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Integrated Development Plan of the Issyk-Kul Zone Sector D Social and Community Development Plan SECTOR D SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN Integrated Development Plan of the Issyk-Kul Zone Sector D Social and Community Development Plan TABLE OF CONTENTS D.1 Social Environment .................................................................................................1 D.1.1 Educational Sector ................................................................................................1 D.1.2 Health Sector ........................................................................................................5 D.1.3 Trend of Donor Activities in Social Sector .......................................................... 9 D.1.4 Poverty Structure ................................................................................................11 D.2. Social and Community Improvement Plan ............................................................ 17 D.2.1 Strategy ...............................................................................................................17 D.2.2 Countermeasures ................................................................................................ 17 D.2.3 Proposed Projects ............................................................................................... 18 Appendix COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT PILOT PROJECT ................................. 20 1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 20 2 Methodology and Approach .......................................................................................... 20 3 Outline of Pilot Project .................................................................................................. 20 4 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................................ 22 Integrated Development Plan of the Issyk-Kul Zone Sector D Social and Community Development Plan D. SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY IMPROVEMENT PLAN D.1 Social Environment D.1.1 Educational Sector (1) Present Condition and Issues in Educational Sector 1) General The Kyrgyz education system comprises the following five (5) levels: - pre-school education - primary education for grades 1 to 4 (1st stage) - basic secondary education for grades 5 to 9 (2nd stage) - complete secondary education for grades 10 and 11 (3rd stage) - additional education Primary and basic secondary education (grades 1-9) is compulsory for all Kyrgyz citizens and is, in principle, free within state educational institutions. Table D.1 Education System of Kyrgyzstan 8 Postgraduate education 24 7 (postgraduate teaching, doctorate, refresher teaching course and conversion teaching) 23 6 Complete Higher Education 22 5 Master degree Specialty Higher education 21 4 Basic Higher Education Professional 20 3 Bachelor degree Education 19 2 Incomplete Higher 18 1 Secondary education Professional-Technical 17 11 Professional Education 3rd stage Education 16 10 Complete Secondary 15 Education Additional education 9 2nd stage 14 8 Basic Secondary education 13 7 12 6 Compulsory School Education 11 5 10 4 1st stage 9 3 Primary education 8 2 7 1 6 0 Pre-school Education 5 Years of Age of study learners Source: Education for All, Ministry of Education D - 1 Integrated Development Plan of the Issyk-Kul Zone Sector D Social and Community Development Plan 2) Problems in Educational Sector The level of education and literacy in the Kyrgyz Republic is higher than in other countries. Since independence, however, these levels have declined. According to the social survey conducted by the JICA Study Team, 24% of the respondents are concerned about education of their children because they spend a lot of money in areas such as school repair charges, fees to cover the teacher salaries, rent of text books, and so on. Also 40% of respondents were concerned with low quality of education, unqualified teaching methods, and outdated text books. i) Decline of Budget Expenditure of the government budget (as a percentage of GDP) for the educational sector has declined from 7.6% in 1990 to 4.5% in 2002. This causes the reduced access to education and reductions in educational quality. % 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Source: Kyrgyz Republic, Common Country Assessment, The United Nations System in the Kyrgyz Republic Bishkek, 2003 Figure D.1 Educational Expenditure (as percentage of GDP) The average teachers’ salary is just above the poverty line, and the teaching profession is no longer regarded with respect. For these reasons, the number of teachers has been declining. Reductions in the budget are the cause of deterioration in quality of teaching materials and short supply of materials. ii) Number of Schools and Pupils The number of public schools has slightly increased from 1,794 in 1991 to 1,939 in 1998. But pupils per school have increased from 528.6 in 1991 to 556.1 in 1998. Therefore, schools are insufficient in comparison to pupil numbers. Table D.2 Number of Public School and Pupils in Kyrgyz Republic Number Number Number Pupils per Number Pupils per year of of pupils year of pupils school of schools school schools (1,000) (1,000) 1991 1,794 948.3 528.6 1995 1,865 971.4 520.9 1992 1,823 943.6 517.6 1996 1,888 1,006.3 533.0 1993 1,854 937.8 505.8 1997 1,910 1,039.9 544.5 1994 1,862 946.9 508.5 1998 1,939 1,078.3 556.1 Source: Ministry of Education D - 2 Integrated Development Plan of the Issyk-Kul Zone Sector D Social and Community Development Plan In Issyk-Kul Oblast, numbers of pupils per school in the cities of Karakol and Balykchy are almost twice the numbers in other Rayon. The number of pupils per teacher in the two cities is also higher than in other Rayon. Table D.3 Number of Public Schools and Pupils in Issyk-Kul Oblast in 2003 No. of No. of pupils No. of pupils schools per school per teacher Total 189 530.8* 13.4* Ak-Suu 35 422.8 13.2 Jety-Oguz 39 476.7 13.1 Issyk-Kul 30 589.9 11.7 Tong 29 424.1 10.9 Tup 35 415.8 14.1 Balykchy 10 954.1 18.4 Karakol 11 1,167.9 17.3 * national average Source: Issyk-Kul Oblast Administration The number of pre-school institutions has dramatically decreased from 1,604 in 1991 to 418 in 1998, with a marked decline seen in the rural area. 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 Total Amount 800 Urban Number 600 Rural 400 200 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Source: Ministry of Education Figure D.2 Number of Pre-school Institutions iii) Decline in Enrollment and Graduations Basic education has also suffered from a decline in enrolments. According to the UN report of Kyrgyz Republic (Common Country Assessment), official figures indicate 95% enrollment in 2001. However, UNICEF studies have revealed that non-attendance and drop out rates are 7-10 times higher than official estimates because unofficial payment for education is required. The following table shows the number of enrolments and graduations. The percentage completing 9th grade is 88.4% in the overall country, while the percentage completing 11th grade (of those enrolling in 1st grade) is 22.6%. D - 3 Integrated Development Plan of the Issyk-Kul Zone Sector D Social and Community Development Plan Table D.4 Enrollment (grades 1 and 10) and graduations (grades 9 and 11) at the beginning of 2002-2003 academic year (Unit: 1,000) Jalal- Issyk- Osh Batken Talas Chui Naryn Total Abad Kul Bishkek oblast oblast oblast oblast oblast oblast oblast Enrollment of students to 115.9 32.7 25.6 10.5 5.6 15.0 9.9 6.7 9.9 the 1st grade - total Graduating students from 102.4 29.4 21.6 10.0 4.9 12.9 9.1 6.5 8.0 9th grade % of those graduated from 88.4 89.9 84.4 95.2 87.5 86.0 91.9 97.0 80.8 9th grade Enrollment of students to 87.2 24.9 18.2 9.2 4.4 9.7 7.8 5.8 7.2 10th grade Enrollment ratio to the 10th grade of those graduating 85.2 84.7 84.3 92.0 89.8 75.2 85.7 89.2 90.0 from 9th grade (%) Graduating students from 26.2 6.6 1.2 3.7 0.6 5.6 3.5 1.2 3.8 11th grade - total % of those graduating from 11th grade out of enrollment 22.6 20.2 4.7 35.2 10.7 37.3 35.4 17.9 38.4 to 1st grade % of those graduating from 11th grade out of enrollment 30.0 26.5 6.6 40.2 13.6 57.7 44.9 20.7 52.8 to 10th grade Source: Ministry of Education According to the UNDP Report on Macroeconomics of Poverty Reduction (2002), unofficial payments for education at urban public schools vary from US$3-20 per month. For comparison, in 2000, the average salary was US$22 in industry and US$12 in agriculture. Secondary enrollment rates are now below 50%, having declined from 65% in 1989. A large number of students are unable to complete their studies because of their inability to pay annual tuition fees, which may amount to US$300-500 in public secondary schools. Previously, the duration of compulsory education was 11 years. (*) 3) Improvement of Education Education is an important sector to develop human resources to shoulder the future development of the country. It should be equally available to everyone regardless of income levels. Both school studies and youth education are quite important to foster the mental health of youth. In the Republic, the young generation is concerned about unemployment and their future. Vocational training is also required to be practically useful once they start working. In particular, strengthening higher education to enable employment in the IT software industry is required. Currently, even if students manage to graduate from schools, it is difficult to find jobs and brush up their skills acquired through education. * UN report: Kyrgyz Republic: Common Country Assessment, The United Nation System in the Kyrgyz Republic Bishkek, 2003 D - 4 Integrated Development Plan of the Issyk-Kul Zone Sector D Social and Community Development Plan (2) Plan for Human Resources Empowerment 1) Objectives (Vision) Development of human resources by improving the educational environment is crucial for the future development not only of Issyk-Kul Oblast but also the overall republic.
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