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WESTERN INTERVENTION in LIBERATING MUSLIM WOMEN in THREE MEMOIRS SET in ASIA a Thesis Presented As PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI UNDER WESTERN WOMEN’S EYES: WESTERN INTERVENTION IN LIBERATING MUSLIM WOMEN IN THREE MEMOIRS SET IN ASIA A Thesis Presented As Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement To Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) in English Language Studies By Dian Windriani Student Number: 176332026 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANTA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI UNDER WESTERN WOMEN’S EYES: WESTERN INTERVENTION IN LIBERATING MUSLIM WOMEN IN THREE MEMOIRS SET IN ASIA TITLE PAGE A Thesis Presented As Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement To Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) in English Language Studies By Dian Windriani Student Number: 176332026 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANTA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2019 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ,1 i'r-iL uts UNiDF:,t{ WE$I[:R.N ]V$lV]Htrti,S 1;lf,tS: W.flSTEIii\ IIdTEIt\;'E]l'fIOi\ Ei\ LIE{I?ATIN{i &{tr;SL{i\"t w{.}i},t}iN {}"1ifE[REE; F.{tbIOtrRS SET'I}i Al$l,q i)-.,--ae- ri, la- , I')i2., r'il"i i n,iri,;n i lituderil |'l un"r'i,.er: i7 63 32G?6 fu"*P- iradt;1 i:, i'roi';.;i1t1 i) ii'':r.;il.:l' . )rhlt , , ia I-l l; i'- r: l'ft,iX / ti I PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI S,rATEfrfiEFfT OT W(}RK ORIGTNALITY .-t ' ' This is to Affdry qr-si alt fficffies, 1mlcs othenrise state{ are the ifus, and sent€nccs of tbe fuis writer. Tk udter trnderstands ths full conseqrrrpes ircluding &grm if # took somsbody else's ideas, phrase, or sente{Ees urifuut prepqr rc&W€. Yogyakarta" July 23e",, 2Ol9 r F re '{ (!.E tt $ w: Dian Wirdriani F. w ffa PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH TJNTUK KEPENTINGAI\I AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Dian Windriani NIM :176332026 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma karya ilmiatr saya yang berjudul: TINDER WESTERN WOMEN,S EYES: WESTERN INTERYENTION IN LIBERATING MUSLIM WOMEN IN THREE MEMOIRS SET IN ASIA beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberkan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pankalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta tjin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan ruIma saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 23 Juli 2019 Dian Windriani PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest and sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dra. Novita Dewi, MS., M.A. (Hons), Ph.D for her expertise and guidance throughout the process of writing my thesis. Thank you for always encouraging me to work harder. My profound gratitude also goes to Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. for his knowledge and lecture, especially on Literary Criticism and Critical Theory. My sincere thank also goes to my thesis reviewer and examiner, Sri Mulyani, Ph.D., and Dr. G. Fajar Sasmita Aji, M.Hum. for their valuable suggestion to my thesis. I would like to extend my gratitude to the lecturers of ELS department, F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D., Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., Dr. E Sunarto, M.Hum., Dr. Fr. Borgias Alip, M.Pd., M.A., and Dr. J. Bismoko. Writing this thesis would be more difficult without the warmth support from my college friends, especially Literature Warriors (Anin, Banti, Imam, Mashao, Mike, and Yo). Thank you for learning and struggling together in Literature class. For my beloved parents, thank you for your everlasting love and support. In favor of my gratitude, I present this thesis for them. vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI BELIEVE YOU CAN, THEN YOU WILL - Mulan vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ..............................................................................................................i A THESIS .................................................................................................................iii STATEMENT OF WORK ORIGINALITY.............................................................iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ..................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................viii ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................x ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................................xi CHAPTER I ...............................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 A. Background of Study ......................................................................................1 B. Problem Formulation ....................................................................................10 C. Benefit of Study ............................................................................................11 D. Thesis Outline ...............................................................................................11 CHAPTER II............................................................................................................13 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................13 B. Review of Related Theories..........................................................................20 1. Postcolonial Feminism: A Theoretical Reading........................................20 CHAPTER III ..........................................................................................................35 WESTERN REPRESENTATION ON MUSLIM WOMEN AS THE OPPRESSED ...........................................................................................................35 A. Burqa Wearing ..............................................................................................35 B. Arranged Marriage........................................................................................41 C. The Passive Portrayal of the Muslim Women...............................................47 D. Closure of Educational Access......................................................................50 CHAPTER IV ..........................................................................................................55 RESCUING OTHERS, PROMOTING SELF: WESTERN INTERVENTION NEGOTIATED ........................................................................................................55 viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A. Historicity......................................................................................................58 B. Intentionality .................................................................................................65 C. Action............................................................................................................71 1. Fashion ......................................................................................................71 2. Educational Awareness .............................................................................75 3. Writing.......................................................................................................78 CHAPTER V............................................................................................................85 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................85 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................92 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT Dian Windriani. 2019. Under Western Women’s Eyes: Western Intervention in Liberating Muslim Women in Three Memoirs Set in Asia. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program. Sanata Dharma University. Western’s monolithic portrayals on Muslim women as terrorist, uneducated, passive, and oppressed have already placed them in the triple oppression. They are often seen as being a helpless group that becomes Western responsibility to rescue from their suffering. This study explores how Western women (Debbie, Nawa, Malala) monolithically present Muslim women as the oppressed group in order to intervene Muslim women’s resistance as depicted in Deborah Rodriguez’s Kabul Beauty School (2009), Fariba Nawa’s Opium Nation (2011) and Malala Yousafzai’s I Am Malala (2013). Two issues are discussed in this thesis. First, it reveals Western women’s monolithic representation on Muslim women. Second, it examines the negotiation of Western representation and intervention to liberate Muslim women from their misery depicted in three memoirs studied. By applying Mohanty’s seminal article “Under Western Eyes”, this study analyses how third world women suffer from not only colonization and patriarchy but also Western women’s monolithic representation on them. Through Bourdieu’s symbolic violence, it can be seen how Islamic and cultural
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