9. Heritage Management

9. HERITAGE MANAGEMENT 9.1 Sources of History, their • Classifying, analysing and interpreting Conservation and Preservation the compiled material. 9.2 Some Famous Museums • Publishing the results of respective research. 9.3 Libraries and Archives Necessary Training : (1) Sociology 9.4 Encyclopaedias and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology The sources of history and all the (2) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library history books that are available today are Science and Information Technology the results of the diligent work of several (5) History and Historical Research historians. Institutes like libraries, museums Method (6) Writing of Research Reports and archives conserve and preserve this and Articles. precious historical heritage. They choose 2. Written Sources of History important specimens from the heritage • Collecting coins and copper plates with collection and exhibit them. They also inscription on them, documents like publish research journals, informative official records, personal correspondence pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc. and diaries, historical books, old books, The documents and artefacts which manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc. are not exhibited but historically very • Completing necessary mechanical and important, are stored in the museums and chemical processes of cleaning for the archives after completing necessary conservation and preservation of treatments for their conservation and collected documents. preservation. Those documents and • Ascertaining the historical value of artefacts are made available to researchers, collected documents. as and whenever necessary. Libraries • Exhibiting selected documents. conserve, preserve and manage the books. • Publishing edited documents and 9.1 Sources of History, their research reports. Conservation and Preservation Necessary Training : Each step like collecting the sources (1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, of history, creating their records and Modi, Persian and their development. indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books (2) Basic knowledge of social and artefacts after completing necessary organisation and traditions, literature treatments requires very careful handling and culture, dynasties, administrative and management. It needs people with systems, etc. of past societies. specific skills. Only trained persons, who (3) Knowledge of various schools and are duly qualified can take up these tasks. styles of painting and sculptural art 1. Oral sources of history and history of their development. • Collecting and compiling of folk songs (4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink and folk tales, etc. and colours. (5) Knowledge of properties of various fossils. stones and metals used for inscriptions (6) Knowledge of various approaches of (6) Knowledge of the equipment and managing exhibitions in museums chemicals used in various processes galleries and information technology. of cleaning, conservation and (7) Writing research reports and articles. preservation. 9.2 Some Famous Museums (7) Knowledge of various approaches of managing exhibitions in museums Museums were created to organise galleries and information technology. and manage the antiquities collected by (8) Writing research reports and articles. members of royal and elite families of medieval Europe. 3. Material Sources of History Louvre Museum, France : The • Collecting artefacts, classifying them Louvre Museum in Paris was established according to their historical date and in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities type and preparing indexes. collected by members • Completing necessary mechanical and of the royal family chemical processes of cleaning for the were exhibited in the conservation and preservation of Louvre museum. It collected documents. included the much • Arranging exhibitions of selected acclaimed painting artefacts or their replicas. of ‘Monalisa’ by • Writing and publishing research articles Leonardo da Vinci, about collected artefacts. the world renowned • Classifying fossils of plants and animals artist. He worked under the patronage and preparing indexes. Monalisa • Exhibiting selected fossils or their of Francis I, the king replicas. of France in the 16th century. The collection in the Louvre museum increased Necessary Training : to a great extent because of the antiquities (1) Basic knowledge of archaeological brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte method and theory, history of ancient from his conquests. Presently, the museum civilisations. contains more than 3 lakhs and 80 (2) Knowledge of the regional sources of thousand artefacts. materials like stones, minerals, metals British Museum, England : The and clay used in the production of British Museum in London was established artefacts and their chemical properties. in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan (3) Knowledge of equipment and a natural scientist handed over about 71 chemicals necessary for the cleaning thousand objects in his collection to the of artefacts and other chemical king of England, George II. It included processes. several books, pictures, specimens of (4) Knowledge of various schools and preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later styles of arts and their development. the collection was expanded by addition (5) Knowledge and skills of making of various art objects and ancient artefacts replicas (models) of artefacts and collected by the British people from British colonies. Presently the museum collection comprises about 80 lakh objects. You would like to know this : Famous Museums in India The following are some of the famous museums in India : Indian Museum, Kolkata; National Museum, Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad. Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several museums in various states of India. Usually the big museums have their own British Museum, England archives and libraries. Some museums are National Museum of natural History, affiliated to universities. Such museums United States of America : This museum also offer courses in Museology. of natural history managed by the Following are some of the well- Smithsonian Institution was established in known institutes and universities, which 1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore offer degree and diploma courses in (120 millions) specimens of fossils and museology : remains of plants and animals, minerals, 1. National Museum, Delhi rocks, human fossils and artefacts. 2. Maharaj Sayajirao University, Vadodara 3. Kolkata University, Kolkata 4. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 5. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 6. Jivaji University, Gwalior Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay : In 1904 C.E. some influential residents of Mumbai decided to establish a museum to commemorate the National Museum of Natural History visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the Museums in India : The first museum month of November of 1905 C.E. the in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established foundation was laid of the museum by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, building. It was decided that the name of in 1814 C.E. The second museum in the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales India, ‘Government Museum’ was Museum of Western India’. It was established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E. The renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ‘National Museum’ was established in Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E. Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in 16th-17th century, during the times of Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E. Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered Thanjavur and established his independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale and his successors kept expanding ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’. Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the most in this expansion. In 1918 the library was renamed as ‘The Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his honour. The building of the museum is built in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given There are several noteworthy libraries the status of Grade I Heritage Building in India, for instance, National Library, in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50 Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and thousand antiquities divided into three Library, Delhi; State Central Library, categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society History. and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc. From the technical point of view the 9.3 Libraries and Archives management of archives is akin to library Libraries are the storehouses of management. Preserving documents with knowledge and information. Library Science important content in their original condition, is very closely related to Management preparing indexes and creating accurate Science, Information Technology and the systems of retrieval of documents are the field of Education. Libraries perform important tasks in the management of various tasks like collecting books, arranging archives. Documents from the archives are them systematically, conservation and supposed to be very reliable. Because of preservation of those books, dissemination the heavy dependency on computerised of information sources, etc. Many of these systems information technology has tasks are completed with the help of become an inevitable part of the computerised systems. To make a book management of libraries and archives. available to a reader as per his requirement The first official archives of India, is the most important aspect of library the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was management. established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E. (7th century

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