframe com n ~ w. fully capable of reaching any target ~nd must be made for the missile ,_, eh. Provision 1 a t panies. U nde r the present plan, the T AC elllll!nating it throu rr h the use of fi sswn 1 0 the right amount of space must I eac i Ust as wino-s due to be eliminated involve fi ghter- and fusion weapons. In the case of the air bomber for the bombload. 1'he Je left in a o Va t · ' bombers built b y other manufacturers. But plane, which is m ore v ulnerable to intercep- compasses, radios, automatic pilot 'lo us gyro- the same tw o companies which are making ti on, it may take more than one plane and other pieces of electrical and ele s, radar and Ctt · the missil es for tactical use are traditional mo re_ tha1~ one attempt. In other words, for ment must be integrated into o n1 c equip- suppliers o f tactical bombers to the T actical certaJn miSS ions, the missile, which ultimately e weapon sy~ t e m in the g uided . a_ complete 111 1 Air Command. If they keep designing and maY be able to destroy a target on the first they are combined to make a 11 a . . Sile, just as 1 manufacturing tacti cal missiles, which d o a try, would be more eff ecti ve than the airplane. suffi cient, highly effective w e ap 0 ~ Plane a elf- external appendages to the of War A. . fine job supporting ground troops, their tac Of course, we will never be able to be com ~ " U.'d . ny ti cal bomber business will fall off. pletely certain that our missiles will be able to must be planned so that they '"ill 1 ed mis . 11 1 The nation's guided missile activity is now get through to the taro-et on the first attempt ideal aerod ynamic ~o nfi_g uratiol1 ~t s p o il~~ : I "' ·11 Lerna! sto res a nd wmg-ttp tank ' JUst as ,_ a multi-billion doll ar business a nd all s igns Jecause o f enemy countermeasures. It WI . d . . s ex a re des 1g ne to mamtam as Jl . 0 n airll) point to further increases. Spending for mis t~ ere for e be necessary to procure enough mis . . h . e q e a nes c1 y nam1c s ape as poss11 J 1e . ct an siles during the coming fi scal year will total stles to provide an " offensive in depth" to . aero- ] t JS therefore completely loa- · mo re than $2 billion, as against $1.5 billion assure the necessary amount needed to de 1 stroy the ta rget. that the men qualifi ed to n1ak"' Ca ) to e . during the yea r ending next June 30. Re h e th Xpect search and development activities in the Much has been said about the possible con a re the a me m en w o hav e m 1· . e b S des a uided miss il e fi eld have also been climbing sequences if the Soviet U nion should attain the ma nned a irpla nes which h een m k· 0 . II . h ave a " HF' a t JO n so we 111 two ot IV a i' served "' a t a steady rate. M issil e R&D expenditures eithe r the IRBM or the ICBM, o r both, be 8 s urpassed tho e for a ircra ft for the first time fore the United Sta tes. Naturall y, such a de· d Ko rea) a nd the prolo 11 " (World ~~ h e <:oe c] c vv ar in 1951 and the trend has been in favor of ~ · elo pr ne nt would not be very pleasant. -~ut o 11c "'a r o f missil es ever sin ce. For fi scal 1958, the three It would not necessarily handicap our abd~t y military ser vices a re scheduling $276 million to dete r aggression. The thousands of Jet fo r research on ma nned a ircraft as against fi g ht ~ r s a n ~! li ght bombers already built b y the $332 million fo r research on missiles. Huss1ans g1ve the Red A ir Force enough short The pa tt ern esta blished in research back in a nd n~ e dium range striking p ower to carry out near 1 ~ s borders just about what could be ac comphshed by use of the IRBM. Simila rl y, a Soviet I CBM wo uld not auto maticall y mea n that our ma nned bornb er would be rendered useless. As long as the men in the Kremlin are convinced that th e piloted pla nes deli vered b y A m e ri ca ~ a ir c r a f~ e: manufacture rs are capable of infli ctillg un ~c ceptable da mage on Russia n ta rgets, our _aH pla nes, supplemented b y missil es, will co ntu1lle to be a deterrent to war. . A nd as 1o n. g as t h e a ·n ·c raft 1n. c-1 u slt.)' and 1ts. as ociated companies keep evolvin g potent o · • o LII C1 e c1 Ill ·ISS I·1 es, t I1 e lead which L1II · S .00 unl. TV· hold ovP. r the Russia ns in the rni ssll e f r ~ lc 1 111 wi ll IJe ma·rnl a ·rn ec1 a nd· poss1·1J 1)' even - creased .
' PLANES ' Competition Sets Progress Pace (Continued from Page 1) the effort of large aircraft and en gine companies, is the basic reason the industry is able to assume weap- on assignments of such technologi cal magnitude. The usual develo pment of a weap ons system starts with a general re- / - quirement laid down by our defense leaders; for example, they may want an aircraft capable of Mach 2 speed. 75,000-foot operating altitude, a range of 5,000 miles carrying a 2- lon payload. The government, working closely with the aircraft industry, makes a decision to go ahead with the project, based largely on the technical judgment of the aircraft industry as to its feasibility. This is cooperation of great fineness and trust. It remains throughout the de sign, production and operational stages of the aircraft. The aircraft industry often con tributes plans for entirely new wea p Housewife's Automatic Washer Is Converted on s for which an operational require Aviation Booklet ment has not been developed. In To Speed Jet Engine Part Production other cases, aircraft manufacturers, To speed production of complex nicks of the engin e parts. wearing for Children using their ow n funds, proceed with steel jet engine components, one them smooth and clean. The vane the design and development of an aircraft company's midwestern plant and shroud units fini shed in the Proo-rams aimed at indoctrinal in g aircraft for which there is only an uses a specially designed and built tumbling machines are intricate as the y~uth of America in aviation indicated need. A case in point is tumbling machine which bears a semblies, con isting of inner and have been stepped up by the Na the jet tanker. Long before the Air striking resemblance to the family outer shroud rings connected by as tional Aviation Education Council. Force formally asked for proposals automati c washing machine. many as 160 air foil vanes. Made up of a group of leading edu on a jet tanker, an aircraft manufac By usin g the new automatic tum The tumbling units cost more than cat01·s, the nun-profit organization turer was well along on design work bling machines, the . components S50,000 but are well worth install:J a ims at enrichment of lhe general and a prototype was under way. The manufacturer estimates, fini shing ti on and upkeep cost, as they com ~t ud y features of aviation education, A manufacturer invested $16 million operati ons on engine assemblies are pletely eliminate hand deburring, performing this vital service t!lrough W of the company's funds in a calcu completed in one-fourth the time vapor blast and wash operations, reachin" yo uno·s te rs both 111 the lated gamble that it would receive previously required. and are 75 per cent fa ster, th e com school ~ nd th e,.., home. I an Air Force order. Looking like large rotary laundr)' pany reports. This is another exam There was no g uarantee that the washers, the tumbling machines usc pl e of ingenuity and cost-conscious NAEC ha s, in - ~ li .n e with thi s : ·•;;;:,.!' -,,, .r~ Air Force would place an order. In a drum about six feet long and four ness on the part of U. S. aircraft I .._, I !.! pro g ram , pub- '' ~ -· this case the risk paid off. The prin feet in diameter. A central sha ft manufacturers which helps to ex cipal beneficiary was the Air Force. in the machine holds up to 14 vane I i s h e d se ver a 1 - {; I pl ain why Ameri can airplanes and 1 The first production tanker was de and shroud assemblies, major com engin es are the best in the world. teacher -prepared ,~ ·· ·. livered to the Air Force early this ponents of a turbojet engin e. booklets with a J -· year, at least two years ahead of the In use, the j et components ar_e so und ed ucational and an acc urate time this vi tal plane would have been held rigidly on the central sha!t 'Inner Ear' Guides aviation point of vi ew. delivered in an ordinary customer while the large tumbling barrel slow For the harassed parent who h a~ sell er relation. hip. ly revolves. The barrel contains an despaired of ever kee ping hi ~ an i The competitive drive within the abrasiv e charge-a mixture of alumi Missile Flight mated offspring absorbed in any industry is not diminished by the num oxide chips, pieces of milrl thing-let alone in educational pur £a ct that individual companies have steel wire and water. As the barrel Taking a lesson from 1hal master engin eer - nature - research engi suits. we recommend the bo okl et 1h e same major customer; rather. rotates, the abrasive mixture hones Aviation Activities. the competition is intensifi ed. T ech: neers at one of this nation's major and polishes the sharp edges and Included in the fun-fill ed pages, nological advances in the aircraft aircraft companies have developed a liny but powerful " brain" for use is a picture dict.i onary, with whicll industry have come so rapidly in the the risks and responsibilities shoul in advanced missile guidance pro they can cut o ut words, such as; last few yea rs that companies failing dered by the aircraft industry, there gntnl s. helico pter, control tower, pilot. etc., to maintain aggressiv e, well-financed still ex isl in some quarters the er and paste them under the ri ght pic progra ms of research and develop The device, weighing lillie more roneo us impression that doing busi th a n one ounce, duplica tes lh e bal lure. There are cut-out s of stewa rd ment soon find th emselv es without ness with the government is a short, ance mecha ni sm of the human inner ess a nd pilot hats whi ch can be orders. happy road to corporate success ; ear. In fact, its designers say, the colored, pasted to gether and worn. Beca use flf the ra pid technologica l that the government stands ready devi ce even re embles the convolu The child can play the role of pil ot, pace, 1h e industry find s it elf in 1h e with a blank check to bail out in ti ons of the inner ear in shape. navi cra tor or even the jet plane i~ c urious position of bein g overtaken effi cient companies. Nothing could self ~vi lh this boo kl et. There i · al so by the futw·e. The hi gh co t o f new be further from the truth. The his Made of glass tubing, this new man-made hra in can he made ultra a n airport game which can be played facilities and talent to ex plore new lory o f a company's performance is sensitive electronically lo provide a by as many as fo ur children, and a ideas demands a substantial rein a key fa ctor in contractu a l consid report to missil e guidance equipment variety of other fascinating it ems vestment o f earnings a imed a t su_p- erations. of th e sli ghtest course deviation. for any youngster in the 4· tn 8a~c - ]yJ.n " a market that co uld sh1ft But the impression, however er g roup. Interwoven in all of th1 s _1 s quickp "'l y or d'J sappear. "I he aJr. cra ft roneous, has som etimes led to de Unlike na ture's mysteri ous meth od of making things work, lhi s liny de real instructi on. The kidclies wJll industry as a whole_ pl ows . back mand. for r estrictive, even pun iti ve vice built by man uses a n electrolyti c be absorbed and deli oht ed- and they bout 65 per cent of 11: s ea rnJngs-- control that would in evitably freeze - solution to cover tungsten electr de.s will learn. " a · uher 1han any other American in- the free fl ow of id ea , destroy the 0 l fu sed into th e gla s material. T he Aviation Activities ma y be oh dll , stry. even t Iw ug h 1t. s pro fi ts- to- incentive to take on and carry· out electrodes are connected into a n elec lained by writing to th e National s:ies are far below the in responsibl e assignm ents. n ~t i o n a l trical circuit and when th e mi ssil e Av iation Education Co un cil. 1025 dustrial average. But WJthout the T he a ircra ft industry is proud th at strays in the slightest from its Connecti cut Ave., Washinglun 6. hj uh reinvestment rate, even the fl p the government is its principal cns pl a nned course. signal voltages are D. C. The price is 30 cent s. The for new bu sine s wo uld be lomer, and wiJlin gly accepts the po~tun it y tra nsmitted to the gui dan<;e system. National Aviation Edurati on oun lost. chall enge of the heav ier responsibili which, in lurn. a<:l ivate correcti ve cil is sponsored by th e Ai1· cra ft ln Despite the keen competition and tie lhat the futu re wi ll hring. controls. rlu stries Associati on.
.7 TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER_ Gases from the turbojet exhaust contain unburned oxygen. By adding fuel to the afterburner it can be burned to further heat and expand the gases beyond what is possible in the turbojet.
PISTON-Air is first compressed in the super charger, then forced into the cylinders where it is further compressed and ignited. Fuel' is injected and the expanding gases push pistons which rotate the shaft and propeller.
BYPASS - A variation of the basic turbojet the bypass (or dueled fan) engine uses over~ size inlet stages to the compressor. Only a part of the airflow goes to the compressor; the balance goes around to mix with the exhaust.
LIQUID FUEL ROCKET - Combinations of the oxidant and fuel are injected into the combustion chamber by pumps where they burn at temperatures ranging from 3,500 to 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit.