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CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE UPFC For CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE UPFC for Enhancing Power System Reliability A graduate project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering By Bradley Bilow December 2015 The graduate project of Bradley Bilow is approved: Signature Page Dr. Xiyi Hang Date Kiran Gururaj Date Prof. Bruno Osorno, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii Table of Contents Signature Page .................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii Abstract............................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 – Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) ................................................ 4 Chapter 3: Inverters............................................................................................................ 9 3.1: Overview................................................................................................................. 9 3.2: 2-Level Inverters..................................................................................................... 9 3.3: Multilevel Inverters............................................................................................... 10 Chapter 4 – Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)........................................... 15 4.1: Overview............................................................................................................... 15 4.2: Main Components of a STATCOM System......................................................... 16 4.3: Benefits of Using a STATCOM ........................................................................... 18 4.4: Operating Principles of a STATCOM System ..................................................... 20 Chapter 5 – Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC).......................................... 22 5.1: Overview............................................................................................................... 22 5.2: Main Components of a SSSC System .................................................................. 23 5.3: Benefits of Using a SSSC ..................................................................................... 24 5.4: Operating Principles of a SSSC System ............................................................... 24 iii Chapter 6 – Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) ....................................................... 26 6.1: Overview............................................................................................................... 26 6.2: Main Components of a UPFC System.................................................................. 27 6.3: Benefits of Using a UPFC .................................................................................... 28 6.4: Operating Principles of a UPFC System............................................................... 29 6.4.1: Control Mode 1 – Active and reactive power flow control............................ 32 6.4.2: Control Mode 2 – Power flow control by voltage shifting............................. 32 6.4.3: Control Mode 3 – General direct voltage injection ........................................ 33 6.4.4: Control Mode 4 – Direct voltage injection with in phase with .......... 33 6.4.5: Control Mode 5 – Direct voltage injection with in quadrature with (lead).......................................................................................................................... 34 6.4.6: Control Mode 6 – Direct voltage injection with in quadrature with (lag)............................................................................................................................ 34 6.4.7: Control Mode 7 – Direct voltage injection with in quadrature with (lead).......................................................................................................................... 35 6.4.8: Control Mode 8 – Direct voltage injection with in quadrature with (lag)............................................................................................................................ 35 6.4.9: Control Mode 9 –Voltage regulation with in phase with ................... 35 6.4.10: Control Mode 10 –Phase shifting regulation................................................ 36 6.4.11: Control Mode 11 –Phase shifting and quadrature regulation (lead)............. 36 iv 6.4.12: Control Mode 12 –Phase shifting and quadrature regulation (lag) .............. 36 6.4.13: Control Mode 13 –Line impedance compensation....................................... 37 6.5: Power Flow in a UPFC System ............................................................................ 37 6.6: Modeling of a UPFC (The Injection Model) ........................................................ 40 Chapter 7 – Simulations.................................................................................................... 50 7.1: The System for Simulation ................................................................................... 50 7.2: Simulation of a STATCOM.................................................................................. 51 7.3: Simulation of a SSSC ........................................................................................... 54 7.4: Simulation of an UPFC......................................................................................... 56 Chapter 8 – Conclusion..................................................................................................... 58 References......................................................................................................................... 59 v List of Figures Figure 1 - Overview of power line conditioning devices ................................................... 6 Figure 2 - One phase leg of an inverter with different levels ............................................. 9 Figure 3 - Square wave and pulse width modulated square wave .................................... 10 Figure 4 - Modified square wave and pulse width modulated modified square wave ..... 11 Figure 5 - Classification of multilevel voltage source converters .................................... 12 Figure 6 - General diagram of a STATCOM.................................................................... 17 Figure 7 - V-I characteristic of a STATCOM................................................................... 21 Figure 8 - General diagram of a SSSC.............................................................................. 23 Figure 9 – SSSC Phasor relationship between injected voltage ....................................... 25 Figure 10 - Principle configuration of an UPFC............................................................... 27 Figure 11 - Operating principle of a UPFC ...................................................................... 29 Figure 12 - Equivalent circuit of a UPFC ......................................................................... 31 Figure 13 - The UPFC electric circuit arrangement.......................................................... 40 Figure 14 - General vector diagram of the UPFC steady state operation ......................... 41 Figure 15 - Series voltage source...................................................................................... 42 Figure 16 - Vector diagram of series voltage source ........................................................ 43 Figure 17 - Transformed series voltage source................................................................. 43 Figure 18 - Transformed series voltage source with bus power injections....................... 44 vi Figure 19 - Coupling of the UPFC series branch with the shunt one ............................... 45 Figure 20 - Bus power injections of the UPFC................................................................. 45 Figure 21 - The UPFC injection model............................................................................. 47 Figure 22 - Simulink system for simulation ..................................................................... 51 Figure 23 - STATCOM simulation traces ........................................................................ 52 Figure 24 - STATCOM simulation traces focused on changes ........................................ 53 Figure 25 - SSSC simulation traces .................................................................................. 54 Figure 26 - SSSC simulation traces focused on changes .................................................. 55 Figure 27 - UPFC simulation traces.................................................................................. 56 Figure 28 - UPFC simulation traces of the STATCOM ................................................... 57 Figure 29 - UPFC simulation traces of the SSSC............................................................. 57 List of Figures vii Abstract UPFC for Enhancing Power System Reliability By Bradley Bilow Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Much of the power system used today is the same one designed and built long ago, without the expectation of the demand and area of operation that they must service today. Upgrades have been introduced where necessary and financially feasible,
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