9. Heritage Management

9. HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

9.1 Sources of History, their • Classifying, analysing and interpreting Conservation and Preservation the compiled material. 9.2 Some Famous Museums • Publishing the results of respective research. 9.3 Libraries and Archives Necessary Training : (1) Sociology 9.4 Encyclopaedias

and Anthropology (2) Social Psychology

The sources of history and all the (2) Mythology and Linguistics (4) Library history books that are available today are Science and Information Technology the results of the diligent work of several (5) History and Historical Research historians. Institutes like libraries, museums Method (6) Writing of Research Reports and archives conserve and preserve this and Articles. precious historical heritage. They choose 2. Written Sources of History important specimens from the heritage • Collecting coins and copper plates with collection and exhibit them. They also inscription on them, documents like publish research journals, informative official records, personal correspondence pamphlets, leaflets, posters, etc. and diaries, historical books, old books, The documents and artefacts which manuscripts, pictures, photographs, etc. are not exhibited but historically very • Completing necessary mechanical and important, are stored in the museums and chemical processes of cleaning for the archives after completing necessary conservation and preservation of treatments for their conservation and collected documents. preservation. Those documents and • Ascertaining the historical value of artefacts are made available to researchers, collected documents. as and whenever necessary. Libraries • Exhibiting selected documents. conserve, preserve and manage the books. • Publishing edited documents and 9.1 Sources of History, their research reports. Conservation and Preservation Necessary Training : Each step like collecting the sources (1) Knowledge of scripts like Brahmi, of history, creating their records and Modi, Persian and their development. indexes, exhibiting manuscripts, old books (2) Basic knowledge of social and artefacts after completing necessary organisation and traditions, literature treatments requires very careful handling and culture, dynasties, administrative and management. It needs people with systems, etc. of past societies. specific skills. Only trained persons, who (3) Knowledge of various schools and are duly qualified can take up these tasks. styles of painting and sculptural art 1. Oral sources of history and history of their development. • Collecting and compiling of folk songs (4) Knowledge of types of paper, ink and folk tales, etc. and colours.

(5) Knowledge of properties of various fossils. stones and metals used for inscriptions (6) Knowledge of various approaches of (6) Knowledge of the equipment and managing exhibitions in museums chemicals used in various processes galleries and information technology. of cleaning, conservation and (7) Writing research reports and articles. preservation. 9.2 Some Famous Museums (7) Knowledge of various approaches of managing exhibitions in museums Museums were created to organise galleries and information technology. and manage the antiquities collected by (8) Writing research reports and articles. members of royal and elite families of medieval Europe. 3. Material Sources of History Louvre Museum, France : The • Collecting artefacts, classifying them Louvre Museum in Paris was established according to their historical date and in the 18th century C.E. Antiquities type and preparing indexes. collected by members • Completing necessary mechanical and of the royal family chemical processes of cleaning for the were exhibited in the conservation and preservation of Louvre museum. It collected documents. included the much • Arranging exhibitions of selected acclaimed painting artefacts or their replicas. of ‘Monalisa’ by • Writing and publishing research articles Leonardo da Vinci, about collected artefacts. the world renowned • Classifying fossils of plants and animals artist. He worked under the patronage and preparing indexes. Monalisa • Exhibiting selected fossils or their of Francis I, the king replicas. of France in the 16th century. The collection in the Louvre museum increased Necessary Training : to a great extent because of the antiquities (1) Basic knowledge of archaeological brought back by Napoleon Bonaparte method and theory, history of ancient from his conquests. Presently, the museum civilisations. contains more than 3 lakhs and 80 (2) Knowledge of the regional sources of thousand artefacts. materials like stones, minerals, metals British Museum, England : The and clay used in the production of British Museum in London was established artefacts and their chemical properties. in the 18th century C.E. Sir Hans Sloan (3) Knowledge of equipment and a natural scientist handed over about 71 chemicals necessary for the cleaning thousand objects in his collection to the of artefacts and other chemical king of England, George II. It included processes. several books, pictures, specimens of (4) Knowledge of various schools and preserved plants (herbarium), etc. Later styles of arts and their development. the collection was expanded by addition (5) Knowledge and skills of making of various art objects and ancient artefacts replicas (models) of artefacts and collected by the British people from

British colonies. Presently the museum collection comprises about 80 lakh objects. You would like to know this : Famous Museums in India

The following are some of the famous museums in India : Indian Museum, Kolkata; National Museum,

Delhi; Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay, Mumbai; Salarjang Museum, Hyderabad; The Calico

Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad.

Delhi, in 1949. Presently, there are several

museums in various states of India.

Usually the big museums have their own British Museum, England archives and libraries. Some museums are National Museum of natural History, affiliated to universities. Such museums United States of America : This museum also offer courses in Museology. of natural history managed by the Following are some of the well- Smithsonian Institution was established in known institutes and universities, which 1846 C.E. It houses more than 12 crore offer degree and diploma courses in (120 millions) specimens of fossils and museology : remains of plants and animals, minerals, 1. National Museum, Delhi rocks, human fossils and artefacts. 2. Maharaj Sayajirao University, Vadodara

3. Kolkata University, Kolkata

4. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 5. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 6. Jivaji University, Gwalior Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay : In 1904 C.E. some influential residents of Mumbai decided to establish a museum to commemorate the National Museum of Natural History visit of Prince of Wales to India. In the Museums in India : The first museum month of November of 1905 C.E. the in India, ‘Indian Museum’, was established foundation was laid of the museum by ‘Asiatic Society of Bengal’ in Kolkata, building. It was decided that the name of in 1814 C.E. The second museum in the museum would be ‘Prince of Wales India, ‘Government Museum’ was Museum of Western India’. It was established in Chennai, in 1851 C.E. The renamed as ‘Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ‘National Museum’ was established in Vastusangrahalay’, in 1998 C.E.

Thanjavur, Tamilnadu was built in 16th-17th century, during the times of

Nayak dynasty. In 1675 C.E. Vyankojiraje Bhosale conquered Thanjavur and established his independent rule. Vyankojiraje Bhosale and his successors kept expanding ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’. Sarfojiraje Bhosale contributed the most in this expansion. In 1918 the

library was renamed as ‘The Thanjavur Maharaja Sarfoji’s Chhatrapti Shivaji Maharaj Vastusangrahalay Saraswati Mahal Library’ in his honour. The building of the museum is built in Indo-Gothic style. It has been given There are several noteworthy libraries the status of Grade I Heritage Building in India, for instance, National Library, in Mumbai. The museum houses about 50 Kolkata; Nehru Memorial Museum and thousand antiquities divided into three Library, Delhi; State Central Library, categories, Arts, Archaeology and Natural Hyderabad; Library of Asiatic Society History. and David Sassoon Library, Mumbai, etc. From the technical point of view the 9.3 Libraries and Archives management of archives is akin to library Libraries are the storehouses of management. Preserving documents with knowledge and information. Library Science important content in their original condition, is very closely related to Management preparing indexes and creating accurate Science, Information Technology and the systems of retrieval of documents are the field of Education. Libraries perform important tasks in the management of various tasks like collecting books, arranging archives. Documents from the archives are them systematically, conservation and supposed to be very reliable. Because of preservation of those books, dissemination the heavy dependency on computerised of information sources, etc. Many of these systems information technology has tasks are completed with the help of become an inevitable part of the computerised systems. To make a book management of libraries and archives. available to a reader as per his requirement The first official archives of India, is the most important aspect of library the ‘Imperial Record Department’, was management. established in 1891 C.E. in Kolkata. It The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal was shifted to Delhi in 1911 C.E. (7th century B.C.E.), the Assyrian Emperor In 1998 C.E. the then President of in Mesopotamia; the library at Takshashila India, Honourable K.R. Narayanan opened University (5th century B.C.E.- 5th century the archives for public. It is a department C.E.) and the library in Alexandria, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Egypt (4th century B.C.E.) are supposed Culture of the Indian Government. The to be the earliest libraries in the world. documents have been preserved here in a The ‘Saraswati Mahal Granthalay’ in chronological order from 1748. It includes

records in English, Arabic, Hindi, Persian, designing a structure of an encyclopaedia. Sanskrit and Urdu languages. It also In order to incorporate the latest available includes records in Modi script. These information revised editions of records are classified in four categories : encyclopaedias or supplements to original Public records, Oriental Studies, editions need to be published. Manuscripts and Private Records. Encyclopaedias are arranged either in Governments of every State in India alphabetical order or according to the maintain independent archives. The order of topics. The type of order is Archives of Maharashtra State Government decided by keeping the convenience of has branches in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur, readers in mind and the ease of Aurangabad and Nagpur. There are about accessibility to the information. An index 5 crore modi documents related to Maratha at the end of the encyclopaedia is very history in the Pune branch. These documents convenient in this regard. are referred to as ‘Peshwa Daftar’. The encyclopaedia can be created 9.4 Encyclopaedias either by a single editor or an editorial committee. The articles in the Encyclopaedia is a systematic encyclopaedia are written by subject compilation of information or knowledge experts. of various topics. The information or knowledge in encyclopaedia is arranged Types of Encyclopaedia : with a specified method. Organising Encyclopaedias can be approximately available knowledge and making it divided into four types. (1) Dictionaries accessible is the main objective of (2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia encyclopaedias. (Vishwakosh) (3) Encyclopaedic Benefits of Encyclopaedia : (Koshsadrush) literature (4) Indexes Encyclopaedias make vast volume of (1) Dictionaries : Dictionaries knowledge accessible to readers. It can arrange the words in a language in certain help in satisfying their curiosity. order (alphabetical order is more common). Encyclopaedias provide fundamental It gives meanings of words, synonyms and information on any topic, in order to etymology. There are various types of understand it properly. Thus, the reader dictionaries : comprehensive dictionaries, gets motivated to read extensively. dictionaries which include only certain Encyclopaedias make the existing type of words, dictionaries of terminology knowledge easily accessible to scholars (deals with terms peculiar to a branch of and researchers and also highlight the knowledge), etymological dictionaries, research areas, which have not yet received thesaurus, dictionaries of idioms and enough attention. Encyclopaedias are proverbs, etc. indicators of the state of cultural ripeness (2) Comprehensive Encyclopaedia of a society. The intellectual and cultural (Vishwakosh) : There are two types of needs of a society determine what kind of Vishwakosh. (a) It includes all subjects encyclopaedic literature would be created. under the sun (for example, ‘Encyclopaedia Accuracy, meticulousness, objectivity, Britannica’, ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’, standardised format of presentation and ‘Marathi Vishvakosh’, etc.) (b) It includes updated information are the criteria for comprehensive information on one chosen

subject. For example, ‘Bharatiya Samskruti Kosh’, ‘Vyayam Dnyankosh’, etc. Do you know ? (3) Encyclopaedic (Koshsadrush) The following are the early Literature : It is similar to an encyclopaedias : encyclopaedia which comprises scholarly (1) ‘Natural History’ was the first articles providing information on all encyclopaedia by Pliny the elder. (1st possible aspects of one or more century A.D.) predetermined subjects. For example, (2) ‘Encyclopaedia’, the encyclopaedia ‘Maharashtra Jeevan’, Vol. I and II; by Diderot, the French Philosopher of the ‘Shahar Pune’, Vol. I and II; ‘Yearbook’ 18th century C.E. (Manorama, Times of India), etc. (3) ‘Encyclopaedia Britannica’ : This (4) Indexes : Indexes usually occur encyclopaedia was first published in 1767 C.E. This is supposed to be an important at the end of a book. There are a few milestone in the making of encyclopaedia. indexes published separately. Indexes are There is an ancient tradition of the alphabetical lists of individuals, dictionaries like ‘Nighantu’, ‘Shabdakosh’, subjects, places, key words, reference etc. The encyclopaedic works of Mahanubhav books, etc. For example, the index of sect, ‘Rajavyavaharkosh’ prepared during Marathi periodicals prepared by S.G.Date. the reign of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj are Indexes are helpful in finding required important in the books of medieval period. information and it makes the information Encyclopaedias on History-related in a book easily accessible. Subjects : There is a rich tradition of Encyclopaedia and History : creating encyclopaedias on history-related Encyclopaedia and history as academic subjects. ‘Bharatvarshiya Prachin Aitihasik exercises, put stress on objectivity. Kosh’ by Raghunath Bhaskar Godbole Encyclopaedias published in various (1876) is the earliest encyclopaedia of countries and in various languages may this kind. It includes information about differ in their approach because of various individuals and places in Ancient different priorities. Their structure is India. According to the editor, ‘Those influenced by national policies, ethical individuals who lived in Bharatvarsha, values and ideals. Encyclopaedias can be earned a name for themselves and were a medium of strengthening national part of us along with their women, their identity. For example ‘Bharaiya Samskruti sons, their religions, their lands and Kosh’ edited by Mahadevshastri Joshi. capitals, also the rivers and mountains in Making knowledge in all spheres of life their lands….whatever their history’ is accessible to everybody, can be one of given in this encyclopaedia. the major drives behind the creation of Twenty three volumes of encyclopaedias. An inspiration to gain ‘Maharashtriya Dnyankosh’, edited by and spread knowledge motivates either Shridhar Vyankatesh Ketkar are available. individuals or a group of people to create The major drive for Ketkar in creating it, encyclopaedias. Hence encyclopaedias are was to facilitate wider access to looked upon as outstanding achievements knowledge, and to expand the intellectual of a society. It is the manifestation of the sphere of Marathi speaking people. His collective intellect and creativity of a was far-reaching view of history, which society. is reflected in these volumes.

‘Bharatvarshiya Charitrakosh’ is Mahanubhav sect. It gives us an inkling another important encyclopaedia. about Maharashtra in those days. It also Siddheshwarshastri Chitrav established a gives details about the time, place and committee, known as ‘Bharatiya background of the events described in Charitrakosh Mandal’ for publishing this ‘Leelacharitra’. Hence, it is a very good encyclopaedia. Three volumes were source for writing about the life of published, namely, ‘Bharatvarshiya Chakradhar Swami. Prachin Charitrakosh’ (1932), (2) ‘Prachin Bharatiya ‘Bharatvarshiya Madhyayugin Sthalakosh’ (1969) : Siddheshwarshstri Charitrakosh’ (1937) and ‘Bharatvarshiya Chitrav compiled this encyclopaedic book. Arvachin Charitrakosh’ (1946). The first It provides information about various volume includes information on the lives places mentioned in Vedic literature, of individuals mentioned in the Vedic Kautiliya Arthashastra, Panini’s Grammar, literature including Shruti, Smruti, Sutras, Valmiki Ramayana, Mahabharata, Vedangas, Upanishads also Puranas, Puranas, mediaeval Sanskrit literature and Jain and Buddhist literature. Similarly Shabdkosh, also, in Jain and Buddhist other two volumes contain biographies of literature, in Greek, Chinese, Persian individuals in the respective periods. literature. Vishwakosh : The first Chief Minister Do you know ? of Maharashtra, Honourable Shri. Yahswantrao Chavhan initiated the Some special encyclopaedias : compilation of Marathi ‘Vishwakosh’ (1) ‘Sangeetshastrakar va Kalavant through Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Yancha Itihas’ (Lakshman Dattatray Samskruti Mandal, with a view to enhance Joshi) the sphere of Marathi language and (2) ‘Krantikarakancha Charitrakosh’ literature. The work was started under the (S. R. Date). It contains biographies guidance of Tarkteerth Lakshmanshastri and illustrations of about 250 Indian Joshi. It contains knowledge about all revolutionaries. possible subjects in the world. It also (3) ‘Svatantryasainik Charitrakosh’ (N. contains very important entries about R. Phatak). It contains the history. biographies of those who suffered Bharaitya Samskruti Kosh : Ten corporal punishment, imprisonment volumes of ‘Bharatiya Samsksruti Kosh’ and those who devoted their life for were edited and published by independence movement. Mahadevshastri Joshi. These volumes Sthalakosh : Geographic information contain information about Indian history, is essential for historical studies. geography, various ethnic and lingual Encyclopaedias giving information about groups, local history of those groups, their Historical places are available. festivals and other cultural aspects. (1) ‘Sthanapothi’ (14th century C.E.) Samdnya Kosh : There are is an encyclopaedic text, which is encyclopaedic texts explaining the composed by Muni Vyas of Mahanubhav terminology (for instance, colonialism, sect. It describes all those places visited globalisation, etc.) of history. Such texts by Chakradhar Swami, the founder of are very useful for the teachers of history.

School, college and university teachers encyclopaedias of various types. of history can find ample opportunities in After studying this text book, you the field of publication of encyclopaedias. must have noted that with specialisation Encyclopaedias of all types require experts in history one can get access to several in history. Every subject has a career opportunities in various fields. You developmental history. Scholars of history can choose your future career with the can contribute significantly to help of the information in this text-book.