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Domestic Issues and the Cold War in the 1950S

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Domestic Issues and the Cold War in the 1950S AP U.S. History Unit 8.2 Student Edition Domestic Issues and the Cold War in the 1950s I. Eisenhower Republicanism at Home -- "dynamic conservatism" Use space below for A. In effect, Ike maintained New Deal programs. notes 1. Dynamic conservatism meant “being conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings.” 2. Social Security benefits were extended and the minimum wage was raised to $1.00/hour. 3. Ike sought a middle-of-the-road approach to gov't policy in the face of the New Deal and WWII. 4. Interstate Highway Act (1954) created the modern interstate freeway system. a. The $27 billion plan built 42,000 miles of freeways. Countless jobs were created in construction that facilitated suburbanization. It dwarfed any of the New Deal’s public works programs. b. The federal gov’t paid 90% of the cost and the states paid 10%. c. Underlying purpose: evacuation in case of nuclear war or the need to move troops and equipment quickly throughout the country. B. Eisenhower sought to balance the federal budget; succeeded three times in 8 years 1. Ike aimed to guard against "creeping socialism" (e.g. the TVA) and favored privatizing large government holdings (such as transferring offshore oilfields to the states). 2. By 1959, the U.S. accrued the highest peacetime deficit in its history. In 1954, Ike and Congress had lowered tax rates for corporations and individuals with high incomes, thus reducing government revenue. II. African American Civil Rights during the 1950s A. Eisenhower did not intend to be a "civil rights" president (as Truman had been). 1. He believed that the existing social order was one that had evolved over time and that it did not need to be overhauled. 2. Yet, he oversaw some of most significant civil rights gains in U.S. history. © 2014 HistorySage.com All Rights Reserved This material may not be posted on any other website other than HistorySage.com HistorySage.com APUSH Lecture Notes Page 2 Unit 8.2: Domestic Issues and Cold War in the 1950s B. In the 1940s, the NAACP began to attack the "separate but equal" doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) by suing segregated colleges and universities. 1. African Americans gained entrance into many southern universities. 2. Elementary and secondary schools remained segregated. C. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 1. The NAACP filed suit on behalf of Linda Brown, an African American elementary school student. a. The Topeka school board had denied Brown admission to an all-white school. b. The case reached the Supreme Court in 1952 where it was argued twice over a two-year period. 2. Thurgood Marshall, lead counsel for the NAACP, represented Linda Brown. a. Marshall charged that public school segregation violated the "equal protection" clause of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. b. He argued segregation deprived blacks an equal educational opportunity. c. He stated “separate” could not be “equal” because segregation in itself lowered the morale and motivation of black students. 3. New Chief Justice Earl Warren persuaded the Court to unanimously overturn Plessy v. Ferguson. a. "Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. It has no place in public education.” b. One year later, the Court ordered school integration "with all deliberate speed." 4. Response to Brown v. Board of Education a. Southern officials considered the ruling a threat to state and local authority. Eisenhower believed the gov’t should not try to force integration. o He called his appointment of Warren to the Supreme Court "my biggest damn fool mistake I ever made." 80% of southern whites opposed the Brown decision. Some white students, encouraged by their parents, refused to attend integrated schools. The KKK reemerged in a much more violent incarnation than in the 1920s. b. Southern state legislatures passed more than 450 laws and resolutions aimed at preventing enforcement of Brown. "Massive Resistance", 1956: The Virginia state legislature passed a massive resistance law cutting off state aid to desegregated schools. © 2014 HistorySage.com All Rights Reserved HistorySage.com APUSH Lecture Notes Page 3 Unit 8.2: Domestic Issues and Cold War in the 1950s o It represented a sort of nullification of federal law. By 1962, only one-half of one percent of non-white school children in the South were in integrated schools. c. End of "Massive Resistance" In 1959, federal and state courts nullified Virginia laws that prevented state funds from going to integrated schools. D. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-56 1. December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, after refusing to give her bus seat to a white man; she was ordered by the bus driver to sit at the back of the bus. Four days later, Parks was found guilty and fined $14. 2. African American leaders called for a boycott. Over 150 people were arrested and charged as well for boycotting buses during the following months. 3. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., leader of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, became a leader of the boycott. 4. The Montgomery bus boycott lasted 381 days. a. Boycott leaders organized carpools to replace bus transportation. Even some white housewives drove their domestic servants to work. b. King’s house was bombed and he was later arrested, spending two weeks in jail. This brought national attention to the boycott. c. 88 other black leaders were arrested and fined for conspiring to boycott. 5. In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregation on Montgomery buses was unconstitutional. 6. On December 20, 1956, the segregationists gave up. 7. The boycott gave the civil rights movement one of its first victories and made Martin Luther King, Jr. one of the national leaders of the cause. E. Crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1957 1. Governor Orval Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to prevent 9 black students (the "Little Rock Nine") from entering the school. 2. A federal court ordered the removal of the National Guard from the school and allowed the students to enter. Riots erupted and forced President Eisenhower to act. 3. Eisenhower reluctantly ordered 1,000 federal troops into Little Rock and nationalized the Arkansas National Guard, this time protecting the students. This was the first time since Reconstruction a president had sent federal troops into the South to enforce the Constitution. © 2014 HistorySage.com All Rights Reserved HistorySage.com APUSH Lecture Notes Page 4 Unit 8.2: Domestic Issues and Cold War in the 1950s 4. The next year, Little Rock’s public schools closed entirely. a. Whites attended private schools or outside city schools. b. Most blacks had no school to attend. 5. Yet, by August 1959, Little Rock school board gave in to integration after another Supreme Court ruling. F. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1. In January 1957, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed with Martin Luther King, Jr. as its first president. The organization promoted nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience as a means to end segregation and discrimination in the South. 2. Nonviolent resistance a. King urged followers not to fight with authorities even if provoked. b. King’s nonviolent tactics were similar to Mohandas Gandhi (and both were inspired by Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience, 1849). He urged for the use of moral arguments to change the minds of oppressors. King linked nonviolence to Christianity: "Love one’s enemy"; if slapped on one side of the face, “turn the other cheek.” c. Civil disobedience: King preached to his followers that refusing to obey unjust laws was an effective strategy, even if it meant going to jail. d. Sit-ins became an effective new strategy of nonviolence and civil disobedience. Students in universities and colleges all over U.S. vowed to integrate lunch counters, hotels, and entertainment facilities. G. Greensboro sit-in (February 1960) 1. Four North Carolina college freshman staged a sit-in at a Woolworth Department Store lunch counter for having been refused service. 2. Although not the first sit-in staged, it became perhaps the most famous sit-in of the civil rights era. After thousands of people had participated in the sit-in merchants in Greensboro gave in six months later. 3. A wave of sit-ins occurred throughout the country. Protesters targeted southern franchises of national chains. 4. Variations of sit-ins emerged: "kneel-ins" for churches; "read- ins" in libraries; "wade-ins" at beaches; "sleep-ins" in motel lobbies. © 2014 HistorySage.com All Rights Reserved HistorySage.com APUSH Lecture Notes Page 5 Unit 8.2: Domestic Issues and Cold War in the 1950s H. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 1. Nonviolence of students provoked increasingly hostile actions from those who opposed them. Protesters were often beaten or harassed. 2. The SNCC (“snick”) was created by the SCLC to better organize the movement. 3. "Jail not Bail" became the popular slogan. Students adopted civil disobedience when confronted with jail. I . Civil Rights Legislation 1. In response to the civil rights movement, Congress passed legislation to increase voting rights for African Americans in the South. 2. Civil Rights Act of 1957 a. First civil rights legislation enacted by Congress since Reconstruction b. Proposed by Eisenhower, the law created a permanent Civil Rights Commission and a Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department which had power to prevent interference with voting rights. c. Although the law was weak, due to opposition by southerners in Congress, it opened the way to more effective legislation in 1960 and especially, 1964. 3. Civil Rights Act of 1960 a. It increased the effectiveness of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
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