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Skeletal Anatomy

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Skeletal Anatomy Copyright protected Skeletal anatomy Almut Nebel (Katharina Fuchs, Joanna Bonczarowska) AlmutInstitute Nebel of Clinical Molecular Biology Copyright protected The magic number How many main bone elements does an adult skeleton consist of? 206 Copyright protected The 206 bones Mays (2010) The Mays Archaeology of Human Human of Bone Copyright protected Human skeleton § supports the body Mays (2010) The Mays § maintains movement and Archaeology stability of Human Human of § forms joints Bone § protects vital organs § stores fat, blood- forming marrow, mineral salts Copyright protected Bone types by shape Copyright protected Bone tissue § cortical bone: solid, dense part of the outer bone layer (compact bone) § trabecular bone: less dense with honeycomb structure (trabeculae) en.wikipedia.org Red bone marrow Copyright protected Bone types by shape Copyright protected Structure of a long bone classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Structure of a flat (short, irregular) bone classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Bone tissue § cortical bone: solid, dense part of the outer bone layer § trabecular bone: less dense with honeycomb structure (trabeculae) en.wikipedia.org Red bone marrow Copyright protected Cortical bone classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Spongy bone § no osteons § blood vessels meander through spongy bone § trabeculae: - contain irregular lamellae - align along lines of stress biologydictionary.net Copyright protected Bone tissue cells en.wikipedia.org Copyright protected Haematopoietic tissue Hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow) in adult bones: § trabecular cavities of the spongy part in flat bones § epiphyses of long bones Copyright protected Chemical composition of bone easynotecards.com Hydroxyapatite: a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Copyright protected Structure of cortical bone newscenter.lbl.gov Copyright protected Renewal of bone tissue Bone tissue is not inanimate, it is continuously renewed: § is permeated with nerves and blood vessels § can repair itself after injury or disease § can adapt to mechanical stress imposed on it (e.g. weight, muscular tension) -> more stress: more robust, thicker and stronger, with marked ridges for muscle attachment -> basis for sexing and aging -> … all ‘osteobiographic’ information: skeletal profiles Copyright protected Plasticity of bone Mays (2010) The Mays Archaeology of Human Human of Bone tennis Copyright protected Bone growth Ossification starts in 5.-6. (8?) week after fertilization Endochondral ossification • Bones are preceded by cartilage precursors (cartilage models) • Most bones in the skeleton Intramembranous ossification • apposition on tissue within an embryonic connective tissue membrane • Frontal/parietal bones classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected Development of a long bone month 2 of fetal life postnatal mid-teens to mid-twenties classes.midlandstech.edu Copyright protected The magic number How many main bone elements does an adult skeleton consist of? 206 270 at birth Copyright protected Dentition • heterodont, bilateral, upper and lower • diphyopdont: deciduous and permanent dentition yourarticlelibrary.com Copyright protected Deciduous dentition • heterodont, bilateral, upper and lower • diphyopdont: deciduous and permanent dentition pediatricdentisthoustontexas.com; uic.edu Copyright protected Permanent dentition • heterodont, bilateral, upper and lower • diphyopdont: deciduous and permanent dentition tutorvista.com Copyright protected Bone and tooth development -> ageing of infants, juveniles (immature) en.wikipedia.org Copyright protected Vertical section through a molar Hard tissues: § enamel, dentine, cementum § no blood supply § not renewed Copyright protected Survival of human tissues teeth – bones cortical bone – spongy bone enamel – dentine DNA – RNA – lipids – proteins collagen – keratin Mays (2010) The Archaeology of Human Bone Copyright protected Service (2015) Science 348: 1184 Copyright protected What is the hardest and densest bone part in the human body? Copyright protected Inner ear part of the pars petrosa (1) Pinhasi et al. (2015) PLoSOne e0129102 Copyright protected Inner ear part of the petrous bone (2) -> yield of endogenous human DNA increased in pars petrosa due to reduced bacteria-mediated and other post-mortem decay Pinhasi et al. (2015) PLoSOne e0129102.
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