Copyright protected

Skeletal anatomy

Almut Nebel (Katharina Fuchs, Joanna Bonczarowska)

AlmutInstitute Nebel of Clinical Molecular Biology Copyright protected The magic number

How many main bone elements does an adult skeleton consist of?

206 Copyright protected The 206 bones Mays The (2010) Archaeology of Human Bone Copyright protected Human skeleton

§ supports the body Mays The (2010) § maintains movement and

Archaeology stability

of Human § forms joints

Bone § protects vital organs § stores fat, blood- forming marrow, mineral salts Copyright protected Bone types by shape Copyright protected Bone tissue

§ cortical bone: solid, dense part of the outer bone layer

(compact bone)

§ trabecular bone: less dense with honeycomb structure (trabeculae) en.wikipedia.org

Red bone marrow Copyright protected Bone types by shape Copyright protected Structure of a long bone classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Structure of a flat (short, irregular) bone

classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Bone tissue

§ cortical bone: solid, dense part of the outer bone layer

§ trabecular bone: less dense with honeycomb structure (trabeculae) en.wikipedia.org

Red bone marrow Copyright protected Cortical bone classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Spongy bone

§ no osteons

§ blood vessels meander through spongy bone

§ trabeculae: - contain irregular lamellae - align along lines of stress biologydictionary.net Copyright protected Bone tissue cells

en.wikipedia.org Copyright protected Haematopoietic tissue

Hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow) in adult bones:

§ trabecular cavities of the spongy part in flat bones

§ epiphyses of long bones easynotecards.com 2 (OH) 6 ) 4 bone of (PO 10 protected composition Copyright Copyright : a naturally occurring mineral form of form mineral occurring naturally a : Chemical calcium apatite with the formula Ca formula the with apatite calcium Hydroxyapatite Copyright protected Structure of cortical bone

newscenter.lbl.gov Copyright protected Renewal of bone tissue

Bone tissue is not inanimate, it is continuously renewed:

§ is permeated with nerves and blood vessels § can repair itself after injury or disease § can adapt to mechanical stress imposed on it (e.g. weight, muscular tension)

-> more stress: more robust, thicker and stronger, with marked ridges for muscle attachment -> basis for sexing and aging -> … all ‘osteobiographic’ information: skeletal profiles Copyright protected Plasticity of bone Mays The (2010) Archaeology of Human Bone

tennis Copyright protected Bone growth

Ossification starts in 5.-6. (8?) week after fertilization

Endochondral ossification • Bones are preceded by cartilage precursors (cartilage models) • Most bones in the skeleton Intramembranous ossification • apposition on tissue within an embryonic connective tissue membrane • Frontal/parietal bones classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Development of a long bone

month 2 of fetal life postnatal mid-teens to mid-twenties

classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected The magic number

How many main bone elements does an adult skeleton consist of?

206 270 at birth Copyright protected Dentition

• heterodont, bilateral, upper and lower

• diphyopdont: deciduous and permanent dentition

yourarticlelibrary.com Copyright protected Deciduous dentition

• heterodont, bilateral, upper and lower • diphyopdont: deciduous and permanent dentition

pediatricdentisthoustontexas.com; uic.edu Copyright protected Permanent dentition

• heterodont, bilateral, upper and lower • diphyopdont: deciduous and permanent dentition

tutorvista.com Copyright protected Bone and tooth development

-> ageing of infants, juveniles (immature)

en.wikipedia.org Copyright protected Vertical section through a molar

Hard tissues: § enamel, dentine, cementum § no blood supply § not renewed Copyright protected Survival of human tissues

teeth – bones

cortical bone – spongy bone

enamel – dentine

DNA – RNA – lipids – proteins

collagen – keratin

Mays (2010) The Archaeology of Human Bone Copyright protected

Service (2015) Science 348: 1184 Copyright protected

What is the hardest and densest bone part in the human body? Copyright protected Inner ear part of the pars petrosa (1)

Pinhasi et al. (2015) PLoSOne e0129102 Copyright protected Inner ear part of the petrous bone (2)

-> yield of endogenous human DNA increased in pars petrosa due to reduced bacteria-mediated and other post-mortem decay

Pinhasi et al. (2015) PLoSOne e0129102