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The Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © BraunS/E+/Getty Images NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The Skeletal System © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCHAPTER SALE OR OBJECTIVESDISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION After completing this chapter, the student will be able to: 1. describe general anatomy of a bone; 2. recall the types of© bone Jones classified & Bartlett by shape; Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. employ terminologyNOT related FOR to anatomicalSALE OR features DISTRIBUTION of bones; NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. realize the functional and structural classifications of joints; and 5. recognize the types of synovial joints. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOThe skeletal FOR systemSALE ORis comprised DISTRIBUTION of several The bonesNOT are arrangedFOR SALE as a relatively OR DISTRIBUTION solid frame- organs called bones (FIGURE 2.1). The main func- work which supports all the other organs directly or tions of the skeletal system and its bones are: indirectly. It is like the steel beams in a commercial T building. The walls directly attach to the beams. This 1. support (framework), © Jones & Bartlett2. prot ection,Learning, and LLC © Jonesmakes a &solid Bartlett surface Learning,for pictures to LLC hang from and be supported by the walls. The bones are arranged in a NOT FOR SALE3. blood OR DISTRIBUTIONcell formation. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION way so that everything else has a stable platform. Many Most, if not all resources include movement as of the bones are also arranged to protect other organs. a function of the skeletal system. This text takes the For instance, the bones of the rib cage surround and position that the skeletal system is not responsible for protect the heart and the lungs. Bones also play a key movement. As we learned© Jonesin Chapter & Bartlett1, there are Learning, four role LLC in the development of blood© Jones cells. & Bartlett Learning, LLC main types of tissues. OnlyNOT muscularFOR SALE tissue OR has DISTRIBUTION the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION unique characteristic of contractility. That is, whatever a muscle is attached to, it applies force to that object ▸ Anatomy and if the force is great enough, moves it. Bone tis- sue is a sub-type of connective tissue and no form The organs of the skeletal system are the bones, such as of connective© Jones tissue & Bartlettmoves anything. Learning, The LLCnumerous the femur. And,© Jones as you have & Bartlett already learned, Learning, an organ LLC bones NOTdo intersect FOR eachSALE other OR at DISTRIBUTION joints and if not for is a compositionNOT of tissuesFOR SALEand a tissue OR isDISTRIBUTION composed of the arrangement, body movement would be extremely cells and matrix (extracellular material). The different restricted. However, that does not make it a function. tissues that comprise a bone organ are marrow, carti- For instance, under “normal” conditions, the muscles lage, vascular, nervous, and osseous tissue (FIGURE 2.2). © Jonesdo & not Bartlett act unless Learning, the nervous LLC system “tells” it to do so. © JonesAnd, different & Bartlett types Learning, of cells comprise LLC these tissues. NOT FORBut, SALE movement OR isDISTRIBUTION not normally listed as a main func- NOTOsseous FOR meansSALE bone. OR DISTRIBUTIONSo, osseous tissue is a tissue tion of the nervous system. that is composed of bone cells. This can be confusing. © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. Anatomy 13 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Support Protection The skeleton provides The skeleton protects a structure for the body. vital organs. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Blood Cells Haematopoiesis, a fancy name for the development of blood cells, which occurs in the bone marrow. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 2.1 The Skeletal System. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTBlood Vessels FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nerve © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bone Marrow © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCOsseous Tissue © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bone Cell © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,(osteocyte) LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Cartilage NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 2.2 The Tissues of a Bone. © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 14 Chapter 2 The Skeletal System © JonesSo, this & Bartlett text will Learning, establish some LLC distinctions to lessen © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC that. The word bone will refer to an entire organ. The NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORterm SALE bone tissue OR DISTRIBUTION (tissue of a bone) will refer to any or all of the different tissues of a bone organ. Osseous tissue will refer only to the specific tissue of a bone Spongy Bone that is comprised of bone cells. Bone cells, also known Filled with as osteocytes, are the cells© Jonesof osseous & tissue.Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesRed Marrow & Bartlett Learning, LLC Osseous tissue is a NOTcomposite FOR of SALE about two-thirds OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION inorganic matter and one-third organic matter. The inorganic portion is about 85% calcium phosphate, Compact Bone 10% calcium carbonate, and varying amounts of other minerals.© JonesThese &minerals Bartlett calcify Learning, (harden) LLCthe bone. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC However, bones are not completely stiff and do have Yellow Marrow NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION flexibility. The organic matter is bone cellsosseo ( us cells) mixed with collagen and various protein- carbohydrate complexes. Osseous tissue matures into either compact © Jonesosseous & Bartlett tissue orLearning, spongy osseous LLC tissue (FIGURE 2.3). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR Compact SALE osseous OR DISTRIBUTION tissue is dense layers of bone cells NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and collagen. There are no spaces between the layers FIGURE 2.4 Bone Marrow. of compact osseous tissue; however, there are passage- ways to allow for vascular and nerve supply. Spongy osseous tissue cells. In children, almost all of the bone marrow is red. has the© same Jones composition & Bartlett as compact Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC osseous tissue, but its appearance is different. Spongy In adults, red bone marrow is restricted to the axial NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION osseous tissue develops slivers of tissue that leaves skeleton and the proximal ends of the bones of the spaces somewhat like a honeycomb or lattice-work. appendicular skeleton. The rest of it converts into yel- Yellow bone marrow Also, spongy bone is always encased by a thickness of low bone marrow. is fatty tissue compact bone. and no longer is involved in producing blood cells, but Bone© Jones marrow & isBartlett a soft tissue Learning, that occupies LLC the can revert back© Jonesinto red &bone Bartlett marrow Learning, if some severe LLC spaces NOTof spongy FOR osseous SALE tissue OR andDISTRIBUTION the passageways condition createsNOT a muchFOR greater SALE than OR normal DISTRIBUTION need for of compact osseous tissue (FIGURE 2.4). Bone marrow production. begins as red bone marrow. Red bone marrow plays Bones, like any other organ, need a blood sup- a significant role in producing red and white blood ply and nerve supply. Vascular tissue (blood vessels) includes arteries and veins. Arteries deliver everything © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesthe cells &of Bartletta bone need. Learning, Veins remove LLC any waste pro- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTduced FOR as wellSALE as take OR away DISTRIBUTION and deliver any cell prod- ucts produced. For instance, bones play a role in the formation of blood cells which are needed throughout the body and not just in bones. A system of communi- cation is also needed. Nerves pass into bones for this © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC purpose. Examples include, through the nerves of the Compact NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Tissue nervous system, bones can communicate about sensa- tions and the nervous system can communicate to the Spongy bones about producing more or less blood cells. Tissue © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PAUSE TONOT CHECK FOR FOR SALE UNDERSTANDING OR DISTRIBUTION 1. What are the three main functions of the skeletal system? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones2. Distinguish & Bartlett between Learning, bone, bone LLC tissue, osseous tissue, and bone cell. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3. Which part of a bone is involved in blood formation? FIGURE 2.3 Compact and Spongy Osseous Tissue. © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. Long Bone Anatomy 15 © Jones & Bartlett▸ Types Learning, of Bones LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION There are four main types of bones (FIGURE 2.5).
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