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Los Decticinae De La Península Ibérica, España Insular Y Norte De África

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Los Decticinae De La Península Ibérica, España Insular Y Norte De África UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS TESIS DOCTORAL Los Decticinae de la Península Ibérica, España insular y norte de África MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR María Concepción Pinedo Gurria DIRECTOR: Salvador Vicente Peris Torres Madrid, 2015 © María Concepción Pinedo Gurria, 1982 TÏSTP Maria Concepcion Pinedo Cnrria 5309866923 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DOS DliCTlCINAE DE LA PENINSULA IDERICA, ESP AN A INSULAR Y NURTi; UIC AFRiCA Depa r 1 aiticn 1 o do Isnt orno 1 orj î a in cn I i ad dr> Ci one ins Miolôgicas Uni vers i R n d Comp Intense de Madrid inPJi I## D I B L i O T e C Colecci6n Tesls Doctorales. N@ \P'j/Ph Maria Concepcion Pineda Gurria Edita e imprime la Editorial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Servicio de Reprografia Noviciado, 3 Madrid-8 Madrid, 1984 Xerox 9200 XB 480 Depésito Legal: n-2O306-l98't LOS DBCTiClNAB Dü LA PUIUHSULA IBKRICA, BSPAfiA INSULAR Î HORTN DJS AFRICA. ïésla Doctoral que présenta M& Concepcion Pinedo Gurria Dirigida por D . Salvador-V. P< Câtedra de Entomologia Facultad de Biologia Universidad Complutense MADRID # 1.982 AGrtADBCIIil HRTOS Deseo expresar ml gratitud a todos aquellos amigos y cole- gas cuyas valiosas sugerencias y amabilidad me ban side de gran utilidad en la elaboracion de ésta tésis; va dirigido en espe-= cial a D.Salvador V. Péris Torres, Catedrâtico de Entomologia - de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y Director del Institua to Espanol de Entomologia de Madrid, sin cuya inestimable direç cidn esta tésis no hubiera sido posible. Asi mismo Dba. Vicenta Llorente, del personal investigador del Institute Espanol de Entomologia que supervisé les trabajos siendo sus consejos e indicaciones de especial valor. A la Srta, Rosario Géraez que mecanografié ésta tésis y de- bo hacer también una mencién especial para mi familia, cuya pa- ciencia y colaboracién fueron importantes para rai. En lîltimo lugar recordar la gran labor del personal auxi-= liar del Institute EopafiOl de Entomologia y de la Odtedra de — Entomologia de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, cuyos ser- vicios fueron especialmente dtiles en el manejo de la Bibliogra fia. INDICE IRTRODUCCIÛK.............. 2 DELffilTACIOK DEL GRUPÛ............................... 5 Definicién de les Ensifera......... 5 La superfamilia Tettigonioidea........... ..16 La farailia Tettigoniidae................... 18 La subfamilia Decticinae............. .21 MATERIAL Y HETODO................................... 24 BIÜLOGIA DEL GRUPO............... 29 Alimentacidn...... 50 Residenc la .................. 51 Coloraciones protectoras................... 52 l'iodificaciones morfolégicas................ 32 Parasitisme................... 55 Biologia de la reproduccidn................ 55 El s alto..................... ............. Autotomia............... 45 Regeneracién. ....... 46 Le produccién de sonido............. 46 CAiTURA, M A M ’EL'IMlEIiTO Y PRElARIiGIOL'................ 54 PARTE JIETEIiATICA................................... 57 Introducciéii. .... 58 Clave de géneros........... 65 Gén-ro Decticus...... ..67 Género Platycleis....... 82 (bis) Género Metriéptera........... 151 Género Zeuueriana. ............ Género Eepiana............... Género Pholidoptera......... Género Eupholidoptera. ........ Género Ariagona. .............. Género Yersinella............ Género Pterolepis............ Género Elasmocercus. .......... Género Hhacoclels. ............ Género Ctenodectlcus......... Género Thyreonotus........... Género Antaxlus..... ......... Género Gampsocleis ............ Género Afrodrymadusa......... BIOGEOGRAFIA......................................390 REOUIiEIÎ Y CulJCLUOIONSB........................... 415 BIBIIOGRAPIA......................................418 LAInINAS DE FIGÜRAB................................425 LOS DECTICINAE DE LA PENINSULA IBERIGA ESPAÎvA INSULAR Y NO RTE DE AFRICA INTRODUCCION INTEKESf DEL GRUPO Los ortdpteros conotituyen el grupo de insectoa conoci- doB como saltiuîiontes, langoBtas, chicharras, grilles y simi- lares. Todos ellos constituyen un grupo àe caracteristicas - morfoldgicas bastante primitives,que se han adaptado en va-= rios grupos pernitiendo su supervivencia hasta nuestros diasj en todos ellos los mecrnismos de separacion de las especies han sido por especializacidn a biotopos deter;.inados y den- tro de elles separarse y diferenciarse por raecanis::ios de se- gi-egacidn sexual. Este trabajo se reiiere a la subfar;jilia Decticinae de - los Tettigoiioidea,un grupo que podemos incluir entre los vul garmente llamados chicharras (por su canto) o saltauion tes — (por sus habitoG locomotores). Los Lecticinos son liabitantes de aatorral, asl son llamados en inglds "bush-ci'ichets" y sl- gunos pueden causar plagas impoi'tantes, si bien mu;, .locales. La sistc Atica de éste grupo, en lo que se r.i'i’re a la fauna espahola, esta tan solo esbosada y nnui se incluyeri r— ' demas las especies de la Espana insular y Lorte de Africa.El dltimo trabajo de con,junto es el de BOLlVlut a finales del si glo pasado, desde entonces han cfinibiado nuestras ideas sobre su taxonoraia y nomenclature, debiéndose especialmente a ZHTJ- KEd (1.941) las directrices de la actual sistorna tien. Une de _lo,s fines del trabajo sera la. revlsidn de las es peoics espaiiolas y norteafricanns, no solo respecte a su mor fologia sine taïubién atendi;;ndo a sus drganos fie cstridula-= c ion (canto) que no han sido descritos. 4 Un resultado y a la vez una parte del trabajo distinta, serâ el de su distribucidn espacial y temporal. En la distribuoidn espacial hay dos aspectos, el de a gran escala, distribuei6n geografica, y el de escala to- pogrdfica, de distribucidn ecoldgica. Ninguno de los dos ha sido descrito para Espafia. Tampoco ha sido estudiada la dis- tribucidn estacional de la diverses especies que nos puede - indioar el efecto de los factores limitantes de naturaleza - climâtica. DEFINICION DE LOS EN81FERA El orden Orthoptera se ha dividido en dos subordenes: Ensi­ lera en el que se coloca a los ortdpteros de antenas largas y - Caelifera, en el que se agrupa a los do ant'. nas contas (A ü D iv R ,- 1 .939). Esta division puede considerarse un tante artificial e in- satisfactoria desde el nunto de vista morfoldgico y mas adn de^ de el punto de vista de las inter-relaciones filogenéticas de - los grupos. lio obstante, esta divisidn fue usada j>or casi todos los ortopterdlogos de su época y aün hoy se signe us ando, hasta tal punto que, para la mayoria de los autores constituée una — clasificacidn clasica, sencilla y bastante aceptable, aunque — como se ha dicho sea un tanto superficial. La autora de ésta tésis ha optado para este trabajo por la clasificacién clAsica ya que tiene la ventaja de ser la que --- aceptan la mayoria de los autores y no debemos olvioar el papel bdsico que ha tenido y tiene la taxonoraia clasica en la raoderna sisteiiiâtica (i.EVAh, 1 .973). Asi pues considerainos dos snbérdenes y éstos a su vez divi didos en superfajni] ias, do ésta foriTU- ro se omite ningün esca-= lén do la escala jerarquioa. Asi se considéra ol suborden Ensi­ lera dividido en cuatro superf.'tm lias, como lo hace CÎIÜl AHD -- (1.949) Gryllacridoidea. Irophalangopsoidea, Tetbigonioidea, — Gryl.loidca. De s pué s de esta breve exposicién, Z a fauna estudia- da por 1; autora en éste trabajo queda, clasificada con arreglo al siguientc esquenia: —6— Superorden Orthopteroldea Orden Orthoptera Buborden Enaifera Superfamilia Tettigonioidea Familia Tettigoniidae Subfamilia Decticinae Los ensiferos forman un grupo bien definido por una serie de caractères importantes, muy netos. Cabeza globosa con ante-= nas largas y finas, compuestas de nuraerosos artejos. Pronoto li so o redondeado dorsalmente, a veces avanza sobre el mesonoto - cubriendolo raés o menos, los Idbulos latérales con insercidn — mas o menos angulosa. Abdomen presentando por encima 10 tergui* tos en los dos sexos, mâs una valva anal superior que tiene al gunas veces una cierta importancia; por debajo los esternitos r* son en un ndmero de ocho en la hembra, nueve en los machos; el dltirao forma la plaça subgenital, donde el estudio es ëiempre - mâs importante para la sistemâtica. En el macho esta plaça pue­ de portar dos estilos. El 10G tergo porta dos cercos largos pe- ro formados de un solo artejo. El abdomen de la hembra teimina en un drgano muy caracteristico del grupo, el ovipositor. Como su nombre indica este érgano sirve para la puesta; esté formado por très pares de valvas, ésta forma tipica del ovipositor es - variable en infinidad de casos, asi el drgano puede estar redu- cido hasta solo sobrepasar un poco la plaça subgenital. En todo el gran grupo de los Gryllidae el ovipositor no esté compuesto mas que de cuatro valvas, las intermedias se atrofian en el - curso del desarrollo. -7- E1 érgano copulador del macho es simétrico, presentando a menudo dos piezas esclerificadas que son importantes para la — distincidn de especies. Las patas posteriores conformadas para - el 8alto, los fémures fuertemente engrosados, tibias anteriores perforadas con dos timpanos auditives. En los machos una parte - mâs o menos importante del elitro esté transformada en drgano es tridulador. La forma general es alargada, un poco comprimida, tlpicamen te aladoB, con élitros y alas bien desarrolladas en las formas - primitivas, pero existen muchas formas mâs évolueionadas braquip teras o Opteras. Las alas anteriores estdn bastante fuertemente esclerificadas y portan en los machos un drgano estridulador muy diferente en las dos grandes familias del
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